Chapter 6: Nutrition LS

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What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

it contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain

Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?

it produces trans fat

*blank* is a major risk for CVD that cannot be modified

genetics

What are some risk factors for CVD?

hypertension; physical inactivity; excess body fat

the diuretic effect of alcohol is to *blank* the excretion of body water

increase

the main characteristics that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are

insoluble in water

Which statement is true about essential fatty acids?

only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are considered essential

Compared to butter, solid margarine has

more unsaturated fat; less cholestrol; more trans fat

A lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure is a

sterol

when you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal

slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood; delays alcohol absorption form the stomach

Choose the dietary modifications that can reduce one's risk for cardiovascular disease

avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels; drink small amounts of alcohol to raise HDL cholesterol levels; eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels

is a general term for water-soluble structures that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream

lipoprotein

Lipase is activated in the stomach by

acid

Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream

as part of lipoproteins

cis fatty acid

causes the carbon chain to bend

The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called

cholecystokinin

A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is

cholesterol

avoid sucrose and fructose

decreases triglyceride levels

alcohol works as a *blank*, suppressing the production of the antidiuretic hormone

diuretic

abstainer

less than 12 drinks/year

The main product of lipid digestion is

monoglycerides

Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in

monosaturated fat

*blank* fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds

saturated

Alcohol poisoning can result in death due to

slowing of the heart rhythm; aspirating vomit and choking

saturated fatty acids

contains no carbon-carbon double bonds

thrombus

a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow

fats and cholestrol are *blank*, a class of nutrients

lipids

transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues

lipoproteins

*blank* is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.

hydrogenation

Even though it is a small amount, lipid digestion begins in the

stomach

A clot that forms at an injury site and disrupts blood flow is called a

thrombus

What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?

to provide energy; to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins; to insulate and protect the body

A sterol is more chemically complex than a triglyceride or a phospholipid.

true

True or false: Lipid digestion begins once food reaches the stomach

true

monounsaturated fatty acid

one carbon-carbon double bond

Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in *blank* fats

polyunsaturated

When consuming a meal with alcohol, the alcohol can

increase the excretion of magnesium; interfere with the storage of nutrients; interfere with the absorption of nutrients

Chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger openings of *blank*, which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus

lacteals

Consuming ______ amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels, reduces blood levels of fibrinogen, and decreases platelet stickiness

light

*blank* is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule

pancreatic lipase

Chronic alcohol use increases the risk of

pancreatitis; stomach ulcers; intestinal ulcers

a *blank* fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms

saturated

Which of the following substances are types of lipids?

triglycerides; cholestrol

true or false: alcohol's harmful effects may be amplified by certain medications

true

what are the structural components of a triglyceride?

glycerol backbone; three attached fatty acids

a fatty acid is comprised of a *blank* chain, which is a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms

hydrocarbon

Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?

lipids

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

lipoprotein lipase

true or false: the chemical process that produces alcohol is not complicated and occurs naturally

true

Choose food sources of omega-3 fatty acids

tuna; salmon; walnuts

polyunsaturated fatty acid

two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on

the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration

List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system

there is absorption of glycerol, monoglycreides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cels; triglycerides are reassembled; triglycerides are packed into chlyomicrons; chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system

When an alcoholic consumes a considerable portion of their energy as alcohol

they increase their risk of malnutrition; they displace nutrient dense foods from their diet

Registered dietitian nutritionists often promote the _____ for reducing blood lipids and CVD.

traditional mediterranean diet

*blank* fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of *blank* fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process

trans; saturated

short and medium-chain fatty acids

travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver

True or false: Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water.

true

True or false: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.

true

an omega 3 fatty acid is

unsaturated

a *blank* fatty acid has fewer bonds to share with hydrogen molecules because of the double bonds

unsaturated; polyunsaturated; monounsaturated

light

1 to 13 drinks/month

what is the backbone of a triglyceride

glycerol

*blank* unsaturated fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds

poly

embolus

a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream

describe the digestion and absorption of alcohol

alcohol requires no digestion

Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel

cholesterol (mg); satruated fat (g); total fat (g); trans fat (g); calories from fat

alcohol can affect *blanke*

every system in the body

modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include

excess body fat; type 2 diabetes; tobacco use; hypertension

choose the body parts that are most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis

eyes; legs; kidneys

True or false: Phospholipids are only found in fat cells.

false

Which of the following can enter the bloodstream directly after being absorbed?

short and medium

what is a triglyceride?

a molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol

What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?

a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids

eat rich sources of fiber

reduces LDL cholesterol

Choose the statements that describe how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids

forming a micelle; keeping lipids dispersed in small particles; increasing the surface area of the lipid

Choose all of the following that are possible risk factors for CVD

genetics; tobacco use; diabetes

What are the end products of fat digestion?

glycerol; fatty acids; monoglycerides

unsaturated fatty acids

have one or more double bonds within the carbon chain

*blank* are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels

statins

Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?

statins

Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport *blank* through the bloodstream.

lipids

long-chain fatty acids

reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system

Select the dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development

replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats; reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories

True or false: A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis

false

Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include

family history (genetics); increasing age; male sex

lipids are a class of macronutrients that include

fatty acids; phospholipids; cholestrol; triglycerides

After heavy drinking, fat can accumulate in liver cells and cause a condition known as

fatty liver

trans

hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond

cis

hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond

phospholipids contain a *blank* portion, which attracts water, and a *blank* portion, which repels water

hydrophilic; hydrophobic

A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called

hypertension

an enzyme called *blank* plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids.

lipase

Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?

lipoprotein lipase

Trans fatty acids resemble saturated fatty acids and provide properties of ______ saturated fatty acids to foods that contain them

long-chain

What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?

lose excess body fat

heavy

3 or more drinks/day

moderate

4 to 14 drinks/week

Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids?

pancreas; liver

Choose the major forms of cardiovascular disease

peripheral artery disease; stroke; chronic high blood pressure; heart disease

drink small amounts of alcohol

raises beneficial HDL cholesterol levels

choose functions of cholecystokinin

signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes; signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile

What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?

HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol

In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when *blank* levels are low and *blank* levels are high in the bloodstream

HDL; LDL

The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include

stroke; coronary artery disease

alcohol

suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland; causes the kidneys to excrete more urine

Which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat?

corn oil; soybean oil

An economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the *blank* has the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical american diet, but does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease

egg

excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with

elevated triglycerides; elevated LDL cholesterol

*blank* fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas *blank* fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet

essential; nonessential

what are the causes of confusion and memory loss often seen in chronic heavy drinkers?

alcohol disrupts the ability of neurons in the brain to transmit messages; neurons shrink; brain develops structural abnormalities

a *blank* has an uncontrollable need to drink and is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption

alcoholic

trans fatty acid

allows the carbon chain to remain straighter

Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?

alpha-linolenic acid; linoleic acid

What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?

an acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)

A chronic process that negatively affects the function of arteries and is the cause of most cardiovascular diseases is

atherosclerosis

is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.

atherosclerosis

Symptoms of alcohol poisoning can include

becoming comatose; confusion; bluish complexion

What helps enhance the digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area?

bile salts

when a person consumes 4-5 or more drinks on a single occasion, he/she is labeled as a *blank* drinker

binge

which of the following are signs of alcohol poisoning?

bluish skin; confusion; vomiting

Lipoproteins carry different amounts of

cholesterol; protein; phospholipids

The four major classes of lipoproteins are

chylomicrons; low density lipoproteins; very low density lipoproteins; high density. lipoproteins

Effects of alcohol on the liver can include

cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis; fatty liver

what is true about alcohol?

commercial alcoholic beverages are made from yeast production; simple sugars in the absence of oxygen produce alcohol, a metabolic waste; alcohol is not a nutrient

atherosclerosis is described by which of the following?

commonly called "hardening of the arteries"; decreases flexibility of the artery; contributes to the development of hypertension

symptoms of alcohol poisoning can include

confusion; bluish complexion; becoming comatose

Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to

convert liquid oils into more solid fats

You would be at increased risk of heart disease if

your father was diagnosed with CVD before 55


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