Chapter 6: Nutrition LS
What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?
it contains the first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the omega end of the carbon chain
Which statement is true about the hydrogenation process?
it produces trans fat
*blank* is a major risk for CVD that cannot be modified
genetics
What are some risk factors for CVD?
hypertension; physical inactivity; excess body fat
the diuretic effect of alcohol is to *blank* the excretion of body water
increase
the main characteristics that all types of lipid molecules have in common is that they are
insoluble in water
Which statement is true about essential fatty acids?
only alpha-linolenic acid and linoleic acid are considered essential
Compared to butter, solid margarine has
more unsaturated fat; less cholestrol; more trans fat
A lipid compound containing a multi-ring structure is a
sterol
when you are eating and drinking alcohol during a meal, the food in the meal
slows the rate at which alcohol appears in your blood; delays alcohol absorption form the stomach
Choose the dietary modifications that can reduce one's risk for cardiovascular disease
avoid high intakes of sucrose or fructose which can elevate triglyceride levels; drink small amounts of alcohol to raise HDL cholesterol levels; eat foods rich in fiber to reduce LDL cholesterol levels
is a general term for water-soluble structures that transport lipids throughout the bloodstream
lipoprotein
Lipase is activated in the stomach by
acid
Primarily, fatty acids are transported through the bloodstream
as part of lipoproteins
cis fatty acid
causes the carbon chain to bend
The hormone that stimulates the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes is called
cholecystokinin
A lipid found only in foods that contain animal products is
cholesterol
avoid sucrose and fructose
decreases triglyceride levels
alcohol works as a *blank*, suppressing the production of the antidiuretic hormone
diuretic
abstainer
less than 12 drinks/year
The main product of lipid digestion is
monoglycerides
Peanuts, peanut oil, canola oil, olives, almonds, and avocados are all rich in
monosaturated fat
*blank* fatty acids consist entirely of carbon-carbon single bonds
saturated
Alcohol poisoning can result in death due to
slowing of the heart rhythm; aspirating vomit and choking
saturated fatty acids
contains no carbon-carbon double bonds
thrombus
a fixed bunch of clots that remains in place and disrupts blood flow
fats and cholestrol are *blank*, a class of nutrients
lipids
transport lipids from the small intestine and liver to body tissues
lipoproteins
*blank* is the process of adding hydrogens to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature.
hydrogenation
Even though it is a small amount, lipid digestion begins in the
stomach
A clot that forms at an injury site and disrupts blood flow is called a
thrombus
What are the major functions of fatty acids and triglycerides in the body?
to provide energy; to aid in transport of fat-soluble vitamins; to insulate and protect the body
A sterol is more chemically complex than a triglyceride or a phospholipid.
true
True or false: Lipid digestion begins once food reaches the stomach
true
monounsaturated fatty acid
one carbon-carbon double bond
Safflower, corn, soybean, and cottonseed oils are all rich in *blank* fats
polyunsaturated
When consuming a meal with alcohol, the alcohol can
increase the excretion of magnesium; interfere with the storage of nutrients; interfere with the absorption of nutrients
Chylomicrons are too large to be absorbed directly into the bloodstream and must pass through the larger openings of *blank*, which are lymphatic system vessels in each villus
lacteals
Consuming ______ amounts of alcohol raises HDL cholesterol levels, reduces blood levels of fibrinogen, and decreases platelet stickiness
light
*blank* is a digestive enzyme that removes two fatty acids from each triglyceride molecule
pancreatic lipase
Chronic alcohol use increases the risk of
pancreatitis; stomach ulcers; intestinal ulcers
a *blank* fatty acid is completely filled with hydrogen atoms
saturated
Which of the following substances are types of lipids?
triglycerides; cholestrol
true or false: alcohol's harmful effects may be amplified by certain medications
true
what are the structural components of a triglyceride?
glycerol backbone; three attached fatty acids
a fatty acid is comprised of a *blank* chain, which is a chain of carbon atoms bonded to each other and to hydrogen atoms
hydrocarbon
Maintaining cell membranes, insulating the body against cold temperatures, cushioning the body against bumps and blows, and contributing to body contours are all traits of which nutrient?
lipids
What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?
lipoprotein lipase
true or false: the chemical process that produces alcohol is not complicated and occurs naturally
true
Choose food sources of omega-3 fatty acids
tuna; salmon; walnuts
polyunsaturated fatty acid
two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
Dietary fats and oils are classified as saturated, monounsaturated, or polyunsaturated based on
the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration
List the steps of dietary fat absorption from absorption in the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system
there is absorption of glycerol, monoglycreides, and fatty acids into small intestinal cels; triglycerides are reassembled; triglycerides are packed into chlyomicrons; chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system
When an alcoholic consumes a considerable portion of their energy as alcohol
they increase their risk of malnutrition; they displace nutrient dense foods from their diet
Registered dietitian nutritionists often promote the _____ for reducing blood lipids and CVD.
traditional mediterranean diet
*blank* fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of *blank* fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during this process
trans; saturated
short and medium-chain fatty acids
travel as a water-soluble molecule through the portal vein to the liver
True or false: Phospholipids contain both a hydrophobic and hydrophilic portions, which attract and repel water.
true
True or false: The classification of fats and oils is based on the type of fatty acid present in greatest concentration.
true
an omega 3 fatty acid is
unsaturated
a *blank* fatty acid has fewer bonds to share with hydrogen molecules because of the double bonds
unsaturated; polyunsaturated; monounsaturated
light
1 to 13 drinks/month
what is the backbone of a triglyceride
glycerol
*blank* unsaturated fatty acids contain two or more carbon-carbon double bonds
poly
embolus
a blood clot or plaque particle that breaks free from where it formed and travels through the bloodstream
describe the digestion and absorption of alcohol
alcohol requires no digestion
Which of the following information about fat is required on the Nutrition Facts panel
cholesterol (mg); satruated fat (g); total fat (g); trans fat (g); calories from fat
alcohol can affect *blanke*
every system in the body
modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include
excess body fat; type 2 diabetes; tobacco use; hypertension
choose the body parts that are most vulnerable to damage by atherosclerosis
eyes; legs; kidneys
True or false: Phospholipids are only found in fat cells.
false
Which of the following can enter the bloodstream directly after being absorbed?
short and medium
what is a triglyceride?
a molecule consisting of three fatty acids bonded to a glycerol
What is the structure of a phospholipid molecule?
a phospholipid molecule contains a phosphorus and two fatty acids
eat rich sources of fiber
reduces LDL cholesterol
Choose the statements that describe how bile salts enhance the digestion and absorption of lipids
forming a micelle; keeping lipids dispersed in small particles; increasing the surface area of the lipid
Choose all of the following that are possible risk factors for CVD
genetics; tobacco use; diabetes
What are the end products of fat digestion?
glycerol; fatty acids; monoglycerides
unsaturated fatty acids
have one or more double bonds within the carbon chain
*blank* are a type of prescription drug that reduces a person's elevated blood lipid levels
statins
Which drug is commonly prescribed to help people reduce elevated blood lipid levels?
statins
Lipoproteins are water-soluble structures that transport *blank* through the bloodstream.
lipids
long-chain fatty acids
reformed into a triglyceride in the intestinal absorptive cell and travels through the lymphatic system
Select the dietary changes that will most likely lower the risk of atherosclerosis development
replacing saturated fats with unsaturated fats; reducing consumption of saturated fat to less than 10% of total calories
True or false: A person with a blood cholesterol level of 200 mg/dl does not have a risk for atherosclerosis
false
Non-modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease include
family history (genetics); increasing age; male sex
lipids are a class of macronutrients that include
fatty acids; phospholipids; cholestrol; triglycerides
After heavy drinking, fat can accumulate in liver cells and cause a condition known as
fatty liver
trans
hydrogens are found on opposite sides of the carbon-carbon double bond
cis
hydrogens are found on the same side of the carbon-carbon double bond
phospholipids contain a *blank* portion, which attracts water, and a *blank* portion, which repels water
hydrophilic; hydrophobic
A condition that is characterized by abnormally high blood pressure levels and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease is called
hypertension
an enzyme called *blank* plays an important role in fat digestion by breaking down lipids.
lipase
Which of the following is an enzyme in the walls of capillaries that breaks down their load of triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol?
lipoprotein lipase
Trans fatty acids resemble saturated fatty acids and provide properties of ______ saturated fatty acids to foods that contain them
long-chain
What is the best way to reduce a person's risk of CVD?
lose excess body fat
heavy
3 or more drinks/day
moderate
4 to 14 drinks/week
Secretions from which two organs are required for the digestion of dietary lipids?
pancreas; liver
Choose the major forms of cardiovascular disease
peripheral artery disease; stroke; chronic high blood pressure; heart disease
drink small amounts of alcohol
raises beneficial HDL cholesterol levels
choose functions of cholecystokinin
signals the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes; signals the gallbladder to contract and release bile
What additional cholesterol measurement should be evaluated to provide a more accurate risk assessment?
HDL cholesterol; LDL cholesterol
In terms of HDL and LDL levels, risk for development of cardiovascular disease increases when *blank* levels are low and *blank* levels are high in the bloodstream
HDL; LDL
The most common forms of cardiovascular disease in the US include
stroke; coronary artery disease
alcohol
suppresses the production of ADH by the pituitary gland; causes the kidneys to excrete more urine
Which of the following foods are rich in polyunsaturated fat?
corn oil; soybean oil
An economical source of protein and many micronutrients, the *blank* has the most concentrated source of cholesterol in the typical american diet, but does not increase the general population's risk of cardiovascular disease
egg
excess body fat around the abdomen is associated with
elevated triglycerides; elevated LDL cholesterol
*blank* fatty acids must be supplied by the diet, whereas *blank* fatty acids can be synthesized by the body and do not need to be supplied by the diet
essential; nonessential
what are the causes of confusion and memory loss often seen in chronic heavy drinkers?
alcohol disrupts the ability of neurons in the brain to transmit messages; neurons shrink; brain develops structural abnormalities
a *blank* has an uncontrollable need to drink and is unable to limit his or her alcohol consumption
alcoholic
trans fatty acid
allows the carbon chain to remain straighter
Which fatty acids are considered essential fatty acids?
alpha-linolenic acid; linoleic acid
What two chemical groups are found at the end of either side of the fatty-acid carbon chain?
an acid group (COOH) and a methyl group (CH3)
A chronic process that negatively affects the function of arteries and is the cause of most cardiovascular diseases is
atherosclerosis
is the long-term process in which plaques build up inside arterial walls.
atherosclerosis
Symptoms of alcohol poisoning can include
becoming comatose; confusion; bluish complexion
What helps enhance the digestion and absorption of lipid by keeping lipids dispersed in small particles, increasing their surface area?
bile salts
when a person consumes 4-5 or more drinks on a single occasion, he/she is labeled as a *blank* drinker
binge
which of the following are signs of alcohol poisoning?
bluish skin; confusion; vomiting
Lipoproteins carry different amounts of
cholesterol; protein; phospholipids
The four major classes of lipoproteins are
chylomicrons; low density lipoproteins; very low density lipoproteins; high density. lipoproteins
Effects of alcohol on the liver can include
cirrhosis of the liver; hepatitis; fatty liver
what is true about alcohol?
commercial alcoholic beverages are made from yeast production; simple sugars in the absence of oxygen produce alcohol, a metabolic waste; alcohol is not a nutrient
atherosclerosis is described by which of the following?
commonly called "hardening of the arteries"; decreases flexibility of the artery; contributes to the development of hypertension
symptoms of alcohol poisoning can include
confusion; bluish complexion; becoming comatose
Food manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to
convert liquid oils into more solid fats
You would be at increased risk of heart disease if
your father was diagnosed with CVD before 55
