Chapter 6 Part 2
0.6-1.2% of total calories (1-3 g alpha-linolenic acid for a 2,000-kcal diet)
Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: alpha-linolenic acid
As little as possible while consuming a healthy diet
Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: cholesterol
5-10% of total calories (11-22 g linoleic acid for a 2,000-kcal diet)
Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: linoleic acid
Less than 10% of total calories (22 g saturated fat for a 2,000-kcal diet)
Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: saturated fat
20 to 35% of total calories (45 to 75 g total fat for a 2,000-kcal diet)
Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: total fat
Keep intake as low as possible
Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: trans fat
cholesterol production
Eating large amounts of saturated fat increases the liver's:
150
Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least how many minutes a week and consuming moderate amounts of a variety of healthy foods can help achieve and maintain healthy body weights?
30%
Heart disease and stroke account for approximately how much of all deaths?
> 200 mg/dL, > 240 mg/dL
In the USA, 95 million adults have total cholesterol levels ____ and 29 million ____
oxidized LDL
LDL that has been damaged by free radicals
Not found in human proteins Toxic by-product of protein metabolism Cells use vitamins B-6, B-12 and folate to eliminate it
homocysteine:
May injure arterial walls Lead to increased risk of developing CVD
homocysteinuria:
1 in 3
how many US adults have high LDL cholesterol?
Fat malabsorption
impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, fatty stools, and rapid weight loss
bone marrow and some organs, and can be fatal
lipids accumulate in:
Diabetes mellitus Elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol) Excess body fat Hypertension Physical inactivity Tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke Unhealthy diet Untreated sleep apnea
modifiable risk factors of CVD:
Family history of CVD (especially before 60 years of age) Advanced age Male sex Race/ethnic background
non modifiable risk factors of CVD:
stroke
occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die
steatorrhea
presence of lipid in the stool
enterohepatic circulation
process that recycles bile salts in the body
VLDLs
shuttle lipids to adipose cells, which remove triglycerides from them
an enlarged spleen or liver, swollen abdomen, skeletal disorders, and swollen lymph nodes
some signs of lipidoses include:
Can occur if gallbladder is diseased or removed, as fats digestion is less efficient Eat smaller, more frequent meals and avoid high-fat meals
steatorrhea:
adipose (fat) cells
store triglycerides
cholecystectomy
surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder
gaucher disease
the most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism
lymphatic system
transports chylomicrons to the thoracic duct
lipoproteins
water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream
micelle
water-soluble, spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices
lipoproteins
what play major roles in the development of atherosclerosis?
professional football players
who are at high risk for sleep disturbed breathing (SDB)?
LDL
"bad" cholesterol, conveys lipid from the liver to body tissues
HDL
"good" cholesterol, conveys lipids away from tissues and to the liver, where they can be processed and eliminated
20-35%
AMDR for fat is:
ileum, liver, new bile
About 98% of bile salts are reabsorbed in ____, travel in bloodstream to ____, where they are incorporated into ____
< 200 mg/dL
According to the AHA, the desirable range for total blood cholesterol is
reassembled into triglycerides and phospholipids inside enterocytes
After absorption, fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides, and phospholipid fragments are:
decrease
As blood concentrations of triglycerides increase, HDL levels:
321 mg/day for males 245 mg/day for females
Average cholesterol consumption was:
chylomicron
Cholesterol and the reassembled triglycerides are coated with a thin layer of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol to form:
additional steps
Long-chain fatty acid absorption requires:
micelles
Long-chain fatty acids, bile, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins pack together into:
chronic disease, including heart disease
SDB sufferers have an increased risk for:
dietary saturated fat
Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol levels as:
absorptive cells of the villi
Short- and medium-chain fatty acids diffuse into the:
8 ounces
The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americansrecommends consumption of at least how many ounces of seafood (fish and shellfish) a week?
Enter the bloodstream through the left subclavian vein Circulate through the body Nearby cells pick up fatty acids and glycerol to use for energy 10-12 hours after a meal, most chylomicrons are reduced to cholesterol-rich remnants Cleared from bloodstream by the liver
The lymphatic system transports chylomicrons to the thoracic duct:
gangrene
When artery to a limb is blocked, the tissue dies, causing:
atherosclerosis
When the arterial lining is injured (For example by oxidation, infection, nutrient deficiency), a cascade of events begins, resulting in:
arteriosclerosis
a condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility
arterial plaque
a fatty buildup in the artery
homocysteinuria
a group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood
cardiovascular disease
a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels
atherosclerosis
a long-term disease process in which plague builds up inside arterial walls
High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)
a protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD
lipoprotein profile
a series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels
embolus
a thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream
lumen
a thrombus partially closes off artery's:
chylomicron
a type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract
37%
americans consume what percentage of their total daily energy from fat?
homocysteine
an amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
an enzyme in capillary walls, breaks down triglycerides
Injured arterial lining becomes inflamed due to immune response WBCs contribute to lesions on blood vessel walls as they attempt to repair damage Enlarged WBCs get trapped in artery wall, contributing to formation of artery plaque
cascade of events resulting in atherosclerosis:
lacteals
chylomicrons enter into the:
Statins
class of prescription drugs that interfere with liver's metabolism of cholesterol, reducing LDL and triglycerides
carotid arteries
convey blood to the brain
thrombus
fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow
cholesterol
gallstones formed in the gallbladder usually consist of:
lipid storage diseases
genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, damaging tissues
gallstones
hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine
myocardial infarction
heart attack; occurs when a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to the heart muscle and the muscle dies