Chapter 6 Part 2

0.6-1.2% of total calories (1-3 g alpha-linolenic acid for a 2,000-kcal diet)

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: alpha-linolenic acid

As little as possible while consuming a healthy diet

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: cholesterol

5-10% of total calories (11-22 g linoleic acid for a 2,000-kcal diet)

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: linoleic acid

Less than 10% of total calories (22 g saturated fat for a 2,000-kcal diet)

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: saturated fat

20 to 35% of total calories (45 to 75 g total fat for a 2,000-kcal diet)

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: total fat

Keep intake as low as possible

Dietary Fat and Cholesterol Recommendations: trans fat

cholesterol production

Eating large amounts of saturated fat increases the liver's:

150

Engaging in moderate-intensity physical activity at least how many minutes a week and consuming moderate amounts of a variety of healthy foods can help achieve and maintain healthy body weights?

30%

Heart disease and stroke account for approximately how much of all deaths?

> 200 mg/dL, > 240 mg/dL

In the USA, 95 million adults have total cholesterol levels ____ and 29 million ____

oxidized LDL

LDL that has been damaged by free radicals

Not found in human proteins Toxic by-product of protein metabolism Cells use vitamins B-6, B-12 and folate to eliminate it

homocysteine:

May injure arterial walls Lead to increased risk of developing CVD

homocysteinuria:

1 in 3

how many US adults have high LDL cholesterol?

Fat malabsorption

impaired fat absorption; symptoms include diarrhea, fatty stools, and rapid weight loss

bone marrow and some organs, and can be fatal

lipids accumulate in:

Diabetes mellitus Elevated blood cholesterol (especially LDL cholesterol) Excess body fat Hypertension Physical inactivity Tobacco use or exposure to tobacco smoke Unhealthy diet Untreated sleep apnea

modifiable risk factors of CVD:

Family history of CVD (especially before 60 years of age) Advanced age Male sex Race/ethnic background

non modifiable risk factors of CVD:

stroke

occurs when a clot blocks an artery in the brain; brain cells that are nourished by the vessel die

steatorrhea

presence of lipid in the stool

enterohepatic circulation

process that recycles bile salts in the body

VLDLs

shuttle lipids to adipose cells, which remove triglycerides from them

an enlarged spleen or liver, swollen abdomen, skeletal disorders, and swollen lymph nodes

some signs of lipidoses include:

Can occur if gallbladder is diseased or removed, as fats digestion is less efficient Eat smaller, more frequent meals and avoid high-fat meals

steatorrhea:

adipose (fat) cells

store triglycerides

cholecystectomy

surgery to remove a diseased gallbladder

gaucher disease

the most common lipid storage disease; caused by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in lipid metabolism

lymphatic system

transports chylomicrons to the thoracic duct

lipoproteins

water-soluble structures that transport lipids through the bloodstream

micelle

water-soluble, spherical lipid cluster; bile salts create a shell around each cluster, allowing for the structure to be suspended in watery digestive juices

lipoproteins

what play major roles in the development of atherosclerosis?

professional football players

who are at high risk for sleep disturbed breathing (SDB)?

LDL

"bad" cholesterol, conveys lipid from the liver to body tissues

HDL

"good" cholesterol, conveys lipids away from tissues and to the liver, where they can be processed and eliminated

20-35%

AMDR for fat is:

ileum, liver, new bile

About 98% of bile salts are reabsorbed in ____, travel in bloodstream to ____, where they are incorporated into ____

< 200 mg/dL

According to the AHA, the desirable range for total blood cholesterol is

reassembled into triglycerides and phospholipids inside enterocytes

After absorption, fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides, and phospholipid fragments are:

decrease

As blood concentrations of triglycerides increase, HDL levels:

321 mg/day for males 245 mg/day for females

Average cholesterol consumption was:

chylomicron

Cholesterol and the reassembled triglycerides are coated with a thin layer of protein, phospholipids, and cholesterol to form:

additional steps

Long-chain fatty acid absorption requires:

micelles

Long-chain fatty acids, bile, cholesterol, and fat-soluble vitamins pack together into:

chronic disease, including heart disease

SDB sufferers have an increased risk for:

dietary saturated fat

Scientific evidence suggests that dietary cholesterol does not have as much effect on blood cholesterol levels as:

absorptive cells of the villi

Short- and medium-chain fatty acids diffuse into the:

8 ounces

The 2020-2025 Dietary Guidelines for Americansrecommends consumption of at least how many ounces of seafood (fish and shellfish) a week?

Enter the bloodstream through the left subclavian vein Circulate through the body Nearby cells pick up fatty acids and glycerol to use for energy 10-12 hours after a meal, most chylomicrons are reduced to cholesterol-rich remnants Cleared from bloodstream by the liver

The lymphatic system transports chylomicrons to the thoracic duct:

gangrene

When artery to a limb is blocked, the tissue dies, causing:

atherosclerosis

When the arterial lining is injured (For example by oxidation, infection, nutrient deficiency), a cascade of events begins, resulting in:

arteriosclerosis

a condition that results from atherosclerosis and is characterized by loss of arterial flexibility

arterial plaque

a fatty buildup in the artery

homocysteinuria

a group of conditions caused by gene mutations that cause homocysteine to accumulate in the blood

cardiovascular disease

a group of diseases that affect the heart and blood vessels; includes coronary artery disease, stroke, and disease of the blood vessels

atherosclerosis

a long-term disease process in which plague builds up inside arterial walls

High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP)

a protein produced primarily by the liver in response to inflammation; a marker of CVD

lipoprotein profile

a series of blood tests to evaluate total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels

embolus

a thrombus or part of a plaque that breaks free and travels through the bloodstream

lumen

a thrombus partially closes off artery's:

chylomicron

a type of lipoprotein formed in enterocytes to transport lipids away from the GI tract

37%

americans consume what percentage of their total daily energy from fat?

homocysteine

an amino acid that may play a role in the development of atherosclerosis

lipoprotein lipase (LPL)

an enzyme in capillary walls, breaks down triglycerides

Injured arterial lining becomes inflamed due to immune response WBCs contribute to lesions on blood vessel walls as they attempt to repair damage Enlarged WBCs get trapped in artery wall, contributing to formation of artery plaque

cascade of events resulting in atherosclerosis:

lacteals

chylomicrons enter into the:

Statins

class of prescription drugs that interfere with liver's metabolism of cholesterol, reducing LDL and triglycerides

carotid arteries

convey blood to the brain

thrombus

fixed bunch of clots that remain in place and disrupt blood flow

cholesterol

gallstones formed in the gallbladder usually consist of:

lipid storage diseases

genetic conditions that cause lipid accumulation in cells, damaging tissues

gallstones

hard particles that can accumulate in the gallbladder or become lodged in one of the ducts carrying bile from the gallbladder to the small intestine

myocardial infarction

heart attack; occurs when a thrombus completely blocks blood flow to the heart muscle and the muscle dies