Chapter 7. MGMT

When significant improvements in performance can ONLY be gained through radical new designs or new performance-enhancing materials, it is likely that a company is ____ in the S-curve pattern of innovation.

a. at the problem identification stage of the innovation cycle b. at the end of its maturity stage c. at either the beginning or end of the innovation cycle d. at the end of the innovation cycle- CORRECT e. at its breakeven point

A(n) ____ is the individual who is formally in charge of guiding a change effort.

a. change mentor b. change agent- CORRECT c. intrapreneur d. staff moderator e. change ombudsman

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:

a. innovation maps b. innovation streams- CORRECT c. results-driven change d. cyclical inventions e. organization development

The ____ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.

a. milestones b. compression- CORRECT c. prototypical d. dialectical e. generational

Which of the following is one of the three steps in the basic process of managing organizational change outlined by Kurt Lewin?

a. change definition b. change mentoring c. organizational dialogue d. unfreezing- CORRECT e. incremental change

Organizational ____ is the successful implementation of creative ideas in organizations.

a. deployment b. change c. innovation- CORRECT d. development e. creativity

Which of the following statements describes an advantage of the results-driven change approach to managing change?

a. All of these were cited as advantages of the results-driven change approach.- CORRECT b. It supplants the sole emphasis on activity with a focus on quickly measuring and improving results. c. Managers actually test to see if changes make a difference. d. Managers introduce changes in policies, procedures, rules, and regulations only when they will improve measured performance. e. Quick, visible improvements motivate employees to continue to make additional changes.

____ are workplace cultures in which workers perceive that new ideas are welcomed, valued, and encouraged.

a. Homogeneous work environments b. Innovative societies c. Empathetic work stations d. Participative work teams e. Creative work environments- CORRECT

Which of the following statements about resistance to change is true?

a. Resistance to change will not occur when those affected by the change participate in its planning and implementation. b. Resistance to change will not occur when change efforts receive significant managerial support. c. Resistance to change will not occur when employees are educated about the need for change. d. Resistance to change will always occur; it is inevitable. -CORRECT e. Resistance to change disappears when the organization operates in conditions of certainty.

____ is the phase of a technology cycle characterized by technological substitution and design competition.

a. Technological adaptation b. Change substitution c. The technological growth stage d. The era of dominant design e. Discontinuous change- CORRECT

Nearly all technology cycles follow the typical ____ pattern of innovation.

a. V-shaped b. bell-shaped c. W-curve d. U-curve e. S-curve- CORRECT

Organizational development ____.

a. assumes that top management support is not necessary for change b. is accurately described by all of these c. takes a short-term approach to change d. requires a steering committee e. is a philosophy and collection of planned change interventions- CORRECT

In the typical S-curve pattern of innovation, increased effort (i.e., money, research and development) brings only small improvements in technological performance ____,

a. at the end of the cycle b. in the maturity stage of the cycle c. at both the beginning and end of the cycle- CORRECT d. throughout the cycle e. early in the cycle

According to social psychologist Kurt Lewin, ____ lead to differences in the form, quality, or condition of an organization over time, while ____ support the status quo, or the existing state of conditions in an organization.

a. change forces; resistance forces- CORRECT b. compressed changes; generational changes c. generational changes; inertial changes d. change forces; inertial forces e. generational forces; resistance forces

Which of the following methods for managing resistance to change should only be used as a last resort or under crisis conditions?

a. coercion- CORRECT b. reinforcement modification c. mentoring d. arbitration e. negotiation

When incremental improvements are made to a dominant technological design such that the improved version of the technology is fully backward compatible with the older version, ____ is said to have occurred.

a. coercive change b. discontinuous innovation c. generational change- CORRECT d. a milestone e. intuitive change

Creativity was needed to improve efficiency without raising costs at one automobile maker. Over the last few years, the company has successfully implemented a creative engineering program that allows its plants to produce more than one type of car from the same assembly line. This successful change to a flexible manufacturing system is an example of ____.

a. corporate synergy b. assembly networking c. organizational innovation- CORRECT d. reverse engineering e. organizational networking

The development of the DVD player was a source of ____ to companies in the movie industry just as VHS tapes had once been.

a. creativity reengineering b. technological replacement c. planned shrinkage d. technological discontinuity- CORRECT e. a sustainable competitive advantage

The __________ approach to managing innovation assumes that innovation is a predictable process made up of a series of steps and that compressing the time it takes to complete those steps can speed up innovation.

a. dialectical b. compression- CORRECT c. generational d. milestones e. prototypical

The first stage of organizational decline is:

a. dissolution b. crisis c. blinded- CORRECT d. inaction e. faulty action

The purchase of new technologies to replace older ones is an example of ___.

a. dominant design b. innovative exchange c. adaptive change d. technological substitution- CORRECT e. design replacement

Discontinuous change in an innovation stream is characterized by ____.

a. empathetic design b. incremental change c. technological substitution- CORRECT d. synergy e. innovative reciprocity

It is appropriate to use a(n) ____ approach to manage innovation in more certain environments during periods of incremental change, in which the goals are lower costs and incremental improvements in the performance and function of the existing technological design.

a. experiential- b. prototypical c. milestones d. reinforcement e. compression- CORRECT

In order from beginning to end, the phases of a technology cycle within an innovation stream consist of ____.

a. incremental change, discontinuous change, dominant design, and technological discontinuity b. technological discontinuity, discontinuous change, dominant design, and incremental change- CORRECT c. technological discontinuity, incremental change, discontinuous change, and technological continuity d. dominant design, discontinuous change, era of incremental change, and technological discontinuity e. discontinuous change, incremental change, technological discontinuity, and dominant design

A technology cycle occurs whenever there are major advances or changes in the ____ in a field or discipline.

a. internal resource environment b. structure or personnel requirements c. human, technical, and conceptual skills needed d. knowledge, tools, and techniques- CORRECT e. way information is integrated

According to John Kotter's analysis of the errors managers make when leading change, the first and potentially most serious of these errors is:

a. not removing obstacles to the new vision b. not establishing a great enough sense of urgency- CORRECT c. declaring victory too soon d. not anchoring changes in the corporation's culture e. a poorly designed organizational mission

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called:

a. organization development b. innovation maps c. cyclical inventions d. results-driven change e. innovation streams- CORRECT

Patterns of innovation over time that can create sustainable competitive advantage are called ____.

a. organization development b. results-driven change c. innovation maps d. cyclical inventions e. innovation streams- CORRECT

A technology ____ begins with the birth of a new technology and ends when that technology reaches its limits and dies as it is replaced by a newer, substantially better technology.

a. process b. cycle- CORRECT c. continuum d. pattern e. hierarchy

Which of the following is a component of a creative work environment that encourages creativity?

a. the removal of organizational impediments b. the development of challenging work c. all of these- CORRECT d. the granting of autonomy e. organizational encouragement