Chapter 7: Motivation Concepts
What are the three factors that influence the goal setting theory?
1. Goal commitment: individuals believe they can achieve the goal/they want to achieve it 2. Task characteristics: simplifying a task to make it understandable 3. National culture: different effects in different cultures
What are the four characteristics of the self-efficacy theory?
1. Inactive mastery: gaining experience 2. Vicarious modeling: becoming confident in a task after seeing someone do it 3. Verbal persuasion: becoming more confident after being convinced we have the skills 4. Arousal: increased energized state to perform better
What are the three key elements of motivation?
1. Intensity: how hard a person tries 2. Direction: effort directed toward 3. Persistence: how long a person can maintain effort
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs
1. Physiological 2. Safety-Security 3. Social Belongingness 4. Esteem 5. Self-actualization
What is Management by Objectives (MBO)?
a program that encompasses specific goals, participatively set, for an explicit time period, with feedback and goal progresses.
What is prevention focus?
a self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals by fulfilling duties and obligations
What is the self-determination theory?
a theory of motivation that is concerned with the beneficial effects of intrinsic motivation and the harmful effects of extrinsic motivation
What is B.F Skinner's Theory of Behaviorism?
a theory that argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner
What is Frederick Herzberg's Two Factor Theory of Motivation?
a theory that related intrinsic factors to job satisfaction and associates extrinsic factors with dissatisfaction.
What is the equity theory?
a theory that says that individuals compare their job inputs and outcomes with those of others and then respond to eliminate any inequities
What is McClelland's Theory of Needs?
a theory that states achievement, power, and affiliation are three important needs to explain motivation
What is the self-efficacy theory?
an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task - confidence in your ability to succeed
What is organizational justice?
an overall perception of what is fair in the workplace, composed of distributive, procedural, informational, and interpersonal justice
What is the reinforcement theory?
behavior is a function of its consequences; behavior is environmentally caused
What is promotion focus?
self-regulation strategy that involves striving for goals through advancement and accomplishment
What is Edwin Locke's Goal Setting Theory?
specific and difficult goals, with feedback, lead to higher performance. specific goals increase performance, difficult goals result in higher performance, feedback leads to higher performance.
What are the ethics behind goal setting?
standards we set for goal achievement - can be tempted to act unethically by factors such as time deadlines or money
What is self-concordance?
the degree to which people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values
What is the Need for Affiliation (nAff)?
the desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships
What is the Need for Achievement (nAch)?
the drive to excel, to achieve in relationship to a set of standard
What is job engagement?
the investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance
What is the Need for Power (nPow)?
the need to make others behave in a way they would not have otherwise
What is motivation?
the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort towards attaining a goal
What is Victor Vroom's expectancy theory?
the strength of a tendency to act in a certain way depends on the strength of an expectation that the act will be followed by a given outcome and on the attractiveness of that outcome to the individual
What is the social learning theory?
the view that we can learn through both observation an direct experience