Chapter 7 Quiz

Stephen Ceci and Maggie Bruck's study of children's memories showed that _____ percent of the children who had not received genital examinations from a pediatrician still pointed to either genital or anal areas when asked where they were examined. A. 55 B. 85 C. 40 D. 70

A. 55

Henri and Beth each want to improve their performance on their next psychology test. Beth reviews the material for thirty minutes each day and then goes to bed early the night before the exam. Henri decides to devote the entire night before the exam to studying so that the material will be fresh. Who has used the most effective strategy? A. Beth B. These strategies are equally effective. C. Henri D. Neither of these strategies is effective.

A. Beth

An understanding of the spacing effect provides insight into effective strategies for: A. rehearsal. B. automatic processing. C. chunking. D. retrieval.

A. Rehearsal

_____ is a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, as well as information retrieved from long-term memory. A. Working memory B. Iconic memory C. Automatic processing D. Spacing effect

A. Working memory

The three steps in memory information processing are: A. encoding, storage, and retrieval. B. input, storage, and output. C. input, processing, and output. D. input, storage, and retrieval.

A. encoding, storage, and retrieval.

Some of a person's memories for an emotionally significant moment or event are vividly clear. These are known as: A. flashbulb memories. B. long-term potentiation. C. sensory memories. D. mood congruent memories.

A. flashbulb memories.

A fill-in-the-blank test is a good example of: A. recall. B. relearning. C. recognition. D. retrieval.

A. recall

Catherine is reviewing material that was covered in the first two weeks of class as she prepares for the final exam in the class. She is engaged in: A. relearning. B. remembering. C. recognizing. D. recalling.

A. relearning.

Ivan recently suffered a severe stroke and is no longer able to remember events from his childhood. His memory problems are related to: A. retrieval failure. B. sensory memory failure. C. encoding failure. D. regression.

A. retrieval failure.

This effect involves enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading information. A. testing effect B. spacing effect C. implicit effect D. studying effect

A. testing effect

Jamaal has to make an important phone call. Unfortunately, his cell phone is not charged and he has to use his landline, which does not store phone numbers. To make the call, he has to get the number from his cell phone and remember it long enough to dial on his landline. For this task, which memory system is MOST important? A.working memory B. echoic memory C. long-term memory D. flashbulb memory

A. working memory

This type of memory is the first stage in forming explicit memories. A. short-term memory B. sensory memory C. working memory D. implicit memory

B. sensory memory

This activated memory holds a few items briefly before the information is stored or forgotten. A. sensory memory B. short-term memory C. long-term memory D. immediate memory

B. short-term memory

Six months after a patient committed suicide, a doctor's attorney is asking if the patient called him before committing the act. The doctor responds in the negative. Three months later, opposing counsel asks him similar questions and he gives the opposite response, confusing this patient with one of his current patients. This is an example of: A. mood-congruent memory. B. source amnesia. C. self-reference effect. D. proactive interference.

B. source amnesia.

The retention of encoded information over time is called: A. retrieval. B. storage. C. encoding. D. rehearsal.

B. storage.

Which method is an effective way to minimize proactive and retroactive interference? A. scheduling back-to-back study times for topics that are similar B. studying before sleeping C. making the material meaningful D. decreasing sleep time

B. studying before sleeping

On a business trip last year, Susan and Pam flew from Los Angeles to Boston. Susan really hates to fly. In the middle of the flight, Susan and Pam experienced 20 minutes of very severe turbulence. Susan remembers this incident as if it were yesterday, but Pam cannot recall it. Why? A. Pam experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes. B. There is no way to know since stress and emotion do not influence memory. C. At the time, the level of Pam's stress hormones was greater than Susan's. D. Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

D. Susan experienced emotion-triggered hormonal changes.

Brandon is trying to improve his retention of course information so that he can perform better on his exams. Which piece of advice would NOT be good? A. "Get enough sleep." B. "Avoid mnemonics." C. "Try to make the material meaningful to you." D. "Test yourself."

B. "Avoid mnemonics."

Dr. Nguyen's experimental rats have learned the location of a food treat in a maze. She removed their hippocampi 3 hours after the rats located the food. What will be the effect on the rat's memory for the food's location? A. The rats will initially remember the location, but their memory will fade rapidly. B. The rats will not be able to remember the location of the food. C. The rats' memories about the location of food will be unaffected by the removal of the hippocampi. D. The rats will be able to partially remember the location of the food.

B. The rats will not be able to remember the location of the food.

A police officer stops Richard to ask him about an automobile accident he may have witnessed the previous day. Since Richard was in the area at the time of the accident, the officer asks how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into each other. Given the research findings of Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer, how might the officer's wording effect Richard's recollection of the incident? He would be MORE likely to remember: A. The officer's wording would not affect Richard's memory of the incident. B. a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other). C. no details of the accident because the officer was intimidating to Richard. D. a less serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other).

B. a more serious accident than if the officer had used other wording (e.g., "hit" each other).

The information-processing model of memory compares memory with a: A. bookshelf. B. computer. C. set of building blocks. D. filing cabinet.

B. computer.

What is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory? A. semantic encoding B. long-term potentiation C. priming D. proactive interference

B. long-term potentiation

What is believed to be the synaptic basis for learning and memory? A. semantic encoding B. long-term potentiation C. proactive interference D. priming

B. long-term potentiation

Whenever Sunny becomes depressed, she is immediately flooded with thoughts of failed relationships and missed chances. Sunny's experience BEST illustrates: A.the misinformation effect. B. mood-congruent memory. C. repression. D. retroactive interference.

B. mood-congruent memory.

Although Ron typically smokes two packs of cigarettes each day, he recalls smoking little more than one pack per day. This poor memory BEST illustrates: A. the misinformation effect. B. motivated forgetting. C. the self-reference effect. D. the spacing effect.

B. motivated forgetting.

During a Spanish language exam, Janice easily remembers the French vocabulary she studied that morning. However, she finds it difficult to recall the Spanish vocabulary she rehearsed that afternoon. Her difficulty BEST illustrates: A. retroactive interference. B. proactive interference. C. source amnesia. D. the spacing effect.

B. proactive interference.

This process involves identifying items that you previously learned. A. recall B. recognition C. relearning D. remembering

B. recognition

Darlene is trying to remember the name of a woman sitting next to her on the bus. She knows she met her at a party, and she is trying to remember which one. Darlene is able to imagine where the woman was seated at the party, as well as what she was eating. Darlene is using _____ to remember the woman's name. A. retroactive inhibition B. retrieval cues C. implicit memory D. proactive inhibition

B. retrieval cues

Contrary to the claims of many people who believe they were molested as toddlers and infants, memories of things happening before age _____ are unreliable. A. 7 B. 5 C. 4 D. 6

C. 4

_____ occurs when something people learned before interferes with their recall of something they learn later. A. Relearning B. A flashbulb memory C. Proactive interference D. Retroactive interference

C. Proactive interference

_____ occurs when something people learned before interferes with their recall of something they learn later. A. Relearning B. Retroactive interference C. Proactive interference D. A flashbulb memory

C. Proactive interference

The human mind seems to operate on two tracks. One track involves processing _____ memories, and the other specializes in processing _____ memories. A. effortful; simple B. semantic; autobiographical C. explicit; implicit D. executive; automatic

C. explicit; implicit

Which technique is MOST likely to facilitate successful encoding of information? A. studying the material all night B. rereading the text several times C. finding ways to make information personally meaningful D. highlighting key words from a textbook

C. finding ways to make information personally meaningful

Hakeem has a very clear memory of his daughter's birth. He remembers the weather, what he was wearing, the sounds in the hallway, and the joy he felt. Psychologists would say that: A. he will completely forget all of these memories over time. B. he is describing the spotlight effect. C. he has a flashbulb memory for this event. D. his ability to remember an emotionally significant event in so much detail is unusual.

C. he has a flashbulb memory for this event.

John has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. While he is quite forgetful, he is still able to recall events from his teenage and young adult years. His _____ memory is still intact. A. short-term B. echoic C. long-term D. flashbulb

C. long-term

This type of memory is a relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of a person's memory system. A. short-term memory B. sensory memory C. long-term memory D. immediate memory

C. long-term memory

This is a lasting physical change in the brain as a memory forms. A. amnesia B. reconsolidation C. memory trace D. repression

C. memory trace

In an effort to recall his early life experiences, Aaron formed vivid mental images of the rooms in his childhood home. Aaron was engaged in the process of: A. iconic memory. B. automatic processing. C. priming. D. implicit memory.

C. priming.

Perceptual illusions are to _____ as false memories are to _____. A. Gestalt psychologists; behaviorists B. hypnosis; age regression C. real perceptions; real memories D. source misattribution; source amnesia

C. real perceptions; real memories

A multiple-choice test is a good example of: A. relearning. B. recall. C. recognition. D. retrieval.

C. recognition.

Research on memory construction reveals that memories: A. even if long term, usually decay within about five years. B. may be chemically transferred from one organism to another. C. reflect a person's biases and assumptions. D. are stored as exact copies of experience.

C. reflect a person's biases and assumptions.

Jonny has suffered hippocampal damage from a near-fatal bus crash. He is able to remember verbal information, but has no ability to recall visual designs and locations. He probably has damaged his: A. left frontal lobe. B. left thalamus. C. right frontal lobe. D. right thalamus.

C. right frontal lobe.

Millie has been having difficulties remembering what people have just said. She is unable to follow the plot of her favorite television show. Millie has difficulty with her _____ memory. A. long-term B. echoic C. short-term D. flashbulb

C. short-term

To make a long-distance call, Jim has to dial an unfamiliar phone number. He is likely to have trouble retaining the number he just looked up. This BEST illustrates the limited capacity of _____ memory. A. long-term B. explicit C. short-term D. implicit

C. short-term

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates: A. implicit memory. B. the spacing effect. C. source amnesia. D. mood-congruent memory.

C. source amnesia.

Professor Mollier suggests that her students study for an exam in a room that has sound and lighting similar to their own classroom. She even suggests that they wear the same type of clothing while studying and while taking the exam. To increase their memory retention while studying, Professor Mollier wants the students to consider: A. retrieval failure. B. implicit memory. C. the context in which learning occurred. D. retroactive interference.

C. the context in which learning occurred.

Dr. Nguyen's experimental rats have learned the location of a food treat in a maze. She removed their hippocampi 3 hours after the rats located the food. What will be the effect on the rat's memory for the food's location? A. The rats will be able to partially remember the location of the food. B. The rats will initially remember the location, but their memory will fade rapidly. C. The rats' memories about the location of food will be unaffected by the removal of the hippocampi. D. The rats will not be able to remember the location of the food.

D. The rats will not be able to remember the location of the food.

Which phrase BEST describes the typical forgetting curve? A. a steady, slow decline in retention over time B. a steady, rapid decline in retention over time C. a slow initial decline in retention becoming rapid thereafter D. a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

D. a rapid initial decline in retention becoming stable thereafter

In the case of H. M., removal of tissue in his temporal lobe resulted in impaired ability to form new _____ memories. A. episodic B. visual C. acoustic D. explicit

D. explicit

Knowing how to drive a car is an example of a(n) _____ memory. A. echoic B. explicit C. working D. implicit

D. implicit

Six-year-old Fiona has no memory of a trip she took to the hospital when she was two years old. The rest of her family recalls what happened in vivid detail, but Fiona has no recollection of the event. Her inability to remember this event illustrates: A. source amnesia. B. state-dependent memory. C. regression. D. infantile amnesia.

D. infantile amnesia.

The surprising ease with which people form false memories BEST illustrates that encoding and retrieval involve: A. automatic processing. B. long-term potentiation. C. implicit memory development. D. memory construction.

D. memory construction.

According to Sigmund Freud, one reason that people forget is because they are _____ painful memories. A. retrieving B. focusing C. processing D. repressing

D. repressing

Which method does NOT improve your memory? A. activating retrieval cues B. making the material meaningful C. rehearsing information repeatedly D. sleeping less

D. sleeping less

Several months after watching a science fiction movie about space travel and alien abduction, Steve began to remember that aliens had abducted him and had subjected him to many of the horrors portrayed in the movie. His mistaken recall BEST illustrates: A. the spacing effect. B. mood-congruent memory. C. implicit memory. D. source amnesia.

D. source amnesia.

Which method is an effective way to minimize proactive and retroactive interference? A. scheduling back-to-back study times for topics that are similar B. decreasing sleep time C. making the material meaningful D. studying before sleeping

D. studying before sleeping

Duncan Godden and Alan Baddeley conducted a study using two groups of scuba divers. One group listened to a list of words while sitting on a beach. The other group listened to the same list of words while 10 feet underwater. What did the researchers discover about context and learning? A. Participants who listened to the words on the beach did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. B. Participants who listened to the words underwater did best, regardless of where they were asked to recall them. C. There was no difference between the two groups. D.The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).

D.The greatest recall for the words happened when learning and testing were in the same context (e.g., learn underwater, get tested underwater).