Chapter 7
The electron transport chain uses energy carried by _____ to generate a proton gradient that can drive ATP synthesis
NADH and FADH2
inhibits pyruvate dehydrogenase
NADH
Three true statements about the Krebs cycle are
One molecule of ATP is produced, Four pairs of electrons are removed, and a 2-csrbon group from acetyl-CoA enters the cycle
In eukaryotic cells, which of the following metabolic pathways occur in the mitochondria?
Pyruvate oxidation, oxidative phosphorylation, and the Krebs cycle
These are end products of glycolysis
Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
The process which eukaryotic cells harvest energy from organic compounds is termed ________ ________
cellular respiration
inhibits phosphofructokinase
citrate
Electrons that are removed from C-H bonds of glucose during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are donated to
electron carriers
When NAD+ is reduced, it accepts two _____ and one ______
electrons , proton
The energy pathway in organisms un which glucose is converted into pyruvate molecules to yield two ATP molecules is called
glycolysis
The reactions of energy metabolism in which energy is harvested from organic molecules are ______ reactions
oxidation
The two reactions involved in a redox reaction are ________ and _______
oxidations and reductions
The ATP produced as a result of the proton gradient established by the electron transport chain is the result of
oxidative phosphorylation
The same amount of energy is released when a glucose molecule is ______ in a living cell, as when it is burned
oxidized
During oxidative phosphorylation, NADH and FADH2 are oxidized, the final electron acceptor is ______, and _____ is ultimately stored in molecules of ATP
oxygen, energy
The goal of cellular respiration is
the oxidation of organic compounds to extract energy, and the complete oxidation of glucose
These are produced with 1 turn of the Krebs cycle
1 FADH2, 1 ATP, 3 NADH, 2 molecules of CO2
The P/O ratio takes into account the fact that there are ___ protons pumped across the membrane per NADH and ____ pumped across the membrane per FADH2 in the electron transport chain
10 , 6
How many ATP molecules are consumed during the priming reactions of glycolysis for 1 molecule of glucose?
2
ADP is phosphorylated to form
ATP
Molecule that is considered to be the energy currency of the cell and is used to do work
ATP
The primary aim of cellular respiration is to produce
ATP
inhibits phosphoftuctokinase. citrate synthetase,and oyruvate dehydrogenase
ATP
Which are reversibly oxidized and reduced during cellular respiration?
FAD, NAD+
Processes that need to occur in order to release carbon atoms from pyruvate in the form of carbon dioxide
Krebs cycle, and acetyl-CoA production
The purpose of fermentation is to recycle
NAD+
Structural components of the electron transport chain are
Protein complexes, Ubiquinone, and Cytochrome c
Unlike heterotrophs, many autotrophs can use energy from what source to synthesize organic compounds?
Sunlight
How did cellular respiration evolve?
The different steps in cellular respiration evolved over time
During lactic acid fermentation, the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase does which of the following?
Transfers electrons from NADH to pyruvate
During the breakdown of glucose, why is it beneficial to release energy a little at a time rather than all at once?
When energy is released a little at a time, cells can recover more energy in a useful form
Produces ATP using oxygen as a final electron acceptor
aerobic respiration
Produces ATP using inorganic substances other than oxygen as final electron acceptors
anaerobic respiration
plants and algae are
autotrophs
In terms of obtaining energy, plants are ________, and animals are _________.
autotrophs, heterotrophs
Which of the following molecules in food are used as energy sources by living organisms?
carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
The Krebs cycle and the conversion of pryuvate to acetyl-CoA produce
carbon dioxide
The Krebs cycle begins with the formation of ______ acid, which then undergoes several reactions to produce succinate. In the process, 2 carbon atoms are lost as CO2, and 3 molecules of ______ and 1 molecule of ATP are produced
citric , NADH
In prokaryotes the location of pyruvate oxidation takes place in the ________
cytoplasm
While glycolysis occurs in the ____ of eukaryotic cells, the extraction of the remaining energy from pyruvates during aerobic respiration occurs in the ______ of eukaryotic cells.
cytosol, mitochondria
After proteins are broken down into amino acids, the removal of nitrogen-containing side group is called
deamination
Pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl-CoA and CO2 by an enzyme called pyruvate ___________
dehydrogenase
The process of cellular respiration is how living cells obtain _____ from organic molecules
energy
Reduces organic molecules to recycle NAD+ so glycolysis can continue to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen
fermentation
During glycolysis, _____ is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate, driving the synthesis of ATP
glucose
Energy is ________ during the first phase of glycolysis in order to prime glucose for the exergonic reactions to follow
invested
in eukaryotes the location of pyruvate oxidation takes place in the ________
mitochondria
In eukaryotic cells, the Krebs cycle occurs in the _________ matrix
mitochondrial
What is the main function of oxidative phosphorylation?
produce ATP
During fermentation in muscle cells, the organic molecule _______ is reduced to form a 3-carbon compound called _______
pyruvate, lactate
Acetyl-CoA from _____ oxidation enters the Krebs cycle and combines with ________ to form the 6-carbon molecule citrate
pyruvate, oxaloacetate
Energy is extracted from food molecules using enzyme-catalyzed ______ reactions that convert the energy to ATP
redox
During cellular respiration, acetyl-CoA is formed during a reaction that also
removes a CO2 from pyruvate
The ATP produced during glycolysis is the result of _____-level phosphorylation
substrate
An electron carrier called _______ passes electrons from NADH dehydrogenase to cytochrome bc 1.
ubiquinone
