Chapter 7: Skeletal System-Bone Structure and Function

Which statements characterize concentric lamellae of osteons?

They have rings of bone tissue. They contain collagen fibers. Their numbers vary among osteons.

Which statements characterize osteoclasts?

They have ruffled borders. They are phagocytic.

Which statements characterize osteocytes?

They maintain bone matrix. The reside in lacunae.

In bone fracture repair, a fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced with a(n) _ callus

hard

Which tissue types are found in bones?

osseous connective tissue blood nervous tissue

The formation and development of bone is _.

ossifcation

Which statements characterize canaliculi?

-Nutrients pass through them -they extend from lacunae to lacunae -they contain osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions

Place the steps of bone fracture repair in the correct order.

1. A fracture hematoma forms. 2. A fibrocartilaginous callus forms 3. A bony callus forms. 4. The bone is remodeled.

Place the following steps in order to summarize interstitial growth of cartilage.

1. Chondrocyte in lacuna undergoes mitosis. 2. Two cells occupy one lacuna. 3. Two cells in one lacuna begin to produce new matrix.

Place the following steps in order to summarize appositonal growth of cartilage.

1. Stem cells in the perichondrium undergo mitosis. 2. Committed cells become chondroblasts. 3. New matrix is produced at the periphery of the cartilage.

Place the zones of an epiphyseal plate in their correct order.

1. Zone of resting cartilage. 2. Zone of proliferating cartilage. 3. Zone of hypertrophic cartilage. 4. Zone of calcified cartilage. 5. Zone of ossification.

Compact bone makes up _ of bone mass.

80%

Displaced fracture

A fracture in which bone fragments are separated from one another and not in anatomic alignment.

Growth along the periphery of cartilage is called _______ growth.

Appositional

_ connective tissue contains osteoblasts and osteocytes.

Bone

complete fracture

Bone is broken into two or more pieces.

communiuted fracture

Bone is splintered into several small pieces between the main parts.

compression fracture

Bone is squashed as in a vertebra during a fall.

Bone formation requires

Calcium, Vitamin D, Phosphate

Avulsion

Complete severing of body part.

Rickets is caused by a vitamin _ deficiency.

D

True or false: Mature cartilage is well vascularized.

False

Which hormone stimulates the liver to produce somatomedin, which ultimately results in bone elongation?

Growth hormone

The process of blood cell production is called _.

Hemopoiesis

Which characterizes the process of bone resorption?

Hydrochloric acid dissolves minerals of bone. Lysosomes dissolve the organic parts of bone matrix.

What is a function of cartilage?

It attaches the ribs to the sternum

Which statements characterize lamellar bone?

It becomes the compact bone of flat bones. It becomes the spongy bone of flat bones. It is also called the secondary bone.

Which statements characterize the microscopic arrangement of spongy bone?

It contains no osteons. It contains parallel lamellae.

Which statements characterize articular cartilage?

It covers an epiphysis. It functions to reduce friction in joints. It is composed of hyaline cartilage.

Which statements characterize woven bone?

It is replaced by lamellar bone. It is formed during intramembranous ossification. It is not well organized.

Which statements characterize endosteum?

It lines medullary cavities. It is active during bone repair. It contains osteoblasts.

Which statement descirbe an osteon?

It runs parallel to the diaphysis of a long bone. It contains a central canal. It is also called a Haversian system. It is microscopic.

In intramembranous ossification, what replaces woven bone?

Lamellar Bone

choose the bones produced through intramembranous ossification:

Maxilla, Mandible, Flat bones of the skull

the cylindrical space within the diaphysis of a long bone is called?

Medullary Cavity

Which statements are true regarding cartilage?

More flexible than bone, found in the head, arms, legs, and trunk of the body, contains cells and a matrix.

Calcitonin is produced by the _ cells in the thyroid gland.

Parafollicular

Greenstick Fracture

Partial fracture;convex side of bone breaks and the other side is bent..

A fracture at the distal end of the fibula and malleolus of the tibia is specifically called _ fracture

Potts

Which is a function of bone?

Protection of organs

Which organs are protected by bones?

Reproductive, Brain, Lungs, Heart

Calcium is required for

Stimulation of the heart, blood clotting, and initiation of muscle contraction

Long bones include_.

The bones of the palm, toes, fingers, and thigh.

Which statements characterize central canals of osteons?

They contain nerves. They contain blood vessels. They are a cylindrical channel.

True or false: Bone growth begins during embryologic development.

True

True or false: The epiphyseal plate is composed of cartilage.

True

Glucocorticoids are released from the _.

adrenal cortex

A bone's growth in diameter is called _ growth.

appositional

Depressed fracture

broken bone portion is pressed inward

Tiny channels that connect lacunae to other lacunae in an osteon are called?

canaliculi

rings of bone directly internal to the periosteum of a bone are called

circumferential lamellae.

An osteon is the basic functional and structural microscopic unit of mature ___ bone.

compact

flat bones have surfaces composed of ___________ bone with internally placed ____________ bone

compact, spongy

In a _ fracture, one or both ends of a broken bone pierce the overlying skin.

compound

Ligaments and tendons are made of _.

dense regular connective tissue

The primary ossification center is located in the _ of a long bone.

diaphysis

the elongated cylindrical shaft of a long bone is called its

diaphysis.

A thin line of compact bone in the epiphysis of a mature bone is called

epiphyseal line.

Epiphyseal fracture

epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate

A blood clot within a bone fracture is called a _.

fracture hematoma.

Breaks in bones are called

fractures.

during bone development, the liver releases somatomedin in response to ______ hormone

growth

The function of parathyroid hormone is to _.

increase blood calcium levels

Chondrocytes occupy small spaces called

lacunae.

Bones of the skeleton function as a system of _ that are pulled when skeletal muscles contract.

levers

based on shape, the most common type of bone is ?

long bone

The region of a mature bone between the diaphysis and epiphysis is?

metaphysis

Impacted fracture

one fragment is driven firmly into the other

Another term for bone tissue is _ connective tissue.

osseous

Mature bone cells sitting in lacunae are called _.

osteocytes

insufficient ossification is a condition known as

osteopenia

Decreased bone mass can cause a disease called

osteoporosis.

Osteitis deformans is also called

paget disease.

A fracture in a vertebra due to the presence of osteoporosis is an example of a _.

pathologic fracture

A though fibrous layer covering the outer surface of a long bone is called _.

periosteum

Osteoprogenitor cells are located in _.

periosteum and endosteum

The mineral called _,stored within bone, is a component of ATP and phospholipids

phosphate

The epiphysis of a long bone closet to the body trunk is the _ epiphysis.

proximal

In endochondral ossification, _ ossification centers form in the epiphyses of long bones.

secondary

Based on shape, bones that have a length about equal to their width are classified as ______ bones/

short

What are examples of short bones?

some bones of the foot, bones of the wrist.

In adults, red bone marrow is located in the

sternum, ribs, and iliac crest, body of vertebrae

choose the bones formed through endochondral ossification?

upper limb bones, lower limb bones, vertebrae

Which is an example of an irregular bone?

vertebrae