Chapter 7: True/False

Memories elicited under hypnosis are more vivid, complete, and more reliable than those elicited when not hypnotized.

False

Rote learning is a more effective way of studying in comparison to the use of elaborative processing.

False

A declarative memory is the part of long term memory that contains specific factual information

True

A photograph can serve as a retrieval cue that leads to the recall of number of associated memories—a process called redintegration.

True

A semantic memory is a subpart of a declarative memory that has no information about time or place. Examples are the names of the days of the week, or months of the year, the seasons, words and language and other impersonal facts. This type of memory serves as a mental dictionary or encyclopedia of basic knowledge.

True

According to Decay Theory, memory traces fade or weaken over time so retrieval is more difficult.

True

According to the Ebbinghaus curve of forgetting we forget rapidly at first, but this is followed by a slow decline in forgetting.

True

After appearing live on Australian television psychologist Donald Thomson was accused of rape. It turns out that the rape victim was watching him on television when the actual rapist broke into her apartment. This was given in the textbook as an example of source confusion.

True

An encoding failure refers to a situation in which there is insufficient information to form a memory.

True

An implicit memory is a memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously.

True

Anterograde amnesia is the loss of the ability to form or retrieve memories for events that occur after an injury or trauma.

True

As a measure of memory, a savings score, is associated with relearning.

True

Being very thirsty might prompt a person to remember events that took place on another occasion when the person was thirsty; this is referred to a state-dependent learning.

True

Chunking is the process of grouping similar or meaningful information together.

True

Chunking recodes (reorganizes) information into units that are already in long term memory (LTM).

True

Clinicians consider true repression to be an unconscious event.

True

Echoic memory refers to a brief continuation of sensory activity in the auditory system after a sound is heard.

True

Elaborative processing can lead to false memories because as new long term memories are stored, older memories are often updated, changed, lost, or revised.

True

Elaborative processing makes information more meaningful and is a far better way to form long term memories than rote learning.

True

Episodic memories are "autobiographical" record of personal experiences.

True

Episodic memories are more easily forgotten than semantic memories.

True

Essay tests require the use of recall rather than recognition.

True

Except for rare individual's long term memories are only relatively permanent, in contrast to a computer's memory, for example, which is permanent (unless a person damages the computer).

True

If a person successfully consciously put a painful memory out of his mind he has used suppression.

True

If a student crams for a psychology exam and then later the same night crams for a history exam, his memory for the second subject studied (history) will be less accurate than if he had studied only history. This effect is referred to as proactive interference.

True

In negative transfer, mastery of one task conflicts with learning or performing a different task.

True

In the United States personal memories are about "me," whereas in China personal memories are about interactions with family members--- about "us" rather than me alone.

True

Information is first encoded in sensory memory before being retrieved and encoded into short-term memory (STM).

True

Long term potentiation occurs if two or more brain cells become active at the same time; the connections between them grow stronger, thereby forming memories.

True

Long-terms memories often fade if they are not used.

True

Maintenance rehearsal is used to hold information in short-term memory for extended periods of time by repeating information over and over again.

True

Memories retrieved when a person is hypnotized are more likely to be false memories compared to those from the same person when he is not hypnotized.

True

Memories that are not retrieved or used or rehearsed become weaker over time.

True

Positive transfer occurs when mastery of one task aids the learning or performing of a different task.

True

Priming is used to reveal implicit memories.

True

Proactive interference is the tendency of old memories to interfere with the retrieval of newer memories.

True

Procedural memories are long term memories of conditioned responses and learned skills; examples would be typing, driving, or swinging a golf club.

True

Procedural memory is a type of long term memory of how to do things such as typing, driving a car, or swinging a golf club.

True

Recognition is usually superior to recall as a measure of memory.

True

Relearning is measured by a savings score.

True

Relearning is typically the most sensitive measure of memory.

True

Repression is an example of motivated forgetting.

True

Research has shown that flashbulb memories are usually more vivid than other memories because of the intense emotional response associated with them facilitates memory storage and subsequent retrieval of the memory.

True

Retroactive interference is the tendency for new memories to interfere with the retrieval of old memories.

True

Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memories for events that preceded a head injury or other amnesia causing events.

True

Short term memories are encoded by images and phonetically (by sound).

True

Spaced practice is generally superior to massed practice.

True

Suppression is the conscious effort to put something out of mind or to keep it from awareness.

True

The Ebbinghaus curve of forgetting indicates that less than 30% of what is learned is remembered after only two days have passed.

True

The bodily state that a person is in (e.g., one induced by a drug) can be a strong retrieval cue for later memory, an effect called state-dependent learning.

True

The cognitive interview uses redintegration to improve the memory of eye witnesses.

True

The multimedia principle refers to the idea that people process words and mental images together better than they do words alone.

True

The presence of appropriate retrieval cues almost always enhances memory retrieval.

True

The process of decay is the best explanation to account for the loss of short-term memories.

True

The serial position effect refers to making more errors in the memory of the middle items rather than the first part and last part of an ordered list.

True

The two most sensitive tests of memory are recognition and relearning.

True

We are consciously aware of short term memories for a dozen seconds or so.

True

When learning one thing makes it difficult to recall another, forgetting may be caused by interference.

True

When used properly the cognitive interview produces 35 percent more correct information than standard questioning.

True

Whenever you read a book, do mental arithmetic, put together a puzzle, plan a meal, or follow directions you are using workingmemory.

True

Working memory is a sort of mental scratch pad on which we do much of our thinking and problem solving.

True