Chapter 7 WC

Hagia Sophia

"Church of the Holy Wisdom" Creating a new design for church's, Justinian's architects erected a huge building on a square plan capped by a dome 107 across and 160 feet High.

Constantinople (330 AD)

"Constantine's City", formally the ancient city of Byzantium was the eastern capital. Constantine made it his capital, a "new Rome", because of its strategic military and commercial location: it lay at the mouth of the Black Sea guarding principal routes for trade and troop measurements. Constructed a forum, an imperial place, a hippodrome for chariot races, and monumental statues of traditional gods in his refunded city. Constantinople grew to be the most important city in the Roman Empire. The city grew to be the most important city in the Roman empire.

Attila and the Huns

Attila pushed his domain westward towards the Alps. He led his forced as far west as central France and into northern Italy. At Attila death in 453, the Huns lost their fragile unity and faded from History.

The City of God

Augustine expressed his views on the need for order in human life and asserted that the basic human dilemma lay in the conflict between desiring earthly pleasures and desiring spiritual purity. Augustine argued that history has a divine purpose, even if people could not see it.

The Merovingians

Clovis dynast. After the legendary Frankish ancestor Medovich, endured for another 200 years, foreshadowing the kingdom that would emerge much later as the forerunner of modern France. The Merovingians survived so long because they successfully combined their own traditions of military bravery with Roman social and legal traditions

Battle of the Milvian Bridge (312)

Constantine reported experiencing a dream promising him God's support and saw Jesus cross in the sky surrounded by the words "In this sign you will be the victor". He orders his soldiers to paint the sign of the cross of Christ on their shields. When his soldiers won a great victory in that battle, Constantine attributed his success to the Christen God and declared himself a Christan.

Dioceses

Diocletian created smaller administrative units called Dioceses, under separate governors, who reported to the four emperors' assistants the praetorian prefects.

Coloni

Diocletian therefore restricted the movement of tenant farmed called coloni whose work provided the empires economic base. Male coloni as well their wives in areas where women were assessed for taxes were increasingly tied to plot of land. Their children were also bound to the family plot, making farming a hereditary obligation.

Monasticism

Distinctive for the huge numbers of people drawn to it and the high status that they earned in the Christian population.

Diocletian (r. 284-305)

Had ended the third century political crisis and kept the Roman empire from breaking into warring parts by appointing an emperor and two assistant emperors. Convinced his co-rulers first to persecute the pagan Manichaeans and then the Christians. Reform of the government only postponed the division of imperial territory. Constantine was his successor. Diocletian and Constantine pulled Roman government out of its extended crisis by increasing the emperor's, reorganizing the empire's defense, restricting workers freedom, and changing the tax system to try to increase revenues. They firmly believed they had to win back divine favor to ensure their people's safety. Also, believed they could solve the empires problems by becoming more autocratic

Romulus Augustulus (476)

He gave the boy ruler the name Romulus Augustulus to match his young age and to recall both Rome's founder and its first emperor.

Theodora (500-548)

Her husband is Justinian, and they waged war against the barbarian kingdoms in the west, aiming to reunite the empire and restore the imperial glory of the Augustan Period.

Justinian (r. 527-565)

His wife and partner in rule is Theodora waged war against the barbarian kingdoms in the west, aiming to reunite the empire and restore the imperial glory of the Augustan Period. Justinian increased imperial authority and tried to purify religion to satisfy what he saw as his duty to provide strong leadership and God's favor. He and his successors in the eastern empire contributed to the preservation of the memory of classical Greek and Roman culture by preserving a great deal of earlier literature, non-Christian and Christian.

Council of Nicaea (325) and Nicene Creed

In 325, Constantine convened 220 Bishops at the Council of Nicaea to discuss Arianism. The majority voted to banish Arius to the Balkans and Declared in the Nicene Creed that the Father and the Son were homoousion ("of one substance") and co-eternal.

Vandals

In 406, the Vandals cut a swath through Gaul all the way to the Spanish coast. In 429, 80,000 Vandals ferried to North Africa, where they broke their agreement to become federate allies with the western empire and captured the region.

St. Basil of Caesarea (c. 330-379)

In Asia Minor, started an alternative tradition of monasteries in service to society. Basil required monks to preform charitable deeds, especially ministering to the sick, a development that led to the foundation of the first hospitals, which were attached to monasteries.

Justinian's Codex (codification of laws)

Justinian codex appeared in 529 with a revised version completed in 534. A term of scholars also condensed millions of words of regulations to produce the Digest in 533, intended to expedite legal cases and provide a syllabus.

The Nika Riot (532)

Justinian's unpopular taxes provoked the riot, when the Blue and Green factions, gathering to watch chariot races, united against the emperor, shouting "Nika! Nika!" (Win Win). After 9 days of violence had left much of Constantinople in ashes, Justinian prepared to flee in panic. Theodora rebuked him. Justinian then sent in troops, who ended the rioting by slaughtering 30,000 rioters trapped in the racetrack.

Orthodoxy and Heresy

Orthodoxy is the True Doctrine, specifically the beliefs defend for Christians by councils of bishops. Heresy is the False Doctrine; specifically, the beliefs banned for Christians by council of bishops. Controversy centered on what was orthodoxy and what was heresy. The emperor was ultimately responsible for enforcing orthodox creed (a summary of correct beliefs) and could use force to compel agreement when disputes led to violence. Orthodoxy taught that Jesus's divine and human natures commingled within his person but remained distinct.

Theodoric and the Ostrogoths

Ostrogoths carved out a kingdom in Italy in the fifth century. By the time their king Theodoric (r. 493-526) came to power, there had not been a western Roman emperor for nearly twenty years, and there never would be again.

Tetrarchy

The "Rule by four", consisting of two co-emperors and two assistant emperors/designated successors, initialed by Diocletian to subdivide the ruling of the roman Empire into four regions.

Arius (c. 260-336) and Arianism

The Christian doctrine named after Arius, who argued that Jesus was "Begotten" by God and did not have an identical nature with God the father. The doctrine generated fierce controversy for centuries. Founded widespread support-the emperor Valens and his barbarian opponents were Arian Christians. Many people found Arianism appealing because it eliminated the difficulty of understanding how a son could be the equal of his father and because its subordination of son to father corresponded to the norms of family life. Arius used popular songs to make his views known, and people everywhere became engaged in the controversy.

Clovis and the Franks

The Franks were especially significant in the reshaping of the western Roman Empire because they transformed Roman Gaul into Francia. In 507, their king Clovis (r. 485-511) with support from the eastern Roman emperor, overthrow the Visigoth king in Gaul. When the emperor named Clovis an honorary consul, Clovis celebrated this honor by having himself crowned with a diadem in the style of the emperor. He established western Europe's largest new kingdom in what is today mostly France, overshadowing the neighboring and rival kingdoms of the Burgundians and Alemanni in eastern Gaul.

Julian the Apostate (r. 361-363)

The Roman emperor (r. 361-363) who rejected Christianity and tried to restore traditional religion as the state religion. Apostate means "renegade from the faith".

Theodosius (r. 379-395)

The Roman emperor who made Christianity the state religion by ending public sacrifices in the traditional cults and closing their temples. In 395, he also divided the empire into western and eastern halves to be ruled by his son

Pope

The bishop of Rome eventually emerged as the church's supreme leader in the western empire, claiming for himself a title previously applied many bishops: pope, the designation still used for the head of the Roman Catholic chruch. Christians in the eastern empire never concluded this title to the bishop of Rome.

Bishops

The hierarchy of male bishops replaced early Christianity relatively loose communal organization, in which women held leadership posts. Over time the Bishops replaced the curial as the emperor's partners in local rule, taking control of the distribution of imperial subsides to the people. Regional councils of bishops appointed new bishops and addressed doctrinal disputes. Bishops in the largest cities became the most powerful leaders in the church. The bishop of Rome eventually emerged as the church's supreme leader in the western empire, claiming for himself a title previously applied many bishops: pope, the designation still used for the head of the Roman Catholic church. Christians in the eastern empire never concluded this title to the bishop of Rome.

Visigoths

The name given to the barbarians whom Alaric united and led on a military campaign into the western Roman Empire to establish a new kingdom; they sacked Rome in 410.

Dominus/dominate

The openly authoritarian style of Roman Rule from Diocletian onwards; the word was derived from dominus and contrasted with principate. "Lord or Mater" what slaves called their owners.

Asceticism

The practice of self-denial, especially through spiritual discipline; a spiritual discipline; a doctrine for Christians emphasized by Augustine.

Edict of Milan (313)

The proclamation of Roman co-emperors Constantine and Licinius decreeing free choice of religion in the empire.

Curials/decurions

The social elite in the Roman Empire's cities and towns, most whom were obliged to serve as decurions on municipal Senates and collect taxes for the Imperial government, paying any shortfalls themselves.

Constantine (r. 306-337)

The successor of Diocletian. He ended the persecution by converting to Christianity and supporting his new faith with imperial funds and a policy of religious freedom.

Great Persecution

The violent program initiated by Diocletian in 303 to make Christians convert to traditional religion or risk confiscation of their property and even death.

Anglo-Saxons

Were composed of Angles from what is now Denmark and Saxons from northwestern Germany. This mixed group invaded Britain in the 440's after the Roman army had been recalled from the province to defend Italy against the Visigoth. Captured territory from the local Celtic peoples and the remaining Roman inhabitants.