Chapter 8 A&P

In general, a child's immune system is not fully developed until he or she is between

2 and 3 years of age

A person who invest an excessive amount of salicylate would MOST likely experience

A fall in pH

Which type of tissue line the intestines, blood vessels, and bronchiole tube

Epithelial

Am injection of immunoglobulin is a form of

Passive acquired immunity

What disease characterized by erosions in the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal track, specific the stomach

Peptic ulcer disease

half of the body magnesium is stored in the

bones

After T lymphocytes leave the bone marrow, they mature in the:

thymus gland

In healthy adults, a loss of more than ____% of total body fluid is required to alter homeostasis and cause illness.

30%

Which of the following medications does NOT shift potassium into cells

50% dextrose

Plasma comprises approximately_____% of the blood

55%

Acid-base balance normally remains in the physiologic pH range of

7.35-7.45

All of the following are endocrine hormones, EXCEPT: A) histamine B) insulins C) Adrenaline D) Thyroxine

A) histamine

The MOSH common cause of cardiogenic shock is

Acute Myocardial infarction

An inflammatory condition of respiratory system that result in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production is called

Asthma

What structure contains electrical impulses away from the cell body

Axon

Which of the following statements regarding basophils is correct

Basophils release histamine and other chemicals that dilate blood vessels

Baroreceptor, which are located in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidneys, are MOST sensitive to change in

Blood pressure

All of the following would cause potassium to shift into the cell, EXCEPT A) alkalosis B) epinephrine release C) increased vagal tone D) insulin's administration

C) increased vagal tone

What type of pressure is generated by dissolved proteins in the plasma that are too large to penetrate the capillary membrane?

Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure

How does the body respond to hypo perfusion

Catecholamine release and increased systemic vascular resistance

Which of the following statements regarding connective tissue is MOST correct

Connective tissue binds other types of tissue together.

What chemical induced hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and preventing oxygen metabolism

Cyanide

Orthodontic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of

Dehydration

Which of the following disease processes would MOST likely cause delayed of dysfunctional wound healing

Diabetes

Which of the following factors would MOST likely cause hyponatremia

Diuretic use

The net effect of osmosis is to

Equalize the concentration of absolute on both sides of a cell membrane

______ is the protein that bonds to form the fiberius component of a blood clot

Fibrin

The movement of water and dissolved substance from an area of hight pressure to and are of low pressure is called

Filtration

All of the following disease are autoimmune diseases, EXCEPT

HIV infection

B lymphocytes produce antibodies when they are activated by

Helper T cells

Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct

Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, is characterized by excessive bleeding, and occurs only in males.

A diabetic patient who failed to take his or her insulin and presents with peaked t waves on the cardiac monitor and muscles weakness is MOST likely

Hyperkalemic (high potassium)

Muscles cramps and paresthesias in a malnourished patient with alcoholism are most likely a result of

Hypocalcemia (low calcium)

Common health risks associated with obesity include all of the following, EXCEPT:

Hypolipidemia (low lipids in blood)

Syncope is probably NOT cause by a life-threatening dysthymia if it occurs

I'm a person whose cousin has syncope

A patient overdosed on heroin and is unconscious with slow, shallow respirations would MOST likely experience

Increased CO2 retention

Cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are MOST appropriately classified as ________ fluid

Interstitial

Most immunological diseases that exhibit familial tendencies

Involve overactive immune system

If an injury lead in to cell degeneration is of sufficient intensity and duration

Irreversible cell injury will lead to death

The body's rejection of an organ following transplantation is MOST likely the result of

Isoimmunity

Lactated ringer is a(n) _____ solution because is solute concentration is equal to that if the inside of the cell

Isotonic

Which of the following statements regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is correct

MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response.

Early manifestations of Alzheimer's disease include

Memory loss and subtle personality changes

Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to cause hyperventilation

Metabolic alkalosis

Which part of the cells produces the body's major energy source in the form of adenosine troposphere (ATP)

Mitrochondrian

A normal sympathies nervous system tone causes

Neurogenic shock

_______ are the MOST abundant white blood cells, are largely responsible for protecting the body against infection, and are key components of the first response to foreign body invasions

Neutrophils

What type of shock occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart of great vessels

Obstructive

The _____, which's are found within the cells cytoplasm, operate in a cooperative and organized fashion to maintain the life of the cell

Organelles

Which of the following disease process is more common in women

Osteoporosis

______ nerves exit from between the spinal vertebrae and extreme ti various parts of the body

Peripheral

Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever would MOSH likely cause

Permanent damm age to the heart valves

Which of the following represents an abnormal electrolyte serum level

Potassium, 6 mEq/L

In the presence of infection, white blood cells release endogenous chemicals called______ which produce fever

Pyrogens

The most prevalent cation of the extracellular fluid is

Sodium

Strength of a person peripheral pulses is related to

Stroke volume and pulse pressure

Which of the following processes occurs during multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)

The ischemic pancreas releases myocardial depressant factor, which impairs cardiac contractility

Groups of cells form

Tissues

The tension extremes in a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane is referred to as

Tonicity

Factor______ is the antihemophilic factor

VIII

anapjylactic shock is characterized by

Wheezing and widespread vasodilation

Infections cellular injuries would LEAST likely occurs in a patients

With migraine headaches

Generally, the only physical finding in a patient with a prolapsed mitral valve is:

a clicking sound heard during cardiac auscultation.

Homeostasis is MOST accurately defined as

a constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium.

An endogenous ligand is

a molecule that is produced by the body and binds to a receptor.

Early signs or symptoms of breast cancer include:

a small, painless lump in the breast

The MOST major challenge to pH homeostasis is

acid production

Ascites is defined as

an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity.

A Type I hypersensitivity reaction is

an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus.

Opsonization is a process in which

an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.

Hyperkalemia is defined as

an elevated serum potassium level.

A patient with kidney or liver failure would MOST likely develop

an increase in isotonic fluid.

A patient with chronic renal insufficiency who has been taking laxatives and presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and decreased deep tendon reflexes MOST likely has

an increased serum level of magnesium.

When oxygen does not reach the cell, the cell reverts to:

anaerobic metabolism and produces lactic acid

Older adults have increased levels of autoantibodies, which

are antibodies directed against the patient

Wounds that heal by primary intention:

are generally clean wounds with opposed margins.

Interleukins function by:

attracting white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.

Common signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis include all of the following EXCEPT

bloating after milk ingestion

Distributive shock occurs when

blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases

Severe, prolonged stress

causes the body to lose its ability to fight disease.

Major risk factors for lung cancer include

cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos

Edema in an upper extremity following a mastectomy is the result of:

decreased lymphatic drainage

Unlike basophils, mast cells:

do not circulate in the blood.

Unlike bacteria, viruses:

do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins.

An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells is called:

dysplasia

The cardinal sign of over hydration is

edema

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by

enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle.

The MOST common type of exogenous hypovolemic shock is

external bleeding

The destruction of a blood clot is called:

fibrinolysis

Angiogenesis is defined as:

growth of new blood vessels

If an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood:

hemolysis and anemia can result.

when comparing two solutions, the solution that has a higher solute concentration and a higher osmotic pressure is referred to as a(n) _______ solution

hypertonic

Enlargement of the left ventricle due to chronically elevated blood pressure is called:

hypertrophy

If the cause of a disease is unknown, it is said to be:

idiopathic

acute pulmonary edema

impairs oxygen diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries

Acidosis is characterized by an

increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH.

Hemolytic anemia is a disease characterized by

increased destruction of red blood cells

Aldosterone acts on the kidneys by

increasing sodium reabsorption into the blood and enhancing potassium elimination in the urine.

The two MOST common causes of inflammation are

infection and injury.

Aspirin and NSAIDs reduce inflammation and pain by:

inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis

Allergies are acquired following:

initial exposure to an allergen

carpopedal spasm that occurs during respiratory alkalosis is caused by

intracellular calcium shift.

Approximately 45% of a persons body weight is

intracellular fluid

The paramedic is in the best position to formulate an appropriate treatment plan for an Ill patient if the paramedic

is able to identify the etiology of the patient's illness

A person with a normal total cholesterol level

is still at risk for coronary artery disease if his or her LDL levels are elevated

Renin is a protein that is released into the bloodstream by the ______ in response to changes in _______

kidneys, blood pressure

In decompensated shock, systolic blood pressure is:

less than the fifth percentile for the age

Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis are also known as:

leukotrienes

The chief white blood cell of the immune response is the:

lymphocyte

If nonencapsulated bacteria enter the body:

macrophages begin to destroy them immediately

Red bone marrow is essential for the formation of

mature blood cells

Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus:

need exogenous insulin to survive.

Type O blood contains

neither A nor B antigens but contains both A and B plasma antibodies.

Apoptosis is defined as:

normal cell death

The _________ of the cell contains RNA

nucleus

The induction phase of the immune response begins when

part of the immune system recognizes an antigen

The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease is called:

pathophysiology

Foreign material such as bacteria and other microorganisms are engulfed and destroyed by:

phagocytes

Unlike endocrine hormones, exocrine hormones:

reach their targets via a specific duct that opens into an organ

Endothelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels

regulate blood flow and coagulation

Which of the following is an example of homeostatic failure

salt and water retention and a blood pressure of 170/98 mmHg

When nerve cells and cardiac myocytes are injured:

scar tissue forms because these cells cannot be replaced

Gross distortions of reality, withdrawal from social contacts, and bizarre behavior are MOST characteristic of:

schizophrenia

Nonstriated muscle is also called ______ muscle

smooth

If the sodium potassium pump is impaired due to insufficient potassium in the body

sodium accumulates and causes the cells to swell

The resistance stage of stress reaction is characterized by

stimulation of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones that increase blood glucose levels and maintain blood pressure.

Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is

striated and involuntary

Unlike an allergic reaction, an autoimmune reaction:

targets a person's own tissues

When renin is released

the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules

The prevalence of particular disease refers to

the number of cases in a particular population over time.

When blood osmolarity increases:

the pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which stimulates the kidneys to resorb water and decrease the blood's osmolarity

When cells are hypoxic for more than a few seconds:

they produce substances that may damage other local or distant body systems

Dehydration is generally a more serious concern in older adults than in younger adults because:

total body water constitutes only 45% of body weight in older adults.

During the acute inflammatory response:

transient arteriolar constriction is followed by arteriolar dilation, which allows an influx of blood under increased pressure.

Gout is a condition in which:

uric acid accumulates in the blood.

An organ is composed of:

various types of tissues.

Patients with congenital prolongation of the Q-T interval are the GREATEST risk for

ventricular arrhythmias

muscular dystrophy is characterized by

weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increasing disability.