Chapter 8 A&P
In general, a child's immune system is not fully developed until he or she is between
2 and 3 years of age
A person who invest an excessive amount of salicylate would MOST likely experience
A fall in pH
Which type of tissue line the intestines, blood vessels, and bronchiole tube
Epithelial
Am injection of immunoglobulin is a form of
Passive acquired immunity
What disease characterized by erosions in the mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal track, specific the stomach
Peptic ulcer disease
half of the body magnesium is stored in the
bones
After T lymphocytes leave the bone marrow, they mature in the:
thymus gland
In healthy adults, a loss of more than ____% of total body fluid is required to alter homeostasis and cause illness.
30%
Which of the following medications does NOT shift potassium into cells
50% dextrose
Plasma comprises approximately_____% of the blood
55%
Acid-base balance normally remains in the physiologic pH range of
7.35-7.45
All of the following are endocrine hormones, EXCEPT: A) histamine B) insulins C) Adrenaline D) Thyroxine
A) histamine
The MOSH common cause of cardiogenic shock is
Acute Myocardial infarction
An inflammatory condition of respiratory system that result in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production is called
Asthma
What structure contains electrical impulses away from the cell body
Axon
Which of the following statements regarding basophils is correct
Basophils release histamine and other chemicals that dilate blood vessels
Baroreceptor, which are located in the carotid artery, aorta, and kidneys, are MOST sensitive to change in
Blood pressure
All of the following would cause potassium to shift into the cell, EXCEPT A) alkalosis B) epinephrine release C) increased vagal tone D) insulin's administration
C) increased vagal tone
What type of pressure is generated by dissolved proteins in the plasma that are too large to penetrate the capillary membrane?
Capillary colloidal osmotic pressure
How does the body respond to hypo perfusion
Catecholamine release and increased systemic vascular resistance
Which of the following statements regarding connective tissue is MOST correct
Connective tissue binds other types of tissue together.
What chemical induced hypoxia by blocking oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria and preventing oxygen metabolism
Cyanide
Orthodontic hypotension and oliguria are common manifestations of
Dehydration
Which of the following disease processes would MOST likely cause delayed of dysfunctional wound healing
Diabetes
Which of the following factors would MOST likely cause hyponatremia
Diuretic use
The net effect of osmosis is to
Equalize the concentration of absolute on both sides of a cell membrane
______ is the protein that bonds to form the fiberius component of a blood clot
Fibrin
The movement of water and dissolved substance from an area of hight pressure to and are of low pressure is called
Filtration
All of the following disease are autoimmune diseases, EXCEPT
HIV infection
B lymphocytes produce antibodies when they are activated by
Helper T cells
Which of the following statements regarding hemophilia is correct
Hemophilia is an inherited disorder, is characterized by excessive bleeding, and occurs only in males.
A diabetic patient who failed to take his or her insulin and presents with peaked t waves on the cardiac monitor and muscles weakness is MOST likely
Hyperkalemic (high potassium)
Muscles cramps and paresthesias in a malnourished patient with alcoholism are most likely a result of
Hypocalcemia (low calcium)
Common health risks associated with obesity include all of the following, EXCEPT:
Hypolipidemia (low lipids in blood)
Syncope is probably NOT cause by a life-threatening dysthymia if it occurs
I'm a person whose cousin has syncope
A patient overdosed on heroin and is unconscious with slow, shallow respirations would MOST likely experience
Increased CO2 retention
Cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are MOST appropriately classified as ________ fluid
Interstitial
Most immunological diseases that exhibit familial tendencies
Involve overactive immune system
If an injury lead in to cell degeneration is of sufficient intensity and duration
Irreversible cell injury will lead to death
The body's rejection of an organ following transplantation is MOST likely the result of
Isoimmunity
Lactated ringer is a(n) _____ solution because is solute concentration is equal to that if the inside of the cell
Isotonic
Which of the following statements regarding multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) is correct
MODS occurs when injury or infection triggers a massive immune, inflammatory, and coagulation response.
Early manifestations of Alzheimer's disease include
Memory loss and subtle personality changes
Which of the following conditions would be the LEAST likely to cause hyperventilation
Metabolic alkalosis
Which part of the cells produces the body's major energy source in the form of adenosine troposphere (ATP)
Mitrochondrian
A normal sympathies nervous system tone causes
Neurogenic shock
_______ are the MOST abundant white blood cells, are largely responsible for protecting the body against infection, and are key components of the first response to foreign body invasions
Neutrophils
What type of shock occurs when blood flow becomes blocked in the heart of great vessels
Obstructive
The _____, which's are found within the cells cytoplasm, operate in a cooperative and organized fashion to maintain the life of the cell
Organelles
Which of the following disease process is more common in women
Osteoporosis
______ nerves exit from between the spinal vertebrae and extreme ti various parts of the body
Peripheral
Recurrent episodes of rheumatic fever would MOSH likely cause
Permanent damm age to the heart valves
Which of the following represents an abnormal electrolyte serum level
Potassium, 6 mEq/L
In the presence of infection, white blood cells release endogenous chemicals called______ which produce fever
Pyrogens
The most prevalent cation of the extracellular fluid is
Sodium
Strength of a person peripheral pulses is related to
Stroke volume and pulse pressure
Which of the following processes occurs during multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS)
The ischemic pancreas releases myocardial depressant factor, which impairs cardiac contractility
Groups of cells form
Tissues
The tension extremes in a cell due to water movement across the cell membrane is referred to as
Tonicity
Factor______ is the antihemophilic factor
VIII
anapjylactic shock is characterized by
Wheezing and widespread vasodilation
Infections cellular injuries would LEAST likely occurs in a patients
With migraine headaches
Generally, the only physical finding in a patient with a prolapsed mitral valve is:
a clicking sound heard during cardiac auscultation.
Homeostasis is MOST accurately defined as
a constant effort to preserve a degree of stability or equilibrium.
An endogenous ligand is
a molecule that is produced by the body and binds to a receptor.
Early signs or symptoms of breast cancer include:
a small, painless lump in the breast
The MOST major challenge to pH homeostasis is
acid production
Ascites is defined as
an abnormal accumulation of serous fluid within the peritoneal cavity.
A Type I hypersensitivity reaction is
an acute reaction that occurs in response to a stimulus.
Opsonization is a process in which
an antibody coats an antigen to facilitate its recognition by immune cells.
Hyperkalemia is defined as
an elevated serum potassium level.
A patient with kidney or liver failure would MOST likely develop
an increase in isotonic fluid.
A patient with chronic renal insufficiency who has been taking laxatives and presents with confusion, muscle weakness, and decreased deep tendon reflexes MOST likely has
an increased serum level of magnesium.
When oxygen does not reach the cell, the cell reverts to:
anaerobic metabolism and produces lactic acid
Older adults have increased levels of autoantibodies, which
are antibodies directed against the patient
Wounds that heal by primary intention:
are generally clean wounds with opposed margins.
Interleukins function by:
attracting white blood cells to the sites of injury and bacterial invasion.
Common signs and symptoms of ulcerative colitis include all of the following EXCEPT
bloating after milk ingestion
Distributive shock occurs when
blood pools in expanded vascular beds and tissue perfusion decreases
Severe, prolonged stress
causes the body to lose its ability to fight disease.
Major risk factors for lung cancer include
cigarette smoking and exposure to asbestos
Edema in an upper extremity following a mastectomy is the result of:
decreased lymphatic drainage
Unlike basophils, mast cells:
do not circulate in the blood.
Unlike bacteria, viruses:
do not produce exotoxins or endotoxins.
An alteration in the size, shape, and organization of cells is called:
dysplasia
The cardinal sign of over hydration is
edema
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is characterized by
enlargement or thickening of the heart muscle.
The MOST common type of exogenous hypovolemic shock is
external bleeding
The destruction of a blood clot is called:
fibrinolysis
Angiogenesis is defined as:
growth of new blood vessels
If an Rh-negative person receives Rh-positive blood:
hemolysis and anemia can result.
when comparing two solutions, the solution that has a higher solute concentration and a higher osmotic pressure is referred to as a(n) _______ solution
hypertonic
Enlargement of the left ventricle due to chronically elevated blood pressure is called:
hypertrophy
If the cause of a disease is unknown, it is said to be:
idiopathic
acute pulmonary edema
impairs oxygen diffusion into the pulmonary capillaries
Acidosis is characterized by an
increase in hydrogen ions and a decrease in pH.
Hemolytic anemia is a disease characterized by
increased destruction of red blood cells
Aldosterone acts on the kidneys by
increasing sodium reabsorption into the blood and enhancing potassium elimination in the urine.
The two MOST common causes of inflammation are
infection and injury.
Aspirin and NSAIDs reduce inflammation and pain by:
inhibiting prostaglandin synthesis
Allergies are acquired following:
initial exposure to an allergen
carpopedal spasm that occurs during respiratory alkalosis is caused by
intracellular calcium shift.
Approximately 45% of a persons body weight is
intracellular fluid
The paramedic is in the best position to formulate an appropriate treatment plan for an Ill patient if the paramedic
is able to identify the etiology of the patient's illness
A person with a normal total cholesterol level
is still at risk for coronary artery disease if his or her LDL levels are elevated
Renin is a protein that is released into the bloodstream by the ______ in response to changes in _______
kidneys, blood pressure
In decompensated shock, systolic blood pressure is:
less than the fifth percentile for the age
Slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis are also known as:
leukotrienes
The chief white blood cell of the immune response is the:
lymphocyte
If nonencapsulated bacteria enter the body:
macrophages begin to destroy them immediately
Red bone marrow is essential for the formation of
mature blood cells
Patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus:
need exogenous insulin to survive.
Type O blood contains
neither A nor B antigens but contains both A and B plasma antibodies.
Apoptosis is defined as:
normal cell death
The _________ of the cell contains RNA
nucleus
The induction phase of the immune response begins when
part of the immune system recognizes an antigen
The study of the functioning of an organism in the presence of disease is called:
pathophysiology
Foreign material such as bacteria and other microorganisms are engulfed and destroyed by:
phagocytes
Unlike endocrine hormones, exocrine hormones:
reach their targets via a specific duct that opens into an organ
Endothelial cells that line the inside of blood vessels
regulate blood flow and coagulation
Which of the following is an example of homeostatic failure
salt and water retention and a blood pressure of 170/98 mmHg
When nerve cells and cardiac myocytes are injured:
scar tissue forms because these cells cannot be replaced
Gross distortions of reality, withdrawal from social contacts, and bizarre behavior are MOST characteristic of:
schizophrenia
Nonstriated muscle is also called ______ muscle
smooth
If the sodium potassium pump is impaired due to insufficient potassium in the body
sodium accumulates and causes the cells to swell
The resistance stage of stress reaction is characterized by
stimulation of the adrenal glands to secrete hormones that increase blood glucose levels and maintain blood pressure.
Unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is
striated and involuntary
Unlike an allergic reaction, an autoimmune reaction:
targets a person's own tissues
When renin is released
the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II, which stimulates sodium resorption by the renal tubules
The prevalence of particular disease refers to
the number of cases in a particular population over time.
When blood osmolarity increases:
the pituitary gland releases antidiuretic hormone (ADH), which stimulates the kidneys to resorb water and decrease the blood's osmolarity
When cells are hypoxic for more than a few seconds:
they produce substances that may damage other local or distant body systems
Dehydration is generally a more serious concern in older adults than in younger adults because:
total body water constitutes only 45% of body weight in older adults.
During the acute inflammatory response:
transient arteriolar constriction is followed by arteriolar dilation, which allows an influx of blood under increased pressure.
Gout is a condition in which:
uric acid accumulates in the blood.
An organ is composed of:
various types of tissues.
Patients with congenital prolongation of the Q-T interval are the GREATEST risk for
ventricular arrhythmias
muscular dystrophy is characterized by
weakness and wasting of groups of skeletal muscles, leading to increasing disability.
