chapter 8, chapter 10, chapter 9 life span, chapter 7 thinking, languages, and intelligence, chapter 6 memory

In the context of the sexual response cycle, _____ is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm.

​myotonia

The Electra complex involves:

a girl longing for her father and resenting her mother.

Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he can complete his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n) _____.

incentive

Motives are:

inferred from behavior.

According to the study by Masters and Johnson,__________.

men-and-women-have-similar-biological-responses-to-sexual-stimulation

In the context of the sexual response cycle,__________is muscle tension, which causes grimaces, spasms in the hands and feet, and the spasms of orgasm.

myotonia

The Electra complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.​

phallic stage

The Oedipus complex develops in the _________ of psychosexual development.

phallic stage

According to Freud, the id follows the__________.

pleasure-principle

Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' view of personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a__________temperament.

melancholic

Jessica is observed to be gloomy and pensive most of the time. According to Hippocrates' viewof personality, Jessica is most likely to be associated with a _____ temperament.​

melancholic

According to research performed by Bray and Bouchard,__________.

more-than-two-out-of-three-adult-Americans-are-overweight

Unlike the psychodynamic theory, the humanistic-existential perspective emphasizes__________.

self-awareness

Joshua wants to do well in academics to get his parents' approval and appreciation. This is an example of a physiological need.

FALSE

Learning theory focused on enduring personality characteristics that were generally presumed to be embedded in the nervous system.

FALSE

The James-Lange theory suggests that emotions cause behavioral responses to events.

FALSE

The Rorschach inkblot test is an example of an objective test.

FALSE

Kelly has devoted her weekends to working in a homeless shelter. Due to her philanthropic activities, her manager has considered her for a promotion at work. According to Watson and Skinner, which of the following statements will most likely explain Kelly's motivation to do social work?

She has been rewarded for altruistic behaviors previously.

Which of the following situations represents acculturation among immigrants living in the United States?

A child from France is learning English at home.

__________are the arousal producing effects of sex hormones that increase the likelihood of sexual behavior.

Activating-effects

__________is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine.

Adaptive-thermogenesis

When is the id first present in the mind?

At birth

_____ developed the psychodynamic theory called analytical psychology.​

Carl Jung

Jim overhears a classmate explaining toa friend that peopleare free to do what theychoose with theirlives and that the meaning of theirlives is whattheygive to it. He further explains that peoplehave unique ways of looking at the world, known as unique frame of reference. The classmate is describing the views of _____.​

Carl Rogers

According to Erikson, which of the following is the goal of adolescence?

Ego identity

_________ is the periodic sexual excitement of many female mammals.

Estrus

Alfred Adler believed that people are motivated by the collective unconscious.

FALSE

Discuss any two emotions and the parts of the nervous system that they arouse.

Fear, which typically happens in response to a risk, involves cognitions that a person is in peril as well as arousal of the sympathetic nervous system. Anger involves the cognition that the person should be paid back, and arousal of both the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

Celia is taking an interest inventory. One of the questions asks her to select her preferred activity from among traveling, reading books, and cooking. The question does not give her a "none of the above" option. What is the format of the interest inventory called?

Forced-choice format

Lewis generally comes across as a quick-tempered individual. His anger is easily triggered by trivial situations. According to Eysenck's dimensions, which of the following is true of Lewis?

He is extraverted and unstable.

Which of the following is a biological factor responsible for obesity?

High fat-to-muscle ratio

_____ individuals are people who are sexually aroused by, and interested in forming romantic relationships with, people of the same gender.

Homosexual

Which of the following theorists believed that personality is not something people have but rather something they create to give meaning and direction to their lives?

Humanistic theorists

__________is an example of a psychological need.

Hunger

_________ tend to define themselves in terms of their personal identities and to give priority to their personal goals.​

Individualists

Which of the following is a feature of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)?

It contains cards with drawings that are subject to various interpretations.

Which one of the following is a criticism of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

It was too vague to scientifically measure the psychic structures.

Which of the following is a shortcoming of Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

Its clinical method of gathering evidence is suspect.

Discuss the role of observational learning in Albert Bandura's social cognitive theory.

Observational learning is one of the primary parts of the social cognitive theory. It refers to receiving knowledge by watching other people. For operant conditioning to happen, an organism must first participate in a response that must be reinforced for the organism to learn from it.

__________is also termed as modeling.

Observational-learning

__________is the directional effect of sex hormones.

Organizing-effect

Apart from Freud, who are the other well-known psychoanalytic theorists? In what ways do they differ from Freud?

Other well-known psychoanalytic theorists include Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney, and Erik Erikson. Carl Jung differs from Freud because he did not think sex was as big of a deal rather than a simple instinct humans experience. Alfred Adler agreed with Jung and thought Freud made it a greater deal. Karen Horney and Erik Erikson both thought social relationships were important than sexual ones on how they reflect a personality.

__________is the state of being satisfied.

Satiety

__________are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.

Self-efficacy-expectations

Describe the focus of the sociocultural perspective. Explain the characteristics of the individualists and the collectivists.

Sociocultural perspective focuses mainly on the roles of ethnicity, gender, culture, and socioeconomic status in how it forms the personality, behavior, and mental process of an individual. An individualist is a person who characterizes themselves through personal traits/hobbies and makes their goals a top priority. Their main focus is themselves. A collectivist is a person who characterizes themselves in terms of relationships to others Their top priority is that of a team or groups. These people tend to be team players rather than focusing on themselves.

Carl Rogers believed that we all have unique frames of reference.

TRUE

Jenna has not eaten in eight hours. She experiences hunger. According to the drive-reduction theory, Jenna is experiencing a primary drive.

TRUE

Women produce androgens ("male" sex hormones) in the adrenal glands and the ovaries.

TRUE

Describe the five-factor model. What is its use?

The five-factor model uses five basic personality factors, not two. These include extraversion, neuroticism, conscientiousness, agreeableness, and openness to experience. It is used to describe certain personality structures. They can help find behavior patterns, psychological disorders, and different kinds of personalities.

Which of the following did Karen Horney's views emphasize?

Unconscious sexual impulses are less important than social relationships in childhood.

_________is the swelling of thegenital tissues with blood, causing erectionof the penis and swelling of the areasurrounding the vaginal opening.

Vasocongestion

Which of the following is true of satiety?

We get signals of satiety from the digestive tract.

When introducing himself to new people, Aaron says that he is a Catholic, Argentinean, and a grandfather of three. He defines himself in terms of these relationships that he maintains with other people. According to the sociocultural perspective on personality, this kind of description is characteristic of:

collectivists.

According to the five-factor model, the five basic personality factors are extraversion, neuroticism,__________, agreeableness, and openness to experience.

conscientiousness

The _________ mind contains primitive instincts such as sex and aggression.​

unconscious

The excitement phase of the sexual response cycle in women is characterized by__________.

vaginal-lubrication

_________ is a mechanism that would help preserve life in times of famine.

​Adaptive thermogenesis

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the _____.​

​reality principle

If you destroy the lateral hypothalamus of a rat, the rat may become hyperphagic.

FALSE

__________in part reflects the horrors of mass destruction of human life through war and genocide, frequent events in the 20th century.

Existentialism

Hippocrates associated a choleric personality with warmth and cheerfulness.

FALSE

__________is the state in which an organism experiences an inducement or incentive to do something.

Motivation

​_________ is a state of deprivation.

Need

Summarize sexual orientation and its types.

Sexual orientation concerns the direction of a person's romantic attraction and erotic attractions toward members of a person's own sex, the sex, or both. People who are only attracted to people of their own sex are considered homosexual individuals. People who are attached to people of the other sex are called heterosexual individuals.

List the different sex hormones and their influence on both men and women.

Testosterone influences men because as the amount that is produced increases, the sexual drive also increases. It has an effect on women and their sexual desire also. Women produce androgens in their adrenal glands in ovaries. This can cause women to arouse to certain situations. Sexual motivation is determined by these different sex hormones. These hormones may also assist in regulating menstrual cycles and develeoping sex organs.

Steve has just completed a personality assessment in which he was shown a series of cards one at a time and asked to make up stories about them. Which of the following tests is he most likely to have taken?

The Thematic Apperception Test

Lauren is obsessed with the cleanliness of her room. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, she is fixated at the__________.

anal-stage

A(n)__________rat is characterized by under eating.

aphagic

In an experiment, Jay and Alissa are injected with the same concentration of a harmless drug. The purpose of the drug is to create arousal in the subjects who are injected. After a while, the arousal manifests as anger in Jay and as happiness in Alissa. These experimental findings can be explained by the _____.

cognitive appraisal theory

According to__________, people are generally motivated to hold consistent beliefs and to justify their behavior.

cognitive-dissonance-theory

Freud said that the human mind is composed of three parts, namely _____.​

conscious, unconscious, and preconscious

A(n) _____ is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

emotion

A(n)__________is a state of feeling that has cognitive, physiological, and behavioral components.

emotion

Kathren repeatedly watches the recorded episodes of a TV show. She generally doesn't smile or show any expression while watching these. Once, while watching an episode, Kathren was asked to smile by her mom. When she watched the episode smiling throughout, she reported finding the episode more humorous, even though she had seen it several times earlier. This scenario supports the__________.

facial-feedback-hypothesis

A researcher puts a baby in a room with many different objects. Then he records the amount of time the baby spends looking at one stimulus instead of another. This shows the baby's visual preference. The researcher is most likely measuring the baby's__________.

fixation-time

A(n)_________rat is characterized by excessive eating.

hyperphagic

Jorge works for a finance company. His boss tells him that he will get a raise if he can complete his work two days before the actual deadline. The raise that Jorge is being offered is referred to as a(n)__________.

incentive

​A(n) _________involves an inherited disposition to activate specific behavior patterns that enable an organism to reach specific goals.

instinct

Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as__________.

self-actualization

​Greg becomes a chain smoker in his early teens. According to the psychosexual stages of personality development, he is fixated at the _____.

oral stage

The height of sexual excitement involving involuntary muscle contractions and release of sexual tensions is termed as a(n)__________.

orgasm

The _____ is the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm.

plateau phase

The__________is the second phase of the sexual response cycle, which is characterized by increases in vasocongestion, muscle tension, heart rate, and blood pressure in preparation for orgasm.

plateau-phase

Sigmund Freud was the first to develop the _____ of personality.​

psychodynamic theories

According to Freud, the ego is guided by the__________.

reality-principle

In humanistic theory, the innate tendency to strive to realize one's potential is called__________.

self-actualization

According to Carl Rogers, _________ refer(s) to the mental images of what we are capable of becoming.​

self-ideals

The _________ functions according to the moral principle.​

superego

The__________functions according to the moral principle.

superego

The__________is the branch of the autonomic nervous system that is most active during processes that spend body energy from stored reserves.

sympathetic-nervous-system

In psychological testing,__________refers to the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure.

validity

The__________is a central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center.

ventromedial-nucleus

_________ are beliefs that we can accomplish certain things.​

​Self-efficacy expectations

The _________ is the division of the peripheral nervous system that regulates glands and activities such as heartbeat and respiration.

​autonomic nervous system

Eli is a student in school. Her teacher's appreciation motivates her to study well. She also aims to get into a good university after she graduates from high school. Eli's performance goals seem to be met through _____.

​extrinsic rewards

The _________ is an area at the side of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a start-eating center.

​lateral hypothalamus

Striving to become what you are capable of being is termed as _____.

​self-actualization

Chris, a high school student, is looking up the profiles of various colleges to make a decision about which one he wants to attend. Being a confident person, he believes that he will do well at a prestigious university. His belief in his success is called _____by socialcognitive theorists.​

​self-efficacy expectations

Parents can help children develop self-esteem when they show them _________ regard, or when they accept them as having intrinsic merit regardless of their behavior at the moment.​

​unconditional positive

The _________ isa central area on the underside of the hypothalamus that appears to function as a stop-eating center.

​ventromedial nucleus