Chapter 8: Ciccarelli Psychology

Autonomy v. Shame and Doubt

1-3 years; toddlers begin to understand that they can control their own actions.

Identity v. Role Confusion

13 to early 20s; adolescents must decide who they are, what they believe, and what they want to be as an adult.

Embryonic Period

2 weeks to 8 after conception; once attached to the uterus, embryo begins to form.

Intimacy v. Isolation

20s to 30s; young adults face the task of finding a person with whom they can share their identity in an ongoing, close, personal relationship.

Initiative v. Guilt

3-5 years; Preschool children learn to take responsibility for their own behavior as they develop self-control.

Generativity v. Stagnation

40s to 50s; the focus of this task is to find a way to be creative, productive person who is nurturing the next generation.

Industry v. Inferiority

5-12 years; school aged child must learn new skills in both the academic world and the social world. They compare themselves to others to measure their success or failure.

Ego Integrity v. Despair

60s and beyond; the task in this stage involves coming to terms with the end of life, reaching a sense of wholeness and acceptance of life as it has been.

Fetal Period

8 weeks until birth-date (of fetus). Tremendous growth happens.

Menopause

A later stage in a woman's life when the levels of the female estrogen decline as the body's reproductive system prepares to cease that function. (40s and onward)

Erik Erikson

A psychodynamic theorist who emphasized the importance of social relationships in the development of personality.

Teratogen

Any substance such as a drug, chemical, virus, or other factor that can cause a birth defect.

Critical Period

As soon as embryo receives nourishment from placenta, it is at risk of contracting any diseases mothers may have, as well as toxins, and drug dependency and damage.

Trust v. Mistrust

Birth to 1 year; Infant learns a basic sense of trust dependent upon how their needs are met.

Disorganized Disoriented

Child finds it difficult to decide on a reaction to the mother's presence or their return. Even afraid to make eye contact with mother.

Kübler-Ross' Stages of Death and Dying

Denial, anger, bargaining, depression and acceptance.

Longitudinal Design

Design used in development; in which one group of people is followed and assessed at different times as the group ages.

Cross-sequential Design

Development design; a combination of cross sectional and longitudinal design.

Cross-sectional Design

Development design; several different age groups are studied at once.

Jean Piaget

Early researcher who developed the four stages of cognitive development from his detailed observations with infants and children. Suggested that they form mental concepts of schemes as they experience new situations or events.

Sensorimotor Stage

First stage of CD; birth to 2 years; children explore their senses and their ability to move; develop object permanence; concepts and mental images begin to represent objects, people, and events.

Formal Operations Stage

Fourth stage of CD; 12-adulthood; at this age person can use abstract reasoning about hypothetical events, think about logical possibilities, and use abstract analogies.

Physical Development

Immediately after birth, body systems start to function. (Respiratory, circulatory, temperature, digestion)

Avoidant

In contrast to secure, children are somewhat willing to explore, and indifferent to the mother or stranger's presence.

Grasping Reflex

In infancy when a child grasps to anything that makes contact with his or her hand.

Startle Reflex

In infancy when a child's body becomes stiff due to startling sounds, or a hunch that they might fall.

Rooting Reflex

In infancy when you touch a baby's cheek it will turn toward your hand.

Sucking Reflex

In infancy, its the child's instinct to search for its mother for nourishment.

Generativity

In parenting, providing guidance to one's children or the next generation. Also contributing to the well-being of children through career and volunteer work.

Secure

Infants labeled as _____, were willing to get down from their mother's lap soon after entering the room with them.

Schemes

Mental concepts formed by children as they experience new situations or events.

Ambivalent

Mixed feelings; clinging to mothers and unwilling to explore, upset by the presence of the stranger. Hard to soothe when mother is absent.

Human Development

Refers to the scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age, from conception, until death.

Chromosomes

Rod structured sequence where genes are located. Found in nucleus of the cell.

Pre-operational Stage

Second stage of CD; 2-7 years; child can now represent or refer to objects and events with words or pictures; can't logically reason.

Attachment Styles

Secure, avoidant, ambivalent, disorganized disoriented.

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Self replicating material present in all living organisms. Carrier of genetic information.

Easy (Temperament)

Temperament style, babies are regular in their schedule of waking, sleeping and eating and are adaptable to change.

Difficult (Temperament)

Temperament style, babies tend to be irregular in their schedules and are very unhappy about change of any kind.

Slow to Warm Up

Temperament style; babies that are less grumpy, quieter, and are less difficult but slow to adapt to change.

Temperament

The behavioral and emotional characteristics that are established at one's birth.

Attachment

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary care-giver.

Recessive Gene

The gene that only appears with pairings.

Dominant Gene

The gene that will always be expressed.

Self-concept

The image you have of yourself and is based off of the interactions you have with the important people in your life.

Irreversibility

The inability of a young child to mentally reverse and action.

Egocentrism

The inability to see the world through anyone's eyes but one's own. Present in pre-operational stage.

Object Permanence

The knowledge that an object exists even when not in sight. Developed in the sensorimotor stage.

Puberty

The physical changes in both primary sex characteristics. Sexual development reaches its peak.

Accommodation

The process of altering or adjusting old schemes to fit new information and experiences.

Concrete Operations Stage

Third stage of CD; 7-12 years; child can conserve, reverse their thinking, and classify objects in terms of many characteristics. Can think logically, and understand analogies (of concrete events).

Motor Development

This development is related to many factors, such as nutrition, care, and health. Related to movement. (0-2 Years where rapid growth occurs)

Sensory Development

Touch, taste and smell are developed. Hearing is somewhat functional, vision is least developed.

Germinal Period

Two-week period when zygote begins dividing and moving down to the uterus, then attaching to the uterine wall.

Gene

Unit of heredity transferred from parent to offspring. Held to determine some characteristics of offspring.

Assimilation

When children try to understand new things in terms of schemes they already possess.

Genetics

The science of heredity.