Chapter 8 study questions

What is true about vitamin B6? a. Vitamin B6 is found in only animal food sources b. Vitamin B6 is stable during cooking. c. Vitamin B6 is important for protein metabolism d. vitamin B6 is absent from both fortified grains and breakfast cereals.

Vitamin B6 is important for protein metabolism

which group is least at risk for developing vitamin C deficiency? a. adults who consume plenty of fruits and vegetables b. infants fed cows' milk c. alcoholics d. elderly people consuming nutrient poor diets

a. adults who consume plenty of fruits and vegetables

which of the follwoingwould not be well-supplied by nuts and pork? a. ascorbic acid b. thiamin c. riboflavin d. niacin e. pyridoxal phosphate

a. ascorbic acid

a deficiency of which of the following vitamins would not disrupt homocysteine metabolism? a. biotin b. folate c. B6 d. B12

a. biotin

vitamin C deficient causes: a. bleeding gums b. hemolysis c. pernicious anemia d. megaloblastic anemia

a. bleeding gums

pantothenic acid forms part of which molecules? a. coenzyme A b. flavinadenine dinucleotide c. pyridoxal phosphate d. adenosine triphosphate

a. coenzyme A

Which one of the following symptoms is associated with pellagra? a. dementia b. dandruff c. diabetes d. deafness

a. dementia

vitamin C has been thought to reduce risk of or prevent all of the following disease conditions except: a. diabetes b. the common cold c. cardiovascular disease d. cancer

a. diabetes

what term is used to describe the process of adding nutrients to foods such as calcium to orange juice? a. fortification b. enrichment c. complementation d. augmentation

a. fortification

which statement regarding fortification of foods in the U.S. is not true? a. fortification is always regulated by the FDA b. fortification can be an arbitrary act of the food manufacturer c. fortification can lead to nutrient imbalances and toxicities d. fortification of juice can help individuals meet their daily calcium requirement

a. fortification is always regulated by the FDA

thiamin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, niacin, and biotin assist in the production of ATP from what nutrient? a. glucose, fatty acids, amino acids b. fatty acids, minerals c. amino acids, glucose, vitamins d. minerals, amino acids

a. glucose, fatty acids, amino acids

which of the following is false of cyanocobalamin? a. good sources include meats, nuts, and legumes, b. activates THFA (tetrahydrofolic acid). c requires intrinsic factor from the stomach for absorption. d. stored in the liver e. little risk of toxicity.

a. good sources include meats, nuts, and legumes

folate deficiency symptoms are less of a problem recently because: a. grain products are now fortified with folate b. green tea is more popular. c. more people are drinking low-fat milk d. taking vitamin supplements is more common

a. grain products are now fortified with folate

vitamin B6 breaks down this molecule, helping to prevent cardiovascular disease. a. homocysteine b. methionine c. glutamine d. threonine

a. homocysteine

the RDA for B6 in adults _____ with aging. a. increases b. decreases c. stays the same d. increases for males but decreases for females

a. increases

functions of vitamin C include all of the following except: a. it acts as a coenzyme b. it aids in hormone production c. it serves as an antioxidant d. it is a structural component of cell membranes e. it synthesizes collagen f. all of the above g. none of the above

a. it acts as a coenzyme

which food is the best source of folate? a. lentils b. chicken c. cheese d. brown rice

a. lentils

what is the name given to the fetal defect that can occur when inadequate amounts of folate are consumed during the first 28 days after conception? a. spina bifida b. anencephaly c. gout d. spinal contusion

a. spina bifida

which is the best source of vitamin C? a. strawberries b. corn c. milk d. beef

a. strawberries

What is true about thiamin? a. thiamin may be destroyed during cooking. b. thiamin is sensitive to an acidic environment. c. thiamin can be synthesized by the body d. thiamin is a source of energy for physical activity

a. thiamin may be destroyed during cooking

british sailors were called limeys because of the use of citrus fruits to prevent scurvy. a. true b. false

a. true

pellagra causes a progressive physical and mental deterioration. a. true b. false

a. true

the supplemental form of folate is more bioavailable than the form found in foods. a. true b. false

a. true

How is vitamin B6 associated with heart disease? a. Vitamin B6 breaks down homocysteine. b. vitamin B6 removes the LDL cholesterol from the body. c. Vitamin B6 promotes the formation of HDL cholesterol. d. Vitamin B6 reduces the blockages found in the blood vessels.

a. vitamin B6 breaks down homocysteine

What is a role of vitamin C in the body? a. Vitamin C helps to maintain body tissues b. Vitamin C prevents the common cold. c. vitamin C is required for energy metabolism d. Vitamin C promotes iron excretion

a. vitamin C helps to maintain body tissues

which statement is not true? a. vitamins provide energy b. deficiency of a fat-soluble vitamin is less likely than of a typical water-soluble vitamins c. vitamins are necessary in many biochemical reactions in the body. d. vitamin deficiencies are rare in the United States.

a. vitamins provide energy

which of the following is not a vitamin? a. riboflavin b. choline c. biotin d. folate

b. choline

which of the following containers doesn't protect riboflavin found in milk? a. cloudy plastic b. clear c. cardboard d.. opaque plastic

b. clear

this vitamin, if consumed in adequate amounts during child bearing years, could reduce neural tube defects. a. B6 b. folate c. biotin d. B12

b. folate

when consumed in adequate amounts before conception and early pregnancy, ____ has been shown to prevent as many as 2/3 of all cases of _____: a. vitamin A; immune related disorders b. folate; neural tube defects in new borns c. vitamin D; premature bone loss d. vitamin B6; morning sickness in women e. all of the above f. none of the above

b. folate; neural tube defects in newborns

which statement concerning vitamins is incorrect? a. vitamins are organic compounds b. if a vitamin is not provided by the diet, the body will synthesize it. c. the vitamin content of a food may be affected by cooking and processing d. vitamins are essential for growth, reproduction, and health

b. if a vitamin is not provided by the diet, the body will synthesize it.

consumption of orange juice enhances the absorption of which nutrient? a. glucose b. iron c. zinc d. fluoride

b. iron

why might thiamin deficiency cause neurological symptoms? a. it is required for amino acid synthesis b. it is necessary for synthesis of acetylcholine. c. it is essential to the formation of the myelin sheath d. it can be easily denatured

b. it is necessary for synthesis of acetylcholine

which of the following is not a function of ascorbic acid? a. antioxidant b. maintains myelin sheath c. supports immune function d. aids in collagen production e. enhances iron absorption

b. maintains myelin sheath

the vitamin that is sometimes given as a prescription to lower LDL cholesterol and raise HDL cholesterol is: a. riboflavin b. niacin c. pyridoxine d. thiamin e. vitamin E f. all of the above g. none of the above

b. niacin

Red blood cells, nerve cells and lung cell membranes are particularly vulnerable to free radical damage because of the high_____ content. a. fluid b oxygen c. all answer choices are correct d. hydrogen

b. oxygen

the role of folate in DNA synthesis makes it particularly important in: a. lipid synthesis b. rapidly dividing cells c. nerve cells d. old age

b. rapidly dividing cells

milk often is supplied in opaque or cardboard containers to safeguard what vitamin? a. calcium b. riboflavin c. A d. D

b. riboflavin

normal absorption of vitamin B12 requires which body parts to be healthy? a. small intestine, colon, gall bladder b. stomach, pancreas, small intestine c. pancreas, small intestine, colon d. liver, small intestine, gallbladder

b. stomach pancreas, small intestine

Why is niacin deficiency associated with the consumption of corn-based diet? a. corn contains an ingredient that destroys the niacin b. the niacin in corn is bound, decreasing its absorption. c. the pancreas doesn't secrete enough enzymes to digest the niacin found in corn d. the tryptophan that is required for niacin absorption is not available in corn.

b. the niacin in corn is bound, decreasing its absorption

folic acid supplements are most frequently recommended for: a. post-menopausal women b. women who may become pregnant c. toddlers d. the elderly

b. the women who may become pregnant

beriberi is a disease caused by lack of ______ in the diet. a. riboflavin b. thiamin c. vitamin C d. niacin

b. thiamin

all of the following are true of pantothenic acid except: a. it is widely distributed in foods b. toxicity is relatively common c. it forms part of coenzyme A, which is needed for energy metabolism d. deficiency is rare is humans

b. toxicity is relatively common.

what is a function of vitamin B12 a. vitamin B12 promotes the absorption of tryptophan b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission c. vitamin B12 is essential for fat metabolism d. vitamin B12 is necessary for muscle formation

b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission

what is a function of vitamin B12? a. Vitamin B12 promotes the absorption of tryptophan. b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission c. Vitamin B12 is essential for fat metabolism d. Vitamin B12 is necessary for muscle formation

b. vitamin B12 is required for nerve transmission

pernicious anemia results from a deficiency in: a. vitamin C b. pantothenic acid c. B12 d. niacin

c. B12

Elevated homocysteine is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. In clinical studies, which vitamins have been shown to decrease homocysteine levels in the blood? a. vitamin A,C, & E b. riboflavin, A, and folate c. B6, folate, and B12 d. pantothenic acid, riboflavin, and biotin

c. B6, folate, and B12

Coenzyme function in the body based on their: a. protein structure to facilitate chemical reactions b. large non-organic molecular structure c. ability to combine with enzymes. d. lipoprotein structure

c. ability to combine with enzymes

DNA is synthesized in the nucleus of the cell. _____ folate must be present before the process can begin. a. Mineralized b. Acclerated c. Activated d. Chelated

c. activated

What term refers to how well a nutrient can be absorbed and used by the body? a. nutrient density b. absorption rate c. bioavailability d. volumetrics

c. bioavailability

Which term describes how well a vitamin is absorbed and used by the body? a. absorption b. assimilation c. bioavailability d. functionality

c. bioavailability

Which is true about biotin deficiency? a. biotin deficiency is only found when raw eggs are consumed b. biotin deficiency leads to the formation of weak bones. c. biotin deficiency is common in people dependent on feeding tubes. d. biotin deficiency is best avoided by using fortified foods.

c. biotin deficiency is common in people dependent on feeding tubes

which of the following foods is a good source of niacin? a. corn b. cheese c. chicken d. apple

c. chicken

many B vitamins function as ___, which bind to enzymes to promote their activity. a. provitamins b. transport proteins c. coenzymes d. hormones

c. coenzymes

What is true about the bioavailability of vitamins? a. about 95% of the vitamins in food are absorbed in the stomach. b. all vitamins must be bound to blood proteins for transport. c. dietary composition may influence how much of a vitamin is available. d. all vitamins require fat in the diet for absorption

c. dietary composition may influence how much of a vitamin is available.

vitamins may be lost when food is processed. When these vitamins are added back tot he processed food at the highest level, the food is said to be: a. enhanced b. fortified c. enriched d. supplemented

c. enriched

high folate intake may: a. increase the incidence of colon cancer b. cause other vitamin deficiencies because folate competes for absorption sites c. mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, giving rise to permanent nerve damage d. cause acne

c. mask a vitamin B12 deficiency, giving rise to permanent nerve damage

the primary source of riboflavin in the U.S. diet is: a. citrus fruits b. grains c. milk d. nuts e. shellfish f. all of the above g. none of the above

c. milk

cracked, inflamed skin that appears on the body areas exposed to sunlight, heat, or injury is characteristic of what vitamin deficiency? a. biotin b. riboflavin c. niacin d. thiamin

c. niacin

Why is pantothenic acid deficiency rare? a. pantothenic acid is not susceptible to damage by exposure to heat b. pantothenic acid supplements are widely used. c. pantothenic acid is particularly abundant in the food supply. d. pantothenic acid is produced by the body as needed.

c. pantothenic acid is particularly abundant in the food supply.

vitamin b12 deficiency caused by a lack of intrinsic factor results in: a. beriberi b. scurvy c. pernicious anemia d. pellagra

c. pernicious anemia

which lifestyle factor increases the requirement for vitamin C? a. drinking alcohol b. exercising frequently and intensely c. smoking cigarettes d. eating a diet high in fiber

c. smoking cigarettes

vitamin B12 and folate participate in the: a. conversion of tryptophan to niacin b. inhibition of coenzyme conversion in DNA synthesis c. synthesis of methionine from homocysteine d. prevention of pernicious anemia.

c. synthesis of methionine from homocysteine

when more vitamin C is needed, it must be replaced from _____. a. all answer choices are correct. b. the blood supply c. the diet d. fluids

c. the diet

Why might milk sold in clear bottles be low in riboflavin? a. clear glass bottles keep the milk at a lower temperature. b. the glass in the bottles interacts with the riboflavin found in milk. c. the riboflavin in milk can be destroyed by exposure to light. d. riboflavin is sensitive to ingredients used in manufacturing clear glass bottles.

c. the riboflavin in milk can be destroyed by exposure to light

beriberi is associated with a deficiency in: a. vitamin c b. riboflavin c. thiamin d. vitamin A

c. thiamin

all of the following are true about riboflavin in except: a. it was discovered while searching for a cure to beriberi. b. it is degraded when exposed to light c. toxicity is relatively common. d. deficiency is called ariboflavinosis

c. toxicity is relatively common

which is the false statement regarding vitamin C? a. vitamin C may decrease the duration of the common cold. b. people prone to developing certain types of kidney stones should avoid vitamin C supplements c. Vitamin C is efficiently stored in the liver, so deficiency symptoms take weeks or months to develop. d. vitamin C supplements are unlikely to cause toxicity.

c. vitamin C is efficiently stored in the liver, so deficiency symptoms take weeks or months to develop

thiamin is used to form this neurotransmitter that helps prevent tingling in the arms and legs, and paralysis. a. pyrophosphate b. RNA c. ribose d. acetylcholine

d. acetylcholine

What risk might be associated with the overconsumption of fortified foods? a. fortified foods lose nutrients more easily during cooking b. adding nutrients to foods may help reduce deficiency diseases. c.. fortifying food leads to fewer food choices to obtain nutrients d. additional nutrient intake may increase the likelihood of toxicity

d. additional nutrient intake may increase the likelihood of toxicity

vitamin B6 deficiency is related to: a. neurological symptoms b. anemia c. consumption of alcohol d. all of these choices

d. all of these choices

absorption of vitamin B12 is dependent upon all of the following except: a. adequate stomach acid b. pepsin c. intrinsic factor d. amylase

d. amylase

the type of anemia associated with folate deficiency is called: a. iron deficiency anemia b. megaloblastic anemia c. microcytic anemia d. both megaloblastic anemia and microcytic anemia

d. both megaloblastic anemia and microcytic anemia

Antioxidants stabilize free radicals by donating____. This neutralizes the free radical and prevents it from stealing _____. a. prions b. protons c. oxygen d. electrons

d. electrons

a vitamin B12 deficiency can cause a secondary deficiency of what vitamin? a. B6 b. iron c. niacin d. folate

d. folate

which B vitamin decreases the risk of neural tube defects in developing babies? a. riboflavin b. biotin c. B12 d. folic acid

d. folic acid

Why is folic acid supplementation recommended for women of child bearing age? a. since folic acid is poorly absorbed, additional intake is recommended b. folic acid deficiency results from insufficient milk intake. c. all women of child bearing age experience folic acid deficiency. d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neural tube defects.

d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neural tube defects.

Why is folic acid supplementation recommended for women of child-bearing age? a. since folic acid is poorly absorbed, additional intake is recommended b. folic acid deficiency results from insufficient milk intake. c. all women of child bearing age experience folic acid deficiency d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neutral tube defects.

d. folic acid supplementation reduces the risk of neutral tube defects

folate deficiency may cause all the following except: a. development of cancer b. microcytic anemia c. poor growth d. inflammation of the tongue

d. inflammation of the tongue

which physiological process requires B12? a. division of red blood cells b. synthesis of proteins c. activation of niacin d. maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission

d. maintenance of myelin and normal nerve transmission

meeting vitamin B12 needs from the diet is especially difficult for: a. athletes undergoing rigorous training b. infants c. vegans d. pregnant women

c. vegans

Chemical compounds that bind enzymes and are required for their function are termed: a. catalysts b. coenzymes c. hormones d. lipoproteins e. precursors f. all of the above g. none of the above

b. coenzymes

which of the following is NOT recognized as a major function of vitamin C in the body? a. formation of collagen b. facilitating release of energy from glucose c. protection against damage from free radicals d. enhancing iron absorption

b. facilitating release of energy from glucose

Vitamin E donates an electron to vitamin C. a. true b. false

b. false

biotin deficiency may result from consuming large quantities of cooked eggs. a. true b. false

b. false

free radicals do not damage the body. a. true b. false

b. false

most animals, including humans, can synthesize vitamin C in the body. a. true b. false

b. false

what is the name given to the cracked, inflamed skin condition appearing on areas of the body exposed to sunlight, heart, or injury? a. ariboflavinosis b. beriberi c. pernicious anemia d. pellegra

d. pellegra

a chemical name for vitamin B6 is: a. cobalamin b. linoleic acid c. pantothenic acid d. pyridoxine e. tocopherol f. all of the above g. none of the above

d. pyridoxine

another name for vitamin B6 is: a. pantothenic acid b. biotin c. pyruvate d. pyridoxine

d. pyridoxine

How are thiamin and riboflavin similar? a. they are a source of energy for the body b. they appear in animal protein foods c. they can be readily synthesized by the body. d. they help metabolize the macronutrients

d. they help metabolize the macronutrients

what substance in corn is poorly absorbed and could lead to a niacin deficiency? a. nicotinamide b. dinucleotide c. valine d. tryptophan

d. tryptophan

The absorption of dietary iron is enhanced by the presence of: a. choline b. fiber c. pyridine d. vitamin C e. water f. all of the above g. none of the above

d. vitamin C

the deficiency disease associated with the B vitamin thiamin is: a. beriberi b. pernicious anemia c. megaloblastic anemia d. pellagra e. rickets f. all of the above g. none of the above

a. beriberi

for which group is taking vitamin B12 supplements the least beneficial? a. people eating diets high in animal products b. older adults with significantly reduced stomach acid c. people who do not consume animal products d. breast - fed infants whose mothers are vegan

a. people eating diets high in animal products

approximately what percentage of vitamins in food is absorbed? a. 15-65 b. 40-90 c. 30-80 d. 25-75

b. 40-90

choline is: a. a form of Vitamin C b. an essential nutrient c. needed for the synthesis of the other B vitamins. d. one of the B vitamins

b. an essential nutrient

Why might consuming raw eggs cause a biotin deficiency? a. the cholesterol in egg yolks destroys the biotin in eggs b. avidin in egg whites binds biotin and prevents its absorption. c. the fat in raw egg yolks blocks the absorption of biotin d. cooking egg liberates the bound biotin increasing its bioavailability.

b. avidin in egg whites binds biotin and prevents its absorption

Thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, ____, pantothenic acid and Vitamin ___ are needed to produce energy from protein a. Vitamin B12 and B6 b. biotin and B6 c. all answer choices are correct d. choline and biotin

b. biotin and B6

_______is the molecule responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. Vitamin B6 is necessary for synthesis of this molecule a. none of these are correct b. hemoglobin c. ferritin d. iron

b. hemoglobin

characteristics of water-soluble vitamins include all of the following except: a. they all function as coenzymes b. they are stored in muscle and liver c. most circulate freely in the blood d. they dissolve or disperse in water e. they are easily destroyed or removed during food preparation f. all of the above g. none of the above

b. they are stored in muscle and liver

the process of bioavailability related to vitamin requirements is affected by: a. solubility b. transport systems c. precursors d. carrier proteins e. all of these

e. all of these

the B vitamins include all of the following except: a. biotin b. folate c. niacin d. pantothenic acid e. tocopherol f. all of the above g. none of the above

e. tocopherol

absorption of vitamin B12 requires: a. the presence of vitamin C in the same meal b. the presence of bile in the small intestine c. binding to a protein in the stomach called intrinsic factor d. incorporation into chylomicrons in the blood e. all of the above f. none of the above

f. none of the above