Chapter 8: water and minerals
what are the main functions of water
- structural component of cells - regulation of body temp - lubricant - shock absorbed -= cushions body tissues - solvent for transport of nutrients and waste - source of trace minerals - reactant = medium for biochemical reactions
name 3 life cycles stages that have an increased risk for anemia
- young children - teen girls - women of childbearing years
what life cycle has alot of body h2o and what life cycle has minimal h20
alot = infants minimal = elders
how is water balance regulated
balanced with the output through urine, sweat, feces, and insensible perspiration
what releases calcium
bones
what is the function of calcium
bones and teeth, blood clotting, BP and muscle contraction
what is the most abundant mineral in the body
calcium (99%)
what are the 3 minerals for cardiac
calcium, magnesium, and potassium
what is the problem with phosphorus for people who have kidney disease
can not get rid of excess phosphorus
who is most at risk for FVD
elderly people and infants
what is fluid volume deficit
experiences vascular, cellular, or intracellular dehydration
what are the food sources of water
fluids, fruits and vegetables ex: milk, grapefruit, melons, lettuce, cucumber, soups, tomatoes
molybdenum functions: sources:
function: coenzyme sources: typical dietary selections def= n/a
sodium functions: sources:
functions = acts as a preservative, maintenance of BP and volume, fluid balance sources: table salt, processed foods
selenium functions: sources:
functions = thyroid function and enzymes (antioxidant) works with vitamin e!!!! sources: meats, fish, eggs, whole grains
potassium functions: sources:
functions: HEART; intercellular cation that maintains fluid levels sources: unprocessed foods, potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, oranges, veggies, legumes
fluoride functions: sources:
functions: TEETH; tooth formation and resistance to tooth decay, bone mineralization for skeletal health sources: fluoridated h20, tea, seafood, seaweed
magnesium: functions: sources:
functions: cardiac rhythm production, nerve impulse conduction, blood clotting sources: unprocessed foods, whole grains, legumes, leafy green veggies, broccoli
Phosphorus functions: sources:
functions: component of hydroxyapatite (bones and teeth), phospholipid bilayer, DNA/RNA sources: widely available = protein-rich foods
manganese functions: sources:
functions: component of metabolic enzymes sources: whole grains, green veggies, legumes
Iron functions: sources:
functions: distributes o2, component of hemoglobin and myoglobin heme sources: (easier to absorb) meat, fish, poultry nonheme sources: veggies, legumes, dried fruits, whole/enriched grains
zinc functions: sources:
functions: enzymes, immune system, taste and smell, growth process sources: meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, legumes, eggs
chromium functions: sources:
functions: insulin regulation --> important in metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins sources: animal-derived foods, whole grains
chloride functions: sources:
functions: part in digestion (component of HCL in gastric juice), maintains fluid inside and outside the cell (extracellular anion) sources: table salt, foods w/sodium
sulfur functions: sources:
functions: part of protein structure sources: all protein containing foods
Iodine: functions: sources:
functions: part of thyroxine (produced by thyroid gland) sources: salt fortified w/iodine, seafood
copper functions: sources:
functions: wound healing, nerve fiber production sources: organ meats, seafood, leafy green veggies, legumes, whole grains
what is the difference between hard and soft water
hard - contains high level of minerals like calcium and magnesium soft- filtered w/sodium to reduce mineral levels; may cause hypertension
what is heme and nonheme sources
heme = animal nonheme = plant
what is ADH? when is it secreted?
hypothalamus triggers --> pituitary gland releases ADH secreted because of high NA levels or decreased BP/BV
what is fluid volume excess
increased fluid retention and edema
what are the three compartments of water in the body and where are each of them located?
intracellular = within the cell (K & P) interstitial = between the cells (Na & Cl) extracellular = outside the cell (plasma)
describe the steps of the renin-angiotensin system
less water: - kidney releases renin - renin meets with angiotensin I - ango I converts to ango II = which is a vasoconstrictor
what is the difference between major and trace minerals?
major = must be consumed daily from dietary sources )100 mg+) trace = req. daily <20mg
what is the AI of water for men and women
men - 13 cups women - 9 cups
what is an electrolyte? what minerals are considered nutritional electrolytes?
minerals that carry electrical charges or ions when dissolved in water Na, Cl, K = regulated by kidneys
what other mineral must balance with calcium
phosphorus
what is projection
placing responsibility for unacceptable feeling or behaviors on others
list 3 risk factors for osteoporosis
race gender family history
what 3 minerals are electrolytes
sodium, chloride, potassium
where is the turgor test done on the elderly
the clavicle
what is bioavaliabilty and what does it affect?
the level of absorption of a consumed nutrient and is of nutritional concern; it affects the levels of minerals absorbed
what happens to minerals during digestion
they are separated from foods
what happens to sodium and solute levels as water levels gets low
they increase
what stimulates the desire to drink? where is this controlled in the body?
thirst hypothalamus
what is hemosiderosis
too much iron stored in the body
what are sources of calcium what are deficiencies from calcium
usually dairy food leafy green vegetables, fish w/small bones, fortified foods def = osteoporosis
what vitamin enhances the absorption of iron
vitamin c
what vitamin does selenium work with to prevent cell and lipid damage
vitamin e
is water digested? where does digestion occur?
water is not digested because it is inorganic -its absorbed in the SI & rest is regulated by the colon
Who, men or women, have less body water
women; and have more fat
what affects the bioavaliabilty of minerals
- animals foods absorbed better than plant foods - body's need for one mineral can affect how much of that mineral is absorbed - one mineral can affect another - food processing can reduce amts. of minerals av. for absorption
what factors hinder calcium absorption
- binders - dietary fat - high fiber intake - excessively high intakes of phosphorus or magnesium - sedentary lifestyle and drugs
how are blood calcium levels regulated
- do NOT depend on a dietary calcium intake - skeletal supply of calcium provides the source of calcium to be distributed throughout the body into the circulatory system hormones = parathormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin
what factors favor calcium absorption
- lactose - sufficient vitamin D - acidity of digestive mass
what are some roles of minerals
- provide rigidity and strength to teeth and skeleton - storage deposit - proper muscle contraction and release - blood clotting - tissue repair and growth - acid-base balance
how many essential minerals are there
16
how many ml and in 1 oz
30
are minerals metabolized by the human body
NO
do minerals provide energy? why?
NO - inorganic
what role does water play in metabolism? (4)
NOT metabolized - can be released as a byproduct - part of process to release ATP - excreted as waste - in glycogen molecules in the liver and muscle