Chapter 8: water and minerals

what are the main functions of water

- structural component of cells - regulation of body temp - lubricant - shock absorbed -= cushions body tissues - solvent for transport of nutrients and waste - source of trace minerals - reactant = medium for biochemical reactions

name 3 life cycles stages that have an increased risk for anemia

- young children - teen girls - women of childbearing years

what life cycle has alot of body h2o and what life cycle has minimal h20

alot = infants minimal = elders

how is water balance regulated

balanced with the output through urine, sweat, feces, and insensible perspiration

what releases calcium

bones

what is the function of calcium

bones and teeth, blood clotting, BP and muscle contraction

what is the most abundant mineral in the body

calcium (99%)

what are the 3 minerals for cardiac

calcium, magnesium, and potassium

what is the problem with phosphorus for people who have kidney disease

can not get rid of excess phosphorus

who is most at risk for FVD

elderly people and infants

what is fluid volume deficit

experiences vascular, cellular, or intracellular dehydration

what are the food sources of water

fluids, fruits and vegetables ex: milk, grapefruit, melons, lettuce, cucumber, soups, tomatoes

molybdenum functions: sources:

function: coenzyme sources: typical dietary selections def= n/a

sodium functions: sources:

functions = acts as a preservative, maintenance of BP and volume, fluid balance sources: table salt, processed foods

selenium functions: sources:

functions = thyroid function and enzymes (antioxidant) works with vitamin e!!!! sources: meats, fish, eggs, whole grains

potassium functions: sources:

functions: HEART; intercellular cation that maintains fluid levels sources: unprocessed foods, potatoes, tomatoes, bananas, oranges, veggies, legumes

fluoride functions: sources:

functions: TEETH; tooth formation and resistance to tooth decay, bone mineralization for skeletal health sources: fluoridated h20, tea, seafood, seaweed

magnesium: functions: sources:

functions: cardiac rhythm production, nerve impulse conduction, blood clotting sources: unprocessed foods, whole grains, legumes, leafy green veggies, broccoli

Phosphorus functions: sources:

functions: component of hydroxyapatite (bones and teeth), phospholipid bilayer, DNA/RNA sources: widely available = protein-rich foods

manganese functions: sources:

functions: component of metabolic enzymes sources: whole grains, green veggies, legumes

Iron functions: sources:

functions: distributes o2, component of hemoglobin and myoglobin heme sources: (easier to absorb) meat, fish, poultry nonheme sources: veggies, legumes, dried fruits, whole/enriched grains

zinc functions: sources:

functions: enzymes, immune system, taste and smell, growth process sources: meat, fish, poultry, whole grains, legumes, eggs

chromium functions: sources:

functions: insulin regulation --> important in metabolism of fats, carbs, and proteins sources: animal-derived foods, whole grains

chloride functions: sources:

functions: part in digestion (component of HCL in gastric juice), maintains fluid inside and outside the cell (extracellular anion) sources: table salt, foods w/sodium

sulfur functions: sources:

functions: part of protein structure sources: all protein containing foods

Iodine: functions: sources:

functions: part of thyroxine (produced by thyroid gland) sources: salt fortified w/iodine, seafood

copper functions: sources:

functions: wound healing, nerve fiber production sources: organ meats, seafood, leafy green veggies, legumes, whole grains

what is the difference between hard and soft water

hard - contains high level of minerals like calcium and magnesium soft- filtered w/sodium to reduce mineral levels; may cause hypertension

what is heme and nonheme sources

heme = animal nonheme = plant

what is ADH? when is it secreted?

hypothalamus triggers --> pituitary gland releases ADH secreted because of high NA levels or decreased BP/BV

what is fluid volume excess

increased fluid retention and edema

what are the three compartments of water in the body and where are each of them located?

intracellular = within the cell (K & P) interstitial = between the cells (Na & Cl) extracellular = outside the cell (plasma)

describe the steps of the renin-angiotensin system

less water: - kidney releases renin - renin meets with angiotensin I - ango I converts to ango II = which is a vasoconstrictor

what is the difference between major and trace minerals?

major = must be consumed daily from dietary sources )100 mg+) trace = req. daily <20mg

what is the AI of water for men and women

men - 13 cups women - 9 cups

what is an electrolyte? what minerals are considered nutritional electrolytes?

minerals that carry electrical charges or ions when dissolved in water Na, Cl, K = regulated by kidneys

what other mineral must balance with calcium

phosphorus

what is projection

placing responsibility for unacceptable feeling or behaviors on others

list 3 risk factors for osteoporosis

race gender family history

what 3 minerals are electrolytes

sodium, chloride, potassium

where is the turgor test done on the elderly

the clavicle

what is bioavaliabilty and what does it affect?

the level of absorption of a consumed nutrient and is of nutritional concern; it affects the levels of minerals absorbed

what happens to minerals during digestion

they are separated from foods

what happens to sodium and solute levels as water levels gets low

they increase

what stimulates the desire to drink? where is this controlled in the body?

thirst hypothalamus

what is hemosiderosis

too much iron stored in the body

what are sources of calcium what are deficiencies from calcium

usually dairy food leafy green vegetables, fish w/small bones, fortified foods def = osteoporosis

what vitamin enhances the absorption of iron

vitamin c

what vitamin does selenium work with to prevent cell and lipid damage

vitamin e

is water digested? where does digestion occur?

water is not digested because it is inorganic -its absorbed in the SI & rest is regulated by the colon

Who, men or women, have less body water

women; and have more fat

what affects the bioavaliabilty of minerals

- animals foods absorbed better than plant foods - body's need for one mineral can affect how much of that mineral is absorbed - one mineral can affect another - food processing can reduce amts. of minerals av. for absorption

what factors hinder calcium absorption

- binders - dietary fat - high fiber intake - excessively high intakes of phosphorus or magnesium - sedentary lifestyle and drugs

how are blood calcium levels regulated

- do NOT depend on a dietary calcium intake - skeletal supply of calcium provides the source of calcium to be distributed throughout the body into the circulatory system hormones = parathormone, calcitriol, and calcitonin

what factors favor calcium absorption

- lactose - sufficient vitamin D - acidity of digestive mass

what are some roles of minerals

- provide rigidity and strength to teeth and skeleton - storage deposit - proper muscle contraction and release - blood clotting - tissue repair and growth - acid-base balance

how many essential minerals are there

16

how many ml and in 1 oz

30

are minerals metabolized by the human body

NO

do minerals provide energy? why?

NO - inorganic

what role does water play in metabolism? (4)

NOT metabolized - can be released as a byproduct - part of process to release ATP - excreted as waste - in glycogen molecules in the liver and muscle