Chapter 8 world history

What does laissez-faire mean?

(hands off) the concept that the state should not impose government regulations and should leave the economy alone

What two reasons did Mary Wollstonecraft present for giving women equal rights?

1. men's aribitary (based on random choice, not reason) power over women was wrong 2. women, as humans beings, who have reason deserved equal rights

According to The Wealth of Nations, what were the three main functions of government?

1. protect society from invasion 2. defend its citizens from injustice 3. keep up certain public works that are nessecary for trade and interation (roads, trains, etc.)

What did the states later approve to the Constitution?

10 amendments, known as the Bill of Rights

What did the French maintain in the Americas?

A large trading area

What did the Articles of Confederation create?

A weak central government

Who explained laissez-faire in the The Wealth of Nations?

Adam Smith

When did the British end the war?

After their defeat at Yorktown in 1781

When did fighting between colonists and the British Army start?

April 1775

What two rivalries emerged from it?

Britian and France (over colonial empires) and Austria and Prussia (over Silesia)

On July 4, 1776, the Second Continental Congress approved of what?

Declaration of Independence

the theory that says knowledge is achieved through observation

Empiricism

What did England and Spain gain from the Treaty of Paris?

England gained Canada, Spanish Florida, and all lands east of the Mississippi while Spain gained the Lousisana territory

In what system did rulers try to follow Enlightenment principles while keeping their royal powers?

Enlightened absolutism

Where did the War of the Austrian Succesion take place in?

Europe, Asia, and North America

Support from who helped the colonists win the American Revolution?

French, Spain, and the Dutch Republic

Where did Galen think the circulation of blood started and where did William Henry think it started?

Galen - liver Henry - heart (correct)

Earth-centered; a system of planetary motion in which the sun, moon, and other planets revolve around the Earth

Geocentric

How did Galileo revolutionize the field of astronomy?

He discovered that planets are solid material and not light orbs Helped switch view from geocentric to heliocentric; THE STARRY MESSENGER

What did Austria's Joseph do?

He implemented radical reforms; abolished serfdom and eliminated the death penalty

Why was Antoine Lavoisier important?

He invented a system of naming chemical elements "Father of Chemistry"

Why did Francis Bacon develop and promote the scientific method?

He thought that scientists should not rely on the ideas of ancient authorities

the doctrine that scientists should proceed from the particular to the general by making systematic observations and carefully organized experiments to test hypotheses or theories, a process that will lead to correct general principles

Inductive Reasoning

Who discovered the universal law of gravitation?

Isaac Newton, apples fell on his head

What did the Constitutional COnvention of 1787 create?

It created a federal system in which the national and state governments shared power

What made the rococo style of art different from the ealier baroque style?

It emphaszied grace, charm, and gentle action Expressed pleasure, happiness, and love

What did the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle do?

It guaranteed that all territories would return to their original powers, except Silesia which stayed with Prussia

What did the 18th century's rules concern with the balance of power among states lead to?

It led to them using their armies to conquer new lands

What did the Treaty of Paris do?

It left control of India to the British

What did the Treaty of Paris do for America?

It recongnized the colonies' independence

Using Montesquieu's ideas, what happened with the government?

It was divided into three branches, executive, legislative, and judicial

How did Locke's and Newton's ideas influence Enlightenment intellectuals?

Locke's ideas influenced by having thinkers begin to believe that if they changed their environment and influences, they could have a better society Newton's ideas influenced by allowing thinkers to believe that they could find the natural laws of human society

Which three philosophes were most important in the first half of the eighteenth century? What were their main works?

Montesquieu - Spirit of the laws (checks and balances) Voltaire - writings and critisim of Christianity (deism) Diderot - writing the Encyclopedia

French for "philosopher"; applied to all intellectuals during the Enlightenment

Philosophes

the right to govern through the consent of the people

Popular Sovereignty

Where was Earth in Ptolemy's and Copermicus's conceptions of the universe?

Ptolemy's- Earth was in the center (geocentric) Copernicus's- Earth rotated around the Sun, and the moon rotated around Earth (not perfect circles - heliocentric)

a system of thought expounded by Rene Descartes based on the belief that reason is the chief source of knowledge

Rationalism

Who wrote the phrase, "I think, therefore I am"? In what work did the phrase appear?

Rene Descartes wrote it, in Discourse of Method, in 1637 Had to do with rationalism

the elegant urban drawing rooms where, in the eighteenth century, writers, artists, aristocrats, government officials, and wealthy middle-class people gathered to discuss the ideas of the philosophes

Salons

a systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing evidence that was crucial to the evolution of science in the modern world

Scientific Method

What did Catherine the Great know?

She ruled Russia from 1762-1796 and she knew the works for the Enlightenment philosophes

What did Catherine do?

She tried to please the Russian nobles by not entacting reform (she took strong measures against Russian peasents), which led to their conditions worsening

one that follows, especially one who takes over a throne, title, estate, or office

Successors

What instruments made scientific discoveries possible and helped ideas spread quickly? How did they make an impact?

Telescope, microscope, printing press; helped spread new ideas quickly and allowed new ideas to be discovered (mass culture)

George Washington became the commander in chief of what army?

The Continental Army

What was Margaret Cavendish critical of?

The belief that humans were masters of nature

What did the Bill of Rights come from?

The concept of natural rights proposed by John Locke and other 18th century philosophes

How did Renaissance intellectuals view mathematics?

They saw mathematics as the key the undestanding the nature of things in the universe

Who were Haydn and Mozart?

Two music geniuses who wrote classical musical in the 18th century

it explains that planetary bodies continue in elliptical orbits around the sun because every object in the universe is attracted to every other object by a force called gravity

Universal Law of Gravitation

What did the British colonies in North America have that tended to act independently?

colonies

Who fought in the Great War for Empire, and where did it take place?

fought between Britian and France, and took place in India and North America

sun-centered; the system of the universe in which the Earth and planets revolve around the sun

heliocentric

How does Rousseau's The Social Contract describe liberty?

liberty is achieved by being forced to follow what is best for "the general will" because the general will represents what is best for the entire community

steps for the scientific method

observation, hypothesis, experiment, conclusion

What did both Frederick William I and Frederick II stress?

service to the king and enlarging the Prussian army

What did Empress Maria Theresa do?

she did not support enlightened reforms and focused on strengthening the state

What did Britain impose after the Seven Year's War?

the stamp act and other taxes in an effort to cover its expenses

What was the enlightened absolutists guided mostly by?

their interest in power and welfare of their state

Why did British colonies in the Americas hold an advantage?

they had vast populations

What group began widely reading for the first time?

women