Chapter 9
IEEE 802 standards
A collection of IEEE network standards describing physical network hardware, transmission media, transmission methods, and protocols.
Connectionless Protocol
A communication protocol that doesn t require sender and receiver to establish a connection before transmitting any data.
Connection-oriented Protocol
A communication protocol that requires sender and receiver to establish a connection before transmitting any data.
Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) Model
A conceptual model for network hardware and software that organizes network functions into seven layers; useful as a general model of networks, a framework for comparing networks, and an architectural roadmap that enhances interoperability between network architectures and products.
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
A connectionless protocol that lacks the connection management features of TCP but can support communication between multiple hosts and senders; used mainly for communication that requires low processing overhead and doesn t require a guarantee of reliable delivery. See also connectionless protocol.
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)
A core Internet protocol for translating messages into packets and guaranteeing their delivery.
Internet Protocol (IP)
A core protocol for packet switching and routing on the Internet.
Access Point (AP)
A device that connects a wireless network to a wired network and manages media access, performs error detection, and implements security protocols for the wireless network.
Network Adapter
A device that connects a node, such as a computer or network printer, to a network transmission cable is called a network interface card (NIC) or network adapter.
Network Interface Card (NIC)
A device that connects a node, such as a computer or network printer, to a network transmission cable is called a network interface card (NIC) or network adapter.
Router
A device that intelligently forwards messages between networks; it stores messages in a buffer, examines their contents, and applies decision rules to determine where to forward them.
Voice over IP (VoIP)
A family of technologies and standards for carrying voice messages and data over a single packetswitched network.
WorldWide Interoperability for Microwave Access (wiMAX)
A group of wireless networking standards codified in the IEEE 802.16 standard; targeted to applications involving fixed and mobile Internet access spanning distances up to 50 kilometers (about 30 miles). See also metropolitan area networks (MANs).
TCP/IP model
A layered protocol model describing current Internet standards and technology. See also Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
Encapsulation
A message-translation process that embeds all or part of a datagram in the message format of a physical network.
Local Area Network (LAN)
A network that spans a limited area, such as a single building or office floor.
Wide Area Network (WAN)
A network that spans large physical distances, such as multiple buildings, cities, regions, or continents.
Star Topology
A network topology in which every node is connected directly to a shared hub, switch, or router. See also network topology.
Ring Topology
A network topology in which every node is connected directly to two other nodes, with a set of links forming a closed ring. See also network topology.
Bus Topology
A network topology in which every node is directly connected to a single shared transmission line. See also bus and network topology.
Mesh Topology
A network topology in which every node pair is connected by a pointto-point link; requires many transmission lines if the number of end nodes is large. See also network topology.
switch, router, wireless access point
A physical connection between two different networks is implemented by using a _______, _______, or ________
Media Access Control (MAC)
A protocol for determining how to share a transmission medium efficiently.
connectionless
A receiver can't detect loss of datagrams if a __________________________________ protocol is used
Gigabit Ethernet
An Ethernet standard, based on the IEEE 802.3z and 802.3ab standards, for 1 Gbps transmission. See also Ethernet and IEEE 802 standards.
network interface card
An end node's hardware interface to a network transmission medium is called
Store and Forward
An interconnected system of end nodes and transfer points used to route data between source and destination nodes.
Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6)
An update to IPv4 that uses 128-bit addresses; developed to address the limited number of node addresses, handle streaming multimedia, and multicast more efficiently.
Port
A TCP connection identified by a unique integer number; many ports are standardized to specific Internet services. See also Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).
media access control
A ___________ protocl define the rules governing a network node's access to a transmission medium
socket
A _____________________________ is the combo of an IP address and a port number
Switch
A central connection point for nodes in a LAN; examines incoming destination addresses and temporarily connects the sending transmission line to the receiving transmission line. Also refers to a building block of processing circuitry; it controls electrical current flow in a circuit and is implemented as a transistor.
Hub
A central connection point for nodes in a LAN; provides separate point-to-point connections between nodes and the hub by using cabling in a physical star topology and attaching these connections to its internal shared bus. See also local area network (LAN).
Socket
The combination of an IP address with a port number, such as 129.24.8.4:53; used to establish connections.
Collision
The noise or interference produced when multiple nodes attempt to transmit across the same medium at the same time, and their messages mix.
H.323
The oldest and most widely deployed VoIP protocol suite; also addresses video and data conferencing. See also Voice over IP (VoIP).
Ethernet
The original __________ standard transmits at 10 Mbps over twisted-pair cabling. Current standard versions support 1, 10, 40 Gbps transmission over twisted-pair and fiber-optic cable
Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4)
The original version of IP; uses 32-bit addresses.
Logical Topology
The path messages traverse as they travel between end and central network nodes. See also network topology.
Physical Topology
The physical placement of cables and device connections in a network topology. See also network topology.
Network Topology
The spatial organization of network devices, physical routing of network cabling, and flow of messages from one network node to another.
Dotted Decimal Notation
The written format of IPv4 addresses; written in the form ddd.ddd. ddd.ddd, with ddd representing a decimal number between 0 and 255. See also Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4).
Colon Hexadecimal Notation
The written format of 128-bit IPv6 addresses; written in the form representing a sequence of four hexadecimal digits. See also Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6).
Multicasting
Transmission situations involving multiple senders and receivers.
collision
When two messages are transmitted at the same time on a shared medium, a ___________________ has occurred
datagram
in the TCP/IPmodel, a ___________________ is the basic data transfer unit
H.323
oldest and most widely used VoIP protocol suite is _____________
Clear-To-Send (CTS) Signal
A CSMA/CA signal that a wireless access point transmits after it detects no potential collision. See also Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
Ready-To-Send (RTS) Signal
A CSMA/CA signal sent by a node waiting to transmit. See also Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA).
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Detection. (CSMA/CD)
A MAC protocol that allows collisions to occur but has methods for detecting and recovering from them.See also collision and Media Access Control (MAC).
Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA)
A MAC protocol, used in wireless networks, that uses a threestep carrier sense and transmission sequence to try to prevent collisions. See also collision and Media Access Control (MAC).
Datagrams
Messages accepted from Transport-layer protocols and forwarded to their destinations. See also Transport layer.
Forwarding Table
A table of node addresses and transmission lines or connection ports that each central network node maintains to make message-forwarding decisions.
Ethernet
A widely used LAN technology, developed by Xerox in the early 1970s, that s closely related to the IEEE 802.3 standard. See also IEEE 802 standards and local area network (LAN).
Routing Tables
Internal maps of a network containing information routers use to forward messages and choose from multiple possible paths to a recipient; routers periodically exchange this information with other routers to learn about networks beyond those to which they re connected. See also router.
Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs)
Networks that typically cover a town or city; the market for WiMAX networks. See also Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX).
Gateways
Nodes connecting two or more networks or network segments that might be physically implemented as workstations, servers, or routers.
network
The OSI __________ layer forwards messages to their correct destinations
Transport Layer
The OSI layer responsible for formatting messages into packets suitable for transmission over the network; adds required header and trailer information, including network addresses, error-detection data, and packet-sequencing data. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Data Link Layer
The OSI layer serving as the interface between network software and hardware; responsible for media access control and converting messages and addresses from one format to another. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Session Layer
The OSI layer that establishes and manages communication sessions. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Network Layer
The OSI layer that forwards messages to their correct destinations. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Application Layer
The OSI layer that includes communication protocols used by programs that make and respond to high-level requests for network services. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Presentation Layer
The OSI layer that makes sure data transmitted by one network node is interpreted correctly by the other network node; used mainly by applications that format data for user display. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
Physical Layer
The OSI layer where communication between devices actually takes place; includes hardware devices that encode and decode bitstreams and the transmission lines that transport them. See also Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) model.
IPv6
The _____________ protocol is an updated version with larger addresses and improved support for multicasting and multimedia data
star, bus
The __________________ topology is most common in wired networks, and the ___________ topolgy is the most common in wireless networks
CSMA/CA
With the ______________________ MAC protocol, collisions can occur, but they're detected and corrected.
star
a network using a physical _______________________ topology connects all end nodes to a central node
session
the OSI ________ layer establishes and manages connections between clients and servers
application
the OSI ___________________ layer refers to communication protocols used by programs, such as WEB browsers, that generate requests for network services
UDP
the ______ protocol is used with broadcast and multimedia apps when processing overhead needs are low and reliable delivery doesn't need to be guaranteed
IEEE 802
the ___________ standards define many aspects of physical networks
CSMA/CA
the ________________ MAC protocol is used in wireless networks to prevent most collisions
OSI model
the ________________ defines conceptual software and hardware layers for networks