Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
Which two of the following characteristics apply to antifungal agents? Multiple select question. Most block fungal protein synthesis Most are fungistatic Most are fungicidal Many are toxic to human cells
Most are fungistatic Many are toxic to human cells
Which two of the following are targets of antiprotozoan agents? Multiple select question. Cell wall structure Nucleic acids Metabolic processes Membrane sterol synthesis
Nucleic acids Metabolic processes
Which five of the following are classes of drugs used to manage HIV infection? Multiple select question. Protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Fusion inhibitors Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors DNA polymerase inhibitors Neuraminidase inhibitors Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Fusion inhibitors Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors
Erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics interfere with bacterial synthesis.
protein
The antibiotic chloramphenicol interferes with synthesis in bacteria.
protein
The tetracycline family of antibiotics interfere with synthesis in bacteria.
protein
Aminoglycosides interfere with _____. Multiple choice question. nucleic acid synthesis carbon metabolism protein synthesis cell wall synthesis
protein synthesis
Aminoglycosides interfere with _____. Multiple choice question. protein synthesis nucleic acid synthesis carbon metabolism cell wall synthesis
protein synthesis
The antibiotic shown here inhibits bacterial growth by disrupting _____. Multiple choice question. carbon metabolism peptidoglycan synthesis protein synthesis membrane synthesis
protein synthesis
The antibiotic shown here inhibits bacterial growth by disrupting _____. Multiple choice question. membrane synthesis peptidoglycan synthesis protein synthesis carbon metabolism
protein synthesis
The antibiotic chloramphenicol interferes with synthesis in bacteria.
protien
The antiviral agent tamiflu blocks _____. Multiple choice question. uncoating of the viral capsid release of new virus particles from host replication of the viral genome adsorption of virus onto the host cell surface
release of new virus particles from host
When drugs interact in ways that enhance the effects of each other it is called a(n) ________ effect. Multiple choice question. sympatric synergistic inhibitory therapeutic
synergistic
When drugs interact in ways that enhance the effects of each other it is called a(n) ________ effect. Multiple choice question. therapeutic synergistic sympatric inhibitory
synergistic
Trimethoprim is a synthetic antibiotic. True false question. True False
t
The aminoglycoside antibiotics are characterized by the presence of amino sugars and a _____. Multiple choice question. β-lactam ring four ring structure cyclohexane ring lactone ring
cyclohexane ring
All aminoglycoside antibiotics contain a(n)_______ ring and amino sugars.
cyclohexane.
All aminoglycoside antibiotics contain a(n) ring and amino sugars.
cyclohexene
The therapeutic index is the ratio of the _____. Multiple choice question. toxic dose to therapeutic dose toxic dose to lytic dose therapeutic dose to toxic dose lytic dose to therapeutic dose
toxic dose to therapeutic dose
Streptomycin is important historically because it was the first drug to successfully treat _____. Multiple choice question. fungal infections Staphylococcus infections tuberculosis syphilis
tuberculosis
The drugs that target the cell wall have a high therapeutic index because human cells _____. Multiple choice question. do not have cell walls have different sized ribosomes compared to microbes are aerobic have different enzymes for cell wall synthesis
do not have cell walls
Bacteria that do not respond to antibiotics because they are embedded in a biofilm matrix or are growing too slowly to be inhibited are termed _____. Multiple choice question. drug tolerant drug impermeable incompetent drug resistance
drug tolerant
As a general rule, the (greater/smaller) therapeutic index, then the better the antimicrobial agent.
greater
A drug that disrupts a microbial structure or function not found in host cells has a _____ therapeutic index. Multiple choice question. low high moderate
high
Which of the following antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit? Multiple select question. chloramphenicol aminoglycosides macrolides tetracyclines oxazolidinones
macrolides oxazolidinones chloramphenicol
Which of the following antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit? Multiple select question. macrolides oxazolidinones aminoglycosides tetracyclines chloramphenicol
macrolides oxazolidinones chloramphenicol
Many antifungal agents disrupt _____ synthesis. Multiple choice question. chitin peptidoglycan phospholipid membrane
membrane
The acronym "MRSA" stands for -resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
methicillin
The concentration of drug necessary to prevent the growth of a pathogen is called the _____. Multiple choice question. minimal inhibitory concentration minimal lethal concentration toxic dose therapeutic index
minimal inhibitory concentration
The concentration of drug necessary to prevent the growth of a pathogen is called the _____. Multiple choice question. minimal lethal concentration minimal inhibitory concentration therapeutic index toxic dose
minimal inhibitory concentration
The concentration of drug necessary to prevent the growth of a pathogen is called the _____. Multiple choice question. toxic dose therapeutic index minimal inhibitory concentration minimal lethal concentration
minimal inhibitory concentration
The first true antibiotic (a natural microbial product) to be used was
penicillin
It is thought that penicillin blocks the bacterial enzymes that create crosslinks between polymers (strands) in the cell wall.
peptidoglycan.
Which two of the following characteristics do not apply to macrolide antibiotics? Multiple select question. Has a four ring structure Inhibits DNA replication Is usually bacteriostatic Is a broad spectrum antibiotic
- Inhibits DNA replication- Has a four ring structure
Upon phosphorylation, the antiviral drug acyclovir inhibits viral _____. Multiple choice question. RNA polymerase DNA polymerase penetration release
DNA polymerase
Upon phosphorylation, the antiviral drug acyclovir inhibits viral _____. Multiple choice question. RNA polymerase DNA polymerase release penetration
DNA polymerase
Which of the following is not a target of fluoroquinolone drugs? Multiple choice question. Topoisomerase II DNA gyrase DNA polymerase
DNA polymerase
The antimicrobial activity of the tetracycline family of antibiotics results from their binding to _______. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit 50S ribosomal subunit RNA polymerase topoisomerase messenger RNA
30S ribosomal subunit
The antimicrobial activity of the tetracycline family of antibiotics results from their binding to _______. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit topoisomerase RNA polymerase 50S ribosomal subunit messenger RNA
30S ribosomal subunit
he type of antibiotic resistance that is due to a change in the genome of a bacterium that converts it from a sensitive cell to a resistant cell is called resistance.
acquired
Macrolide antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis by binding to _____. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit ATP synthase DNA polymerase 50S ribosomal subunit
50S ribosomal subunit
Macrolide antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis by binding to _____. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit DNA polymerase 50S ribosomal subunit ATP synthase
50S ribosomal subunit
The therapeutic index of a protein synthesis inhibitor is _____ the therapeutic index of a cell wall inhibitor. Multiple choice question. equal to greater than less than
less than
The antimicrobial activity of chloramphenicol results from its binding to _____. Multiple choice question. messenger RNA topoisomerase 50S ribosomal subunit 30S ribosomal subunit RNA polymerase
50S ribosomal subunit
the first drug to successfully treat tuberculosis was _____. Multiple choice question. sulfonamide streptomycin Salvarsan penicillin
streptomycin
Which of the following are possible side effects of aminoglycoside antibiotic use? Multiple select question. Liver damage Diarrhea Heart valve damage Allergic reaction Loss of balance
Allergic reaction Loss of balance
Drug-tolerant bacteria do not respond to antibiotics because they Multiple select question. grow too slowly to be inhibited by the drug lack the structure or enzyme targeted by the drug are embedded in a biofilm matrix that drugs can't penetrate have a change in the genome that alters a drug binding site are able to grow anaerobically where many drugs are inactive
- are embedded in a biofilm matrix that drugs can't penetrate- grow too slowly to be inhibited by the drug
Intrinsic resistance to antibiotics could be due to which one of these? Multiple choice question. A particular structural feature of the bacterial cell A change in the genome of a bacterium. Acquisition of a plasmid that codes for beta-lactamase. A mutation that alters the cellular binding site of the drug.
A particular structural feature of the bacterial cell
True or false: The tetracyclines are bacteriostatic. True false question. True False
True
A mutation that affects the ability of certain antibiotics to bind to the 23S rRNA subunit of ribosomes would be an example of which type of antibiotic resistance? Multiple choice question. Acquired Inherent
Acquired
Select three examples of resistance to antibiotics that is due to an altered cellular target of the drug. Multiple select question. The activity of beta-lactamase Addition of acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol Alteration of an enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis A change in the structure of 23S rRNA The terminal D-alanine of pentapeptide mutates to D-serine
Alteration of an enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis A change in the structure of 23S rRNA The terminal D-alanine of pentapeptide mutates to D-serine
A(n) is an antimicrobial substance that antagonizes or blocks the function of a specific biochemical pathway.
Antimetabolite
Which two of the following statements about antimetabolites are true? Multiple select question. Antimetabolites form a precipitation complex with a natural substrate of enzyme. Antimetabolites have a similar structure to the substrate of the target enzyme. Antimetabolites compete with a natural substrate for binding at the active site. Antimetabolites bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and block formation of the initiation complex.
Antimetabolites have a similar structure to the substrate of the target enzyme. Antimetabolites compete with a natural substrate for binding at the active site.
Which of the following statements concerning antivirals is false? Multiple choice question. Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics. Antivirals rarely cure a disease. Antivirals usually disrupt the viral replication cycle. Many antivirals only limit the duration of the illness.
Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics.
Which of the following statements concerning antivirals is false? Multiple choice question. Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics. Antivirals rarely cure a disease. Many antivirals only limit the duration of the illness. Antivirals usually disrupt the viral replication cycle.
Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics.
Which two of the following characteristics apply to aminoglycosides? Multiple select question. Often a drug of last resort Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit Synthesis of abnormal proteins Inhibit cell wall synthesis Inhibit gyrase activity
Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit Synthesis of abnormal proteins
Which two of the following characteristics apply to tamiflu? Multiple select question. Blocks release of new viruses from host Inhibits hemagglutinin Inhibits reverse transcriptase Inhibits neuraminidase
Blocks release of new viruses from host Inhibits neuraminidase
Many new antimicrobial agents have been discovered in which two soil inhabitants? Multiple select question. Protists Fungi Worms Bacteria Archaea
Fungi Bacteria
An important limitation to the use of lincosamine antibiotics is that they can support the overgrowth of _____. Multiple choice question. E. coli C. difficile Pseudomonas species Mycoplasma species
C. difficile
The fluoroquinolones disrupt DNA replication and repair by targeting which two enzymes? Multiple select question. DNA ligase DNA gyrase topoisomerase DNA polymerase
DNA gyrase topoisomerase
Which of the following is a broad spectrum antibiotic? Multiple choice question. Penicillin V Ciprofloxacin Methicillin Chloramphenicol
Chloramphenicol
Which two of the following statements are true? Multiple select question. Currently there are fewer antibacterial agents than antifungal agents. Bacterial cells are more similar to human cells than to fungal cells. Currently there are fewer antifungal agents than antibacterial agents. Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than to bacterial cells.
Currently there are fewer antifungal agents than antibacterial agents. Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than to bacterial cells.
Acyclovir blocks the activity of viral ---------enzyme.
DNA polymerase
Which two of the following are targets of antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis? Multiple select question. 80S Ribosome DNA Polymerase Topoisomerase Dihydrofolate reductase
DNA Polymerase Topoisomerase
Which two of the following are NOT targets of antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis? Multiple select question. Topoisomerase Dihydrofolate reductase DNA Polymerase 80S Ribosome
Dihydrofolate reductase 80S Ribosome
The concept of a "magic bullet," a chemical that would selectively destroy pathogens without harming human cells, was put forth by Paul -----, whose research sparked the era of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy.
Ehrlich
The side effects and toxicity of antiprotozoan drugs results from the fact that protozoans and humans are both members of Domain and have similar enzymes, processes, and pathways.
Eukarya
Sulfonamides disrupt the synthesis of ________acid, a precursor of purines.
Folic
Why are there fewer antifungal drugs than antibacterial drugs? Multiple choice question. Fungal infections are rare and non-life threatening. Bacterial cells are more similar to human cells than fungal cells. Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than bacterial cells.
Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than bacterial cell
Which of the following characteristics applies to antifungal drugs? Multiple choice question. Have a high therapeutic index Have a low therapeutic index Have a medium range therapeutic index
Have a low therapeutic index
Which two of the following characteristics do not apply to macrolide antibiotics? Multiple select question. Inhibits DNA replication Has a four ring structure Is a broad spectrum antibiotic Is usually bacteriostatic
Inhibits DNA replication Has a four ring structure
Which of the following characteristics does not apply to tetracycline? Multiple choice question. Has a four ring structure Is bactericidal Inhibits protein synthesis Is a broad spectrum antibiotic
Is bactericidal
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotic use? Multiple choice question. Kidney damage Allergic reaction Loss of balance Liver damage
Liver damage
Which of the following is NOT a side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotic use? Multiple choice question. Liver damage Kidney damage Loss of balance Allergic reaction
Liver damage
Antiprotozoan drugs are NOT known to target which of the following? Multiple choice question. Membrane synthesis Nucleic acid synthesis Metabolic processes
Membrane synthesis
Which of the following are targets of antifungal agents? Multiple choice question. Peptidoglycan synthesis Folic acid synthesis Cell wall synthesis Membrane synthesis
Membrane synthesis
Which two of the following characteristics apply to antifungal agents? Multiple select question. Most block fungal protein synthesis Most are fungicidal Most are fungistatic Many are toxic to human cells
Most are fungistatic Many are toxic to human cells
Which type of fungal infection is the most likely to be fatal? Multiple choice question. Superficial Systemic Subcutaneous
Systemic
mycoses are the most difficult to control.
Systemic
Which of the following statements about carbapenems and monobactams is false? Multiple choice question. Recently, β-lactamases that inactivate these drugs have been discovered. These drugs have β-lactam rings. These drugs are heavily used clinically. These drugs cannot be taken orally.
These drugs are heavily used clinically.
Which two of the following are examples of superficial mycoses? Multiple select question. Toenail fungus Oral candidiasis (thrush) Coccidioidomycosis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Cryptococcal meningitis
Toenail fungus Oral candidiasis (thrush)
Which of the following is NOT a class of drug used to manage HIV infections? Multiple choice question. Topoisomerase inhibitor NNRTI Fusion inhibitor NRTI
Topoisomerase inhibitor
The therapeutic index is the ratio of the ------dose to the---------- dose.
Toxic therapeutic
Which of the following is a synthetic antibiotic that interferes with the production of folic acid? Multiple choice question. Methicillin Tetracycline Cephalosporin Trimethoprim
Trimethoprim
The drug of last resort for the treatment of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus is
Vancomycin
Which of the following is considered a "drug of last resort" when treating antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Multiple choice question. Tetracycline Trimethoprim Sulfa Drugs Vancomycin
Vancomycin
the acronym "VRE" stands for -resistant enterococci.
Vancomycin
The type of antibiotic resistance that is due to a change in the genome of a bacterium that converts it from a sensitive cell to a resistant cell is called resistance.
acquired
Based on its chemical structure, the antibiotic shown here belongs to the class of drugs termed _____. Multiple choice question. penicillins tetracyclines aminoglycosides macrolides
aminoglycosides
Based on its chemical structure, the antibiotic shown here belongs to the class of drugs termed _____. Multiple choice question. penicillins tetracyclines macrolides aminoglycosides
aminoglycosides
Based on its chemical structure, the antibiotic shown here belongs to the class of drugs termed _____. Multiple choice question. tetracyclines penicillins aminoglycosides macrolides
aminoglycosides
Lincosamine antibiotics have a broad spectrum of activity against _____. Multiple choice question. psychrophiles anaerobes aerobes Gram negatives
anaerobes
A substance that blocks the functioning of a specific biochemical pathway is called a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. antimicrobial antimetabolite antibody coenzyme
antimetabolite
A substance that blocks the functioning of a specific biochemical pathway is called a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. coenzyme antimetabolite antibody antimicrobial
antimetabolite
The screening of large numbers of soil----- and------ have led to the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.
bacteria and fungi
The therapeutic index of a protein synthesis inhibitor is less than the therapeutic index of a cell wall inhibitor because _____. Multiple choice question. bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis transpeptidase reactions occurs in all organisms using the same enzymes protein synthesis inhibitors are less stable in stomach acid cell wall inhibitors are synthetic, not naturally occurring
bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis
The therapeutic index of a protein synthesis inhibitor is less than the therapeutic index of a cell wall inhibitor because _____. Multiple choice question. transpeptidase reactions occurs in all organisms using the same enzymes bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis cell wall inhibitors are synthetic, not naturally occurring protein synthesis inhibitors are less stable in stomach acid
bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis
Penicillin disrupts cell wall formation by _____. Multiple choice question. repressing bacterial genes for cell wall synthesis hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan chains binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit blocking the formation of peptidoglycan cross links
blocking the formation of peptidoglycan cross links
Chloramphenicol is a spectrum antibiotic.
broad
The sulfonamides inhibit the growth of a wide variety of bacteria and are classified as _________-spectrum drugs
broad
Drugs that are effective against a wide variety of pathogens are called _____ drugs. Multiple choice question. narrow-spectrum bactericidal broad-spectrum bacteriostatic
broad-spectrum
The aminoglycoside antibiotics are characterized by the presence of amino sugars and a _____. Multiple choice question. lactone ring β-lactam ring cyclohexane ring four ring structure
cyclohexane ring
The two newest classes of β-lactam drugs are Multiple select question. tetracyclines vancomycins carbapenems cephalosporins monobactams
carbapenems monobactams
The highest therapeutic index is found with antimicrobial drugs that target___________ synthesis.
cell wall
The most selective antibiotics in use target the bacterial
cell wall
The most selective antibiotics target _____. Multiple choice question. cell wall synthesis nucleic acid synthesis metabolic pathways protein synthesis
cell wall synthesis
The drugs that target the cell wall have a high therapeutic index because human cells ____
do not have cell walls
True or false: Most antifungal agents are fungicidal.
f
True or false: There are more antiprotozoan agents than antibacterial agents.
f
True or false: The lower the therapeutic index, the better the chemotherapeutic agent is.
false
Sulfonamides have a high therapeutic index because _____. Multiple choice question. they inhibit transcription, a cellular process not found in human cells humans use a different biochemical pathway to synthesize folate humans do not have the pathways inhibited by the drug they bind bacterial 70S ribosomes
humans do not have the pathways inhibited by the drug
The minimal______ concentration is the level of an antimicrobial agent required to stop the growth of a targeted pathogen.
inhabitory
A consequence of the fact that humans do not synthesize folate but bacteria do is that _____. Multiple choice question. bacteria are less likely to become resistant to folate humans are much more susceptible to the side effects of folate inhibitors of the folate pathway have a high therapeutic index
inhibitors of the folate pathway have a high therapeutic index
The minimal concentration is the level of an antimicrobial agent required to stop the growth of a targeted pathogen.
inhibitory
The two major types of antibiotic resistance seen in bacteria are acquired resistance and resistance.
intrinsic
Penicillin is considered to be the first true antibiotic, meaning that it _____. Multiple choice question. was sold commercially is active against a wide range of bacteria is a natural microbial product has only a bactericidal effect
is a natural microbial product
Penicillin has a high therapeutic index because _____. Multiple choice question. it is quite stable in stomach acid its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells it is only mildly toxic to host cells resistance to it does not develop commonly
its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells
Penicillin has a high therapeutic index because _____. Multiple choice question. resistance to it does not develop commonly it is only mildly toxic to host cells it is quite stable in stomach acid its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells
its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells
The term bactericidal means that the antimicrobial agent______ bacteria, and bacteriostatic means that it reversibly_____ the growth of the bacteria.
kills inhibits
Most penicillin resistant bacteria produce enzymes called penicillinases that hydrolyze the β- ring of penicillin and render the molecule ineffective.
lactam
The most critical portion of the penicillin molecule is the β- , which is essential for the antimicrobial activity of the drug.
lactam ring
The most critical portion of the penicillin molecule is the β-__________ , which is essential for the antimicrobial activity of the drug.
lactam ring
The macrolides are a family of antibiotics that are characterized by a(n) ring that is linked to one or more sugars.
lactone
The macrolides are a family of antibiotics that are characterized by a(n)_____ ring that is linked to one or more sugars.
lactone
The macrolide antibiotics are characterized by a _____. Multiple choice question. two ring structure with amino sugars attached β-lactam ring with various side chains attached lactone ring with one or more sugars attached cyclohexane ring with various side chains attached
lactone ring with one or more sugars attached
Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in bacteria are said to be ________. Multiple choice question. no difference in toxicity less selectively toxic more selectively toxic
less selectively toxic
Rifampin is the antibiotic used to treat infections by _____. Multiple choice question. mycoplasmas fungi anaerobes mycobacteria
mycobacteria
Vancomycin is classified as a spectrum drug because it is only effective against Gram positive bacteria.
narrow
Vancomycin is classified as a____ spectrum drug because it is only effective against Gram positive bacteria.
narrow
Drugs that are only effective against a limited variety of pathogens are called _____ drugs. Multiple choice question. narrow-spectrum bactericidal broad-spectrum bacteriostatic
narrow-spectrum
Antiviral agents are _____ referred to as "antibiotics." Multiple choice question. often always never sometimes
never
Antiviral agents are _____ referred to as "antibiotics." Multiple choice question. often never sometimes always
never
Chloramphenicol inhibits the 50S ribosome in bacterial and should be used ____________. Multiple choice question. to treat chronic gastric reflux disease only in life-threatening situations due to human-toxicity to treat specifically viral infections; examples include herpes viruses and hepatitis viruses to treat most bacterial infections, especially in the liver
only in life-threatening situations due to human-toxicity
A consequence of HIV remaining dormant in memory T cells of the immune system is that HIV-positive individuals _____. Multiple choice question. require drug therapy for life require changing antivirals monthly must be continually monitored for antiviral effectiveness take years to eventually be cured
require drug therapy for life
The antibiotic used to treat mycobacterial infections is _____. Multiple choice question. rifampin erythromycin penicillin fluoroquinolones
rifampin
A successful antimicrobial agent has------------ , the ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogens with little or no damage to the host.
selective toxicity
The ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogens while causing minimal damage to the host is called _____. Multiple choice question. selective toxicity broad spectrum metabolic antagonism narrow spectrum
selective toxicity
Naturally occurring antibiotics that have been chemically modified are called ______. Multiple choice question. therapeutic synthetic semi-synthetic organic
semi-synthetic
Naturally occurring antibiotics that have been chemically modified by the addition of chemical groups are called------ antibiotics.
semi-synthetic
The structure of sulfa drugs is characterized by a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. β-lactam ring with sulfur group lactone ring cyclohexane ring with sulfur group similarity to p-aminobenzoic acid
similarity to p-aminobenzoic acid
Antimetabolites are similar in structure to the of key enzymes and compete with them for binding at the enzyme active site.
substrates.
The class of antibiotics that are structural analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid is the _____. Multiple choice question. macrolides tetracyclines sulfonamides oxazolidinones
sulfonamides
The class of antibiotics that are structural analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid is the _____. Multiple choice question. sulfonamides tetracyclines oxazolidinones macrolides
sulfonamides
toenail fungus and thrush are classified as mycoses.
superficial
Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim are often used together because lower dosages of each drug can be used. This type of interaction between drugs is called a(n) drug effect.
synergistic
The side effects and toxicity of antiprotozoan drugs in humans is primarily due to _____. Multiple choice question. protozoans responding to the drugs by burrowing into nearby host cells the drugs inducing protozoan chemical defenses endotoxins that are released by damage of protozoan cells the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells
the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells
The side effects and toxicity of antiprotozoan drugs in humans is primarily due to _____. Multiple choice question. the drugs inducing protozoan chemical defenses the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells endotoxins that are released by damage of protozoan cells protozoans responding to the drugs by burrowing into nearby host cells
the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells
HIV-infected individuals require drug therapy for life because _____. Multiple choice question. antiviral medications are not very effective the virus replicates extremely slowly the virus is predominant in the population the virus remains dormant in immune cells
the virus remains dormant in immune cells
Due to the similarities of human and fungal cells, most antifungal drugs have a low------------ index.
therapeutic
The structural component of the penicillin molecule that is critical for antimicrobial activity is the _______. Multiple choice question. β-lactam ring cyclohexane ring lactone ring β-pleated sheet
β-lactam ring
The basis of penicillin resistance in bacteria is the ability to produce enzymes called penicillinases or _______. Multiple choice question. β-lactamases aminoglycosides acetyltransferases α-amylases
β-lactamases