Chapter 9: Antimicrobial Chemotherapy

Which two of the following characteristics apply to antifungal agents? Multiple select question. Most block fungal protein synthesis Most are fungistatic Most are fungicidal Many are toxic to human cells

Most are fungistatic Many are toxic to human cells

Which two of the following are targets of antiprotozoan agents? Multiple select question. Cell wall structure Nucleic acids Metabolic processes Membrane sterol synthesis

Nucleic acids Metabolic processes

Which five of the following are classes of drugs used to manage HIV infection? Multiple select question. Protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Fusion inhibitors Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors DNA polymerase inhibitors Neuraminidase inhibitors Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Protease inhibitors Integrase inhibitors Fusion inhibitors Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Erythromycin and other macrolide antibiotics interfere with bacterial synthesis.

protein

The antibiotic chloramphenicol interferes with synthesis in bacteria.

protein

The tetracycline family of antibiotics interfere with synthesis in bacteria.

protein

Aminoglycosides interfere with _____. Multiple choice question. nucleic acid synthesis carbon metabolism protein synthesis cell wall synthesis

protein synthesis

Aminoglycosides interfere with _____. Multiple choice question. protein synthesis nucleic acid synthesis carbon metabolism cell wall synthesis

protein synthesis

The antibiotic shown here inhibits bacterial growth by disrupting _____. Multiple choice question. carbon metabolism peptidoglycan synthesis protein synthesis membrane synthesis

protein synthesis

The antibiotic shown here inhibits bacterial growth by disrupting _____. Multiple choice question. membrane synthesis peptidoglycan synthesis protein synthesis carbon metabolism

protein synthesis

The antibiotic chloramphenicol interferes with synthesis in bacteria.

protien

The antiviral agent tamiflu blocks _____. Multiple choice question. uncoating of the viral capsid release of new virus particles from host replication of the viral genome adsorption of virus onto the host cell surface

release of new virus particles from host

When drugs interact in ways that enhance the effects of each other it is called a(n) ________ effect. Multiple choice question. sympatric synergistic inhibitory therapeutic

synergistic

When drugs interact in ways that enhance the effects of each other it is called a(n) ________ effect. Multiple choice question. therapeutic synergistic sympatric inhibitory

synergistic

Trimethoprim is a synthetic antibiotic. True false question. True False

t

The aminoglycoside antibiotics are characterized by the presence of amino sugars and a _____. Multiple choice question. β-lactam ring four ring structure cyclohexane ring lactone ring

cyclohexane ring

All aminoglycoside antibiotics contain a(n)_______ ring and amino sugars.

cyclohexane.

All aminoglycoside antibiotics contain a(n) ring and amino sugars.

cyclohexene

The therapeutic index is the ratio of the _____. Multiple choice question. toxic dose to therapeutic dose toxic dose to lytic dose therapeutic dose to toxic dose lytic dose to therapeutic dose

toxic dose to therapeutic dose

Streptomycin is important historically because it was the first drug to successfully treat _____. Multiple choice question. fungal infections Staphylococcus infections tuberculosis syphilis

tuberculosis

The drugs that target the cell wall have a high therapeutic index because human cells _____. Multiple choice question. do not have cell walls have different sized ribosomes compared to microbes are aerobic have different enzymes for cell wall synthesis

do not have cell walls

Bacteria that do not respond to antibiotics because they are embedded in a biofilm matrix or are growing too slowly to be inhibited are termed _____. Multiple choice question. drug tolerant drug impermeable incompetent drug resistance

drug tolerant

As a general rule, the (greater/smaller) therapeutic index, then the better the antimicrobial agent.

greater

A drug that disrupts a microbial structure or function not found in host cells has a _____ therapeutic index. Multiple choice question. low high moderate

high

Which of the following antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit? Multiple select question. chloramphenicol aminoglycosides macrolides tetracyclines oxazolidinones

macrolides oxazolidinones chloramphenicol

Which of the following antibiotics inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 50S ribosomal subunit? Multiple select question. macrolides oxazolidinones aminoglycosides tetracyclines chloramphenicol

macrolides oxazolidinones chloramphenicol

Many antifungal agents disrupt _____ synthesis. Multiple choice question. chitin peptidoglycan phospholipid membrane

membrane

The acronym "MRSA" stands for -resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

methicillin

The concentration of drug necessary to prevent the growth of a pathogen is called the _____. Multiple choice question. minimal inhibitory concentration minimal lethal concentration toxic dose therapeutic index

minimal inhibitory concentration

The concentration of drug necessary to prevent the growth of a pathogen is called the _____. Multiple choice question. minimal lethal concentration minimal inhibitory concentration therapeutic index toxic dose

minimal inhibitory concentration

The concentration of drug necessary to prevent the growth of a pathogen is called the _____. Multiple choice question. toxic dose therapeutic index minimal inhibitory concentration minimal lethal concentration

minimal inhibitory concentration

The first true antibiotic (a natural microbial product) to be used was

penicillin

It is thought that penicillin blocks the bacterial enzymes that create crosslinks between polymers (strands) in the cell wall.

peptidoglycan.

Which two of the following characteristics do not apply to macrolide antibiotics? Multiple select question. Has a four ring structure Inhibits DNA replication Is usually bacteriostatic Is a broad spectrum antibiotic

- Inhibits DNA replication- Has a four ring structure

Upon phosphorylation, the antiviral drug acyclovir inhibits viral _____. Multiple choice question. RNA polymerase DNA polymerase penetration release

DNA polymerase

Upon phosphorylation, the antiviral drug acyclovir inhibits viral _____. Multiple choice question. RNA polymerase DNA polymerase release penetration

DNA polymerase

Which of the following is not a target of fluoroquinolone drugs? Multiple choice question. Topoisomerase II DNA gyrase DNA polymerase

DNA polymerase

The antimicrobial activity of the tetracycline family of antibiotics results from their binding to _______. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit 50S ribosomal subunit RNA polymerase topoisomerase messenger RNA

30S ribosomal subunit

The antimicrobial activity of the tetracycline family of antibiotics results from their binding to _______. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit topoisomerase RNA polymerase 50S ribosomal subunit messenger RNA

30S ribosomal subunit

he type of antibiotic resistance that is due to a change in the genome of a bacterium that converts it from a sensitive cell to a resistant cell is called resistance.

acquired

Macrolide antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis by binding to _____. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit ATP synthase DNA polymerase 50S ribosomal subunit

50S ribosomal subunit

Macrolide antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis by binding to _____. Multiple choice question. 30S ribosomal subunit DNA polymerase 50S ribosomal subunit ATP synthase

50S ribosomal subunit

The therapeutic index of a protein synthesis inhibitor is _____ the therapeutic index of a cell wall inhibitor. Multiple choice question. equal to greater than less than

less than

The antimicrobial activity of chloramphenicol results from its binding to _____. Multiple choice question. messenger RNA topoisomerase 50S ribosomal subunit 30S ribosomal subunit RNA polymerase

50S ribosomal subunit

the first drug to successfully treat tuberculosis was _____. Multiple choice question. sulfonamide streptomycin Salvarsan penicillin

streptomycin

Which of the following are possible side effects of aminoglycoside antibiotic use? Multiple select question. Liver damage Diarrhea Heart valve damage Allergic reaction Loss of balance

Allergic reaction Loss of balance

Drug-tolerant bacteria do not respond to antibiotics because they Multiple select question. grow too slowly to be inhibited by the drug lack the structure or enzyme targeted by the drug are embedded in a biofilm matrix that drugs can't penetrate have a change in the genome that alters a drug binding site are able to grow anaerobically where many drugs are inactive

- are embedded in a biofilm matrix that drugs can't penetrate- grow too slowly to be inhibited by the drug

Intrinsic resistance to antibiotics could be due to which one of these? Multiple choice question. A particular structural feature of the bacterial cell A change in the genome of a bacterium. Acquisition of a plasmid that codes for beta-lactamase. A mutation that alters the cellular binding site of the drug.

A particular structural feature of the bacterial cell

True or false: The tetracyclines are bacteriostatic. True false question. True False

True

A mutation that affects the ability of certain antibiotics to bind to the 23S rRNA subunit of ribosomes would be an example of which type of antibiotic resistance? Multiple choice question. Acquired Inherent

Acquired

Select three examples of resistance to antibiotics that is due to an altered cellular target of the drug. Multiple select question. The activity of beta-lactamase Addition of acetyl-CoA to chloramphenicol Alteration of an enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis A change in the structure of 23S rRNA The terminal D-alanine of pentapeptide mutates to D-serine

Alteration of an enzyme involved in folic acid synthesis A change in the structure of 23S rRNA The terminal D-alanine of pentapeptide mutates to D-serine

A(n) is an antimicrobial substance that antagonizes or blocks the function of a specific biochemical pathway.

Antimetabolite

Which two of the following statements about antimetabolites are true? Multiple select question. Antimetabolites form a precipitation complex with a natural substrate of enzyme. Antimetabolites have a similar structure to the substrate of the target enzyme. Antimetabolites compete with a natural substrate for binding at the active site. Antimetabolites bind to 30S ribosomal subunit and block formation of the initiation complex.

Antimetabolites have a similar structure to the substrate of the target enzyme. Antimetabolites compete with a natural substrate for binding at the active site.

Which of the following statements concerning antivirals is false? Multiple choice question. Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics. Antivirals rarely cure a disease. Antivirals usually disrupt the viral replication cycle. Many antivirals only limit the duration of the illness.

Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics.

Which of the following statements concerning antivirals is false? Multiple choice question. Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics. Antivirals rarely cure a disease. Many antivirals only limit the duration of the illness. Antivirals usually disrupt the viral replication cycle.

Antivirals are often referred to as antibiotics.

Which two of the following characteristics apply to aminoglycosides? Multiple select question. Often a drug of last resort Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit Synthesis of abnormal proteins Inhibit cell wall synthesis Inhibit gyrase activity

Bind to 30S ribosomal subunit Synthesis of abnormal proteins

Which two of the following characteristics apply to tamiflu? Multiple select question. Blocks release of new viruses from host Inhibits hemagglutinin Inhibits reverse transcriptase Inhibits neuraminidase

Blocks release of new viruses from host Inhibits neuraminidase

Many new antimicrobial agents have been discovered in which two soil inhabitants? Multiple select question. Protists Fungi Worms Bacteria Archaea

Fungi Bacteria

An important limitation to the use of lincosamine antibiotics is that they can support the overgrowth of _____. Multiple choice question. E. coli C. difficile Pseudomonas species Mycoplasma species

C. difficile

The fluoroquinolones disrupt DNA replication and repair by targeting which two enzymes? Multiple select question. DNA ligase DNA gyrase topoisomerase DNA polymerase

DNA gyrase topoisomerase

Which of the following is a broad spectrum antibiotic? Multiple choice question. Penicillin V Ciprofloxacin Methicillin Chloramphenicol

Chloramphenicol

Which two of the following statements are true? Multiple select question. Currently there are fewer antibacterial agents than antifungal agents. Bacterial cells are more similar to human cells than to fungal cells. Currently there are fewer antifungal agents than antibacterial agents. Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than to bacterial cells.

Currently there are fewer antifungal agents than antibacterial agents. Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than to bacterial cells.

Acyclovir blocks the activity of viral ---------enzyme.

DNA polymerase

Which two of the following are targets of antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis? Multiple select question. 80S Ribosome DNA Polymerase Topoisomerase Dihydrofolate reductase

DNA Polymerase Topoisomerase

Which two of the following are NOT targets of antibacterial drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis? Multiple select question. Topoisomerase Dihydrofolate reductase DNA Polymerase 80S Ribosome

Dihydrofolate reductase 80S Ribosome

The concept of a "magic bullet," a chemical that would selectively destroy pathogens without harming human cells, was put forth by Paul -----, whose research sparked the era of modern antimicrobial chemotherapy.

Ehrlich

The side effects and toxicity of antiprotozoan drugs results from the fact that protozoans and humans are both members of Domain and have similar enzymes, processes, and pathways.

Eukarya

Sulfonamides disrupt the synthesis of ________acid, a precursor of purines.

Folic

Why are there fewer antifungal drugs than antibacterial drugs? Multiple choice question. Fungal infections are rare and non-life threatening. Bacterial cells are more similar to human cells than fungal cells. Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than bacterial cells.

Fungal cells are more similar to human cells than bacterial cell

Which of the following characteristics applies to antifungal drugs? Multiple choice question. Have a high therapeutic index Have a low therapeutic index Have a medium range therapeutic index

Have a low therapeutic index

Which two of the following characteristics do not apply to macrolide antibiotics? Multiple select question. Inhibits DNA replication Has a four ring structure Is a broad spectrum antibiotic Is usually bacteriostatic

Inhibits DNA replication Has a four ring structure

Which of the following characteristics does not apply to tetracycline? Multiple choice question. Has a four ring structure Is bactericidal Inhibits protein synthesis Is a broad spectrum antibiotic

Is bactericidal

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotic use? Multiple choice question. Kidney damage Allergic reaction Loss of balance Liver damage

Liver damage

Which of the following is NOT a side effect of aminoglycoside antibiotic use? Multiple choice question. Liver damage Kidney damage Loss of balance Allergic reaction

Liver damage

Antiprotozoan drugs are NOT known to target which of the following? Multiple choice question. Membrane synthesis Nucleic acid synthesis Metabolic processes

Membrane synthesis

Which of the following are targets of antifungal agents? Multiple choice question. Peptidoglycan synthesis Folic acid synthesis Cell wall synthesis Membrane synthesis

Membrane synthesis

Which two of the following characteristics apply to antifungal agents? Multiple select question. Most block fungal protein synthesis Most are fungicidal Most are fungistatic Many are toxic to human cells

Most are fungistatic Many are toxic to human cells

Which type of fungal infection is the most likely to be fatal? Multiple choice question. Superficial Systemic Subcutaneous

Systemic

mycoses are the most difficult to control.

Systemic

Which of the following statements about carbapenems and monobactams is false? Multiple choice question. Recently, β-lactamases that inactivate these drugs have been discovered. These drugs have β-lactam rings. These drugs are heavily used clinically. These drugs cannot be taken orally.

These drugs are heavily used clinically.

Which two of the following are examples of superficial mycoses? Multiple select question. Toenail fungus Oral candidiasis (thrush) Coccidioidomycosis Mycoplasma pneumoniae Cryptococcal meningitis

Toenail fungus Oral candidiasis (thrush)

Which of the following is NOT a class of drug used to manage HIV infections? Multiple choice question. Topoisomerase inhibitor NNRTI Fusion inhibitor NRTI

Topoisomerase inhibitor

The therapeutic index is the ratio of the ------dose to the---------- dose.

Toxic therapeutic

Which of the following is a synthetic antibiotic that interferes with the production of folic acid? Multiple choice question. Methicillin Tetracycline Cephalosporin Trimethoprim

Trimethoprim

The drug of last resort for the treatment of antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus is

Vancomycin

Which of the following is considered a "drug of last resort" when treating antibiotic resistant Staphylococcus aureus? Multiple choice question. Tetracycline Trimethoprim Sulfa Drugs Vancomycin

Vancomycin

the acronym "VRE" stands for -resistant enterococci.

Vancomycin

The type of antibiotic resistance that is due to a change in the genome of a bacterium that converts it from a sensitive cell to a resistant cell is called resistance.

acquired

Based on its chemical structure, the antibiotic shown here belongs to the class of drugs termed _____. Multiple choice question. penicillins tetracyclines aminoglycosides macrolides

aminoglycosides

Based on its chemical structure, the antibiotic shown here belongs to the class of drugs termed _____. Multiple choice question. penicillins tetracyclines macrolides aminoglycosides

aminoglycosides

Based on its chemical structure, the antibiotic shown here belongs to the class of drugs termed _____. Multiple choice question. tetracyclines penicillins aminoglycosides macrolides

aminoglycosides

Lincosamine antibiotics have a broad spectrum of activity against _____. Multiple choice question. psychrophiles anaerobes aerobes Gram negatives

anaerobes

A substance that blocks the functioning of a specific biochemical pathway is called a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. antimicrobial antimetabolite antibody coenzyme

antimetabolite

A substance that blocks the functioning of a specific biochemical pathway is called a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. coenzyme antimetabolite antibody antimicrobial

antimetabolite

The screening of large numbers of soil----- and------ have led to the discovery of new antimicrobial agents.

bacteria and fungi

The therapeutic index of a protein synthesis inhibitor is less than the therapeutic index of a cell wall inhibitor because _____. Multiple choice question. bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis transpeptidase reactions occurs in all organisms using the same enzymes protein synthesis inhibitors are less stable in stomach acid cell wall inhibitors are synthetic, not naturally occurring

bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis

The therapeutic index of a protein synthesis inhibitor is less than the therapeutic index of a cell wall inhibitor because _____. Multiple choice question. transpeptidase reactions occurs in all organisms using the same enzymes bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis cell wall inhibitors are synthetic, not naturally occurring protein synthesis inhibitors are less stable in stomach acid

bacterial cells and host cells both use ribosomes for protein synthesis

Penicillin disrupts cell wall formation by _____. Multiple choice question. repressing bacterial genes for cell wall synthesis hydrolyzing the peptidoglycan chains binding to the 30S ribosomal subunit blocking the formation of peptidoglycan cross links

blocking the formation of peptidoglycan cross links

Chloramphenicol is a spectrum antibiotic.

broad

The sulfonamides inhibit the growth of a wide variety of bacteria and are classified as _________-spectrum drugs

broad

Drugs that are effective against a wide variety of pathogens are called _____ drugs. Multiple choice question. narrow-spectrum bactericidal broad-spectrum bacteriostatic

broad-spectrum

The aminoglycoside antibiotics are characterized by the presence of amino sugars and a _____. Multiple choice question. lactone ring β-lactam ring cyclohexane ring four ring structure

cyclohexane ring

The two newest classes of β-lactam drugs are Multiple select question. tetracyclines vancomycins carbapenems cephalosporins monobactams

carbapenems monobactams

The highest therapeutic index is found with antimicrobial drugs that target___________ synthesis.

cell wall

The most selective antibiotics in use target the bacterial

cell wall

The most selective antibiotics target _____. Multiple choice question. cell wall synthesis nucleic acid synthesis metabolic pathways protein synthesis

cell wall synthesis

The drugs that target the cell wall have a high therapeutic index because human cells ____

do not have cell walls

True or false: Most antifungal agents are fungicidal.

f

True or false: There are more antiprotozoan agents than antibacterial agents.

f

True or false: The lower the therapeutic index, the better the chemotherapeutic agent is.

false

Sulfonamides have a high therapeutic index because _____. Multiple choice question. they inhibit transcription, a cellular process not found in human cells humans use a different biochemical pathway to synthesize folate humans do not have the pathways inhibited by the drug they bind bacterial 70S ribosomes

humans do not have the pathways inhibited by the drug

The minimal______ concentration is the level of an antimicrobial agent required to stop the growth of a targeted pathogen.

inhabitory

A consequence of the fact that humans do not synthesize folate but bacteria do is that _____. Multiple choice question. bacteria are less likely to become resistant to folate humans are much more susceptible to the side effects of folate inhibitors of the folate pathway have a high therapeutic index

inhibitors of the folate pathway have a high therapeutic index

The minimal concentration is the level of an antimicrobial agent required to stop the growth of a targeted pathogen.

inhibitory

The two major types of antibiotic resistance seen in bacteria are acquired resistance and resistance.

intrinsic

Penicillin is considered to be the first true antibiotic, meaning that it _____. Multiple choice question. was sold commercially is active against a wide range of bacteria is a natural microbial product has only a bactericidal effect

is a natural microbial product

Penicillin has a high therapeutic index because _____. Multiple choice question. it is quite stable in stomach acid its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells it is only mildly toxic to host cells resistance to it does not develop commonly

its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells

Penicillin has a high therapeutic index because _____. Multiple choice question. resistance to it does not develop commonly it is only mildly toxic to host cells it is quite stable in stomach acid its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells

its cellular target, peptidoglycan, is absent from host cells

The term bactericidal means that the antimicrobial agent______ bacteria, and bacteriostatic means that it reversibly_____ the growth of the bacteria.

kills inhibits

Most penicillin resistant bacteria produce enzymes called penicillinases that hydrolyze the β- ring of penicillin and render the molecule ineffective.

lactam

The most critical portion of the penicillin molecule is the β- , which is essential for the antimicrobial activity of the drug.

lactam ring

The most critical portion of the penicillin molecule is the β-__________ , which is essential for the antimicrobial activity of the drug.

lactam ring

The macrolides are a family of antibiotics that are characterized by a(n) ring that is linked to one or more sugars.

lactone

The macrolides are a family of antibiotics that are characterized by a(n)_____ ring that is linked to one or more sugars.

lactone

The macrolide antibiotics are characterized by a _____. Multiple choice question. two ring structure with amino sugars attached β-lactam ring with various side chains attached lactone ring with one or more sugars attached cyclohexane ring with various side chains attached

lactone ring with one or more sugars attached

Drugs that inhibit nucleic acid synthesis in bacteria are said to be ________. Multiple choice question. no difference in toxicity less selectively toxic more selectively toxic

less selectively toxic

Rifampin is the antibiotic used to treat infections by _____. Multiple choice question. mycoplasmas fungi anaerobes mycobacteria

mycobacteria

Vancomycin is classified as a spectrum drug because it is only effective against Gram positive bacteria.

narrow

Vancomycin is classified as a____ spectrum drug because it is only effective against Gram positive bacteria.

narrow

Drugs that are only effective against a limited variety of pathogens are called _____ drugs. Multiple choice question. narrow-spectrum bactericidal broad-spectrum bacteriostatic

narrow-spectrum

Antiviral agents are _____ referred to as "antibiotics." Multiple choice question. often always never sometimes

never

Antiviral agents are _____ referred to as "antibiotics." Multiple choice question. often never sometimes always

never

Chloramphenicol inhibits the 50S ribosome in bacterial and should be used ____________. Multiple choice question. to treat chronic gastric reflux disease only in life-threatening situations due to human-toxicity to treat specifically viral infections; examples include herpes viruses and hepatitis viruses to treat most bacterial infections, especially in the liver

only in life-threatening situations due to human-toxicity

A consequence of HIV remaining dormant in memory T cells of the immune system is that HIV-positive individuals _____. Multiple choice question. require drug therapy for life require changing antivirals monthly must be continually monitored for antiviral effectiveness take years to eventually be cured

require drug therapy for life

The antibiotic used to treat mycobacterial infections is _____. Multiple choice question. rifampin erythromycin penicillin fluoroquinolones

rifampin

A successful antimicrobial agent has------------ , the ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogens with little or no damage to the host.

selective toxicity

The ability to kill or inhibit microbial pathogens while causing minimal damage to the host is called _____. Multiple choice question. selective toxicity broad spectrum metabolic antagonism narrow spectrum

selective toxicity

Naturally occurring antibiotics that have been chemically modified are called ______. Multiple choice question. therapeutic synthetic semi-synthetic organic

semi-synthetic

Naturally occurring antibiotics that have been chemically modified by the addition of chemical groups are called------ antibiotics.

semi-synthetic

The structure of sulfa drugs is characterized by a(n) _____. Multiple choice question. β-lactam ring with sulfur group lactone ring cyclohexane ring with sulfur group similarity to p-aminobenzoic acid

similarity to p-aminobenzoic acid

Antimetabolites are similar in structure to the of key enzymes and compete with them for binding at the enzyme active site.

substrates.

The class of antibiotics that are structural analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid is the _____. Multiple choice question. macrolides tetracyclines sulfonamides oxazolidinones

sulfonamides

The class of antibiotics that are structural analogues of p-aminobenzoic acid is the _____. Multiple choice question. sulfonamides tetracyclines oxazolidinones macrolides

sulfonamides

toenail fungus and thrush are classified as mycoses.

superficial

Sulfa drugs and trimethoprim are often used together because lower dosages of each drug can be used. This type of interaction between drugs is called a(n) drug effect.

synergistic

The side effects and toxicity of antiprotozoan drugs in humans is primarily due to _____. Multiple choice question. protozoans responding to the drugs by burrowing into nearby host cells the drugs inducing protozoan chemical defenses endotoxins that are released by damage of protozoan cells the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells

the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells

The side effects and toxicity of antiprotozoan drugs in humans is primarily due to _____. Multiple choice question. the drugs inducing protozoan chemical defenses the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells endotoxins that are released by damage of protozoan cells protozoans responding to the drugs by burrowing into nearby host cells

the drugs targeting protozoan enzymes and processes also present in human cells

HIV-infected individuals require drug therapy for life because _____. Multiple choice question. antiviral medications are not very effective the virus replicates extremely slowly the virus is predominant in the population the virus remains dormant in immune cells

the virus remains dormant in immune cells

Due to the similarities of human and fungal cells, most antifungal drugs have a low------------ index.

therapeutic

The structural component of the penicillin molecule that is critical for antimicrobial activity is the _______. Multiple choice question. β-lactam ring cyclohexane ring lactone ring β-pleated sheet

β-lactam ring

The basis of penicillin resistance in bacteria is the ability to produce enzymes called penicillinases or _______. Multiple choice question. β-lactamases aminoglycosides acetyltransferases α-amylases

β-lactamases