Chapter 9 carbon chemistry study questions

Substituted hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon in which one or more hydrogen atoms have been replaced by an atom or group of atoms is a substituted hydrocarbon. The substituted atom or group of atoms is called a functional group because it determines the properties of the compound.

Hydrocarbon

A hydrocarbon is an organic compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon.

Unsaturated hydrocarbons

A hydrocarbon that contains one or more double or triple bonds is an unsaturated hydrocarbon.

Polymer

A polymer is a large molecule that forms when many smaller molecules are linked together by covalent bonds.

Protein

A protein is a polymer in which at least 100 amino acids monomers are linked through bonds between an amino group and a carboxyl group.

Amino acid

An amino acid is a compound that contains both carboxyl and amino functional groups in the same molecule.

Organic compound

An organic compound comtains carbon and hydrogen, often combined with a few other elements, such as oxygen and nitrogen.

Isomers

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas are isomers.

What are three forms of carbon?

Diamond, graphite, and fullerenes are forms of carbon.

How are photosyntheses and cellular respiration related?

During cellular respiration, the energy stored in the products of photosyntheses is released.

What energy conversion takes place during photosyntheses?

During photosyntheses, energy from sunlight is converted into chemical energy.

Photosyntheses

During photosyntheses, plants chemically combine carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates.

What molecules help cells function efficiently?

Enzymes and vitamins are compounds that help cells function efficiently at normal body temperature.

Enzymes

Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts for reactions in cells. Enzymes allow reactions to proceed faster at much lower temperatures than would normally happen.

How are esters formed?

Esters form when organic acids react with alcohols.

What factors determine the properties of a hydrocarbon?

Factors that determine the properties of a hydrocarbon are the number of carbon atoms and how the atoms are arranged.

What are four types of polymers that organisms can produce?

Four types of polymers produced in plant and animal cells are starches, cellulose, nuclei acids, and proteins.

Aromatic hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons that contain similar ring structures are known as aromatic hydrocarbons.

Network solid

I'm a network solid, all atoms are linked by covalent bonds.

Saturated hydrocarbon

In a saturated hydrocarbon, all of the bonds are single bonds. A saturated hydrocarbon contains the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms for each carbon atom.

Nuclei acids

Nuclei acids are large, nitrogen-filled polymers found mainly in the nuclei of cells.

What is one way polymers can be classified?

Polymers can be classified as natural polymers or synthetic polymers.

What are three examples of synthetic polymers?

Rubber, nylon, and polyethylene are three examples of compounds that can be synthesized.

Carbohydrates

Simple sugars, slightly more complex sugars such as sucrose, and polymers built from sugar monomers are all classified as carbohydrates.

What functional groups are found in alcoholic, organic organic acids, and organic bases?

The functional group in an alcohol is a hydroxyl group-, OH. The functional group in organic acids is a carboxyl group, -COOH. The functional group in an amine is an amino group, -NH2.

What are the two primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels?

The primary products of the complete combustion of fossil fuels are carbon dioxide and water.

Monomers

The smaller molecules that join together to form a polymer are monomers.

What are the three main fossil fuels?

The three main types of fossil fuels are coal, natural gas, and petroleum.

What are the three types of unsaturated hydrocarbons?

There are three types of unsaturated hydrocarbons- alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Vitamins

Vitamins are organic compounds that organisms need in small amounts, but cannot produce.