Chapter 9: Micro
Fertility factor (F factor)
Conjugation in gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the
operator
Region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions. on/off switch
True
True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.
False
True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.
False
True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.
Ames Test
The ________ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.
oncogenic
The mechanisms of __________ transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division.
Corepressor
What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor
Replication
What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?
Photoactivation
Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?
Point Mutations
Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of no more than a few bases are referred to as
DNA Polymerase II
enzyme that proofreads the daughter strand of replicated DNA and corrects any base pairing errors
heredity
is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.
RNA Polymerase
main enzyme responsible for transcription is
Regulatory RNA
may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Anticodon
group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon
Recombination
refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.
DNA Polymerase I
removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA
Genome
represents all of the genetic information within a cell
DNA polymerases are responsible for
proofreading/repair building the DNA chain
Okazoki Fragments
short segments of DNA between the primers on the lagging strand
Bacterial conjugation
the direct transfer of genetic material (DNA) from one bacterial cell to another
Single or double stranded DNA or RNA
the genetic pattern of viral genomes
Structural gene sequences
(encoding proteins) account for the majority of bacterial DNA
Mutation
A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n)
plasmid
A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome
Codon
A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid
Ligase
An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment
Exons
Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.
What is the flow of genetic information in a cell?
DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein
intron
DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene
Introns
DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.
conjugation
Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during
heredity
Genetic inheritance in microorganisms
2
In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of ______ strands.
Plasmid
In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) ________ DNA is considered F-.
F-
In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?
Environmental stimuli and development
In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to
Semiconservative Replication
Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand
Excision
Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.
Oncogenes
Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed
functions of RNA polymerase
Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place
Spontaneous Mutation
a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur randomly
corepressor
a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off
The first three events of translation
initiation elongation termination
Replication
must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)
components of an operon in a sequence of DNA
operator structural genes
Two components of an operon include
operator and structural
Triplet
or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.
Initiation, elongation, termination
order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation
repressor
protein is capable of repressing an operon.