Chapter 9: Micro

Fertility factor (F factor)

Conjugation in gram-negative cells is directed by a plasmid called the

operator

Region of DNA that controls RNA polymerase's access to a set of genes with related functions. on/off switch

True

True or false: A mutation is an alteration in the DNA sequence or content of a cell that is passed on when the cell divides.

False

True or false: Bacterial conjugation is a sexual process.

False

True or false: Mutations are always harmful to cells.

Ames Test

The ________ test is used to determine the carcinogenic potential of a chemical.

oncogenic

The mechanisms of __________ transformation involve genes that can regulate cellular genomes and control the onset of cell division.

Corepressor

What binds with an inactive repressor to make an active repressor

Replication

What must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)?

Photoactivation

Which process repairs DNA that has been damaged by ultraviolet radiation using visible light?

Point Mutations

Mutations that involve the addition, deletion or substitution of no more than a few bases are referred to as

DNA Polymerase II

enzyme that proofreads the daughter strand of replicated DNA and corrects any base pairing errors

heredity

is another term for genetics--the study of inheritance in living things.

RNA Polymerase

main enzyme responsible for transcription is

Regulatory RNA

may exert control on several levels in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Anticodon

group of three bases on a tRNA molecule that are complementary to an mRNA codon

Recombination

refers to the transfer of genes from donor to recipient microorganisms, where the recipient strain shows a change in genetic makeup at the end.

DNA Polymerase I

removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

Genome

represents all of the genetic information within a cell

DNA polymerases are responsible for

proofreading/repair building the DNA chain

Okazoki Fragments

short segments of DNA between the primers on the lagging strand

Bacterial conjugation

the direct transfer of genetic material (DNA) from one bacterial cell to another

Single or double stranded DNA or RNA

the genetic pattern of viral genomes

Structural gene sequences

(encoding proteins) account for the majority of bacterial DNA

Mutation

A permanent inheritable alteration in the DNA sequence of a cell is a(n)

plasmid

A small ring of DNA that carries accessory genes separate from those of the bacterial chromosome

Codon

A specific sequence of three adjacent bases on a strand of DNA or RNA that provides genetic code information for a particular amino acid

Ligase

An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment

Exons

Coding segments of eukaryotic DNA.

What is the flow of genetic information in a cell?

DNA encodes RNA which encodes protein

intron

DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene

Introns

DNA sequences found within a gene that do not encode the protein corresponding to the gene.

conjugation

Donor and recipient bacterial cells are connected by the sex pilus during

heredity

Genetic inheritance in microorganisms

2

In a chromosome, the DNA is composed of ______ strands.

Plasmid

In bacterial conjugation, a recipient cell having no F (fertility) ________ DNA is considered F-.

F-

In bacterial conjugation, which term refers to a recipient cell that does not have a fertility plasmid?

Environmental stimuli and development

In eukaryotic cells, gene expression is regulated in response to

Semiconservative Replication

Method of DNA replication in which parental strands separate, act as templates, and produce molecules of DNA with one parental DNA strand and one new DNA strand

Excision

Proteins that remove incorrect bases and replace them with correct ones are termed ______ repair enzymes.

Oncogenes

Several DNA viruses are known to be initiators of cancers and are thus termed

functions of RNA polymerase

Synthesizes an RNA molecule from DNA template Unwinds the DNA so that transcription can take place

Spontaneous Mutation

a random change in the DNA arising from errors in replication that occur randomly

corepressor

a small molecule that cooperates with a repressor protein to switch an operon off

The first three events of translation

initiation elongation termination

Replication

must occur prior to cell division to ensure that each new cell has a complete set of DNA chromosome(s)

components of an operon in a sequence of DNA

operator structural genes

Two components of an operon include

operator and structural

Triplet

or codon, is a sequence of 3 nucleotides in DNA that encodes an amino acid.

Initiation, elongation, termination

order of events when a protein is made in the process of translation

repressor

protein is capable of repressing an operon.