Chapter 9 Soil Physical Properties Lecture Questions, Chapter 15, Chapter 14, Chapter 12 & 13 Lecture Questions
What kind of environmental injury causes edges of plant leaves to feather and necrotic?
Windburn
What are the soil forming factors?
climate, organisms, relief, parent material, time
9. The first pesticides used for pest control included.....
copper, lead, organic salts, arsenic, nicotine, pyrethrum. Some very toxic and expensive
10. What are component(s) of an IPM Program?
Pest Identification Field Monitoring Control Action Guidelines Preventing Pest Problems Integrating Management Tools Chemical weed control
17. What happens when the pest's complex of natural enemies are killed by a pesticide application?
Pest resurgence
Which term describes the amount of precipitation that ends up on the root zone at the right time?
Effective precipitation
What method is used to measure the total dissolved salts in the soil?
Electrical conductivity
8. Early attempts of pest control included...
crop rotation, burning, tillage, hand removal
Higher exchange capacities usually means more fertile soils. True or false
false
What is the term that describes the ability of soil to hold nutrients and release them later to plant roots?
Exchange capacity
2. We use IPM to completely kill all the pests in a given area. True or False
False
9. Mites are very small insects that live under the leaves of plants.
False
Peds are man-made aggregates and clods are natural aggregates. True or false
False
Warmer air holds more water than colder air. True or false
False
11. Which IPM component measures and records factors such as crop, weather and soil factors?
Field monitor
How does time have effect soil formation?
Forms harizons
11. What account for most plant diseases?
Fungi
12. What is the number one method of disease control used in plants?
Fungicides
Which soil structure is best for agricultural soils?
Granular
Which term describes the number of degrees above the growing temperature of a specific crop for a given day?
Growing degrees
Which term describes the number of days between the first and the last killing frost?
Growing season
Which term describes the sum of the average growing degrees for the entire season in an area?
Heat units
Which states are considered the Cotton Belt?
SOUTHERN CAL, ARIZONA, TEXAS, LOUISIANA, ALABAMA, GEORGIA, CAROLINAS
What kind of injury is a nutrient toxicity and causes plant leaf necrosis, yellowing(chlorosis), and plant stunting?
Salt burn (nutrient toxicity)
What kind of soil has the highest infiltration rate?
Sand
What kind of soil has the highest water holding capacity?
Silty clay
What term describes the measurement of the amount of hydrogen ions in the soil?
Soil pH
What temperature range do C4 plants grow best in?
55 - 105 O F
What kind of damage does heat stress cause plants?
"incipient wilt" or "summer slump"; plant wilts in mid-day, but recovers at dusk. Yield loss, but no permanent visible damage
What is relative humidity?
% water vapor in air relative to saturation
Semiarid regions receive what amount of precipitation?
10 - 20"
What temperature range do C3 plants grow best in?
32 - 95 O F
4. Proper use of plant inspection stations _______________ 5. Growing resistant varieties _______________________ 6. Cultivation ____________________________________ 7. Continual use of pesticides ________________________
4. Preventative 5. Preventative 6. Suppression 7. Eradication
16. What is an example of a vertebrate?
Animals with a backbone: • Gophers • Moles • Squirrels • Mice • Rabbits • Birds
3. Which type of weed lives for 1 season then dies?
Annuals Cheatgrass, wild oats, pigweed, Lambsquarter, Russian thistle
The direction of slope is also known as...
Aspect
4. Which type of weed lives for 2 seasons then dies?
Biennials Cheatgrass, wild oats, pigweed, Lambsquarter, Russian thistle
14. The activity of one species that reduces the adverse affect of other species is known as....
Biological control
What is the name of the soil structure where soil particles are arranged so that peds form angular blocks upon drying, can be fair agricultural soils, usually high clay content, shrink swell, and has low water penetration?
Blocky
What molecules in the air are needed by the plant for growth?
CO2 , O2 , and N2 needed for growth
What terms describes clay particles almost "explode" and spread clay crystals throughout soil and is caused by too much salt in the soil?
Clay dispersion or defloculation
What is the most important factor determining type of soil?
Climate
What is the number one factor effecting crop production?
Climate
Describe the Temperate Zone.
Climate zones with moderate temperatures that are located between the tropical zones and the polar zones. Climate Zone that we live in, and the only zone with 4 distinct seasons.
Which of the 4 major climate types includes cold winters and hot summers?
Continental
12. Which IPM component uses tolerable injury levels to tell the pest manager whether action is needed or not?
Control action guidelines
What term best describes Chlorosis and leaf margin necrosis (leaf burn)?
Direct toxicity of sodium chloride
What is topography?
the arrangement of land
Soil texture can be determinized by what type of measurement?
Hydrometer
1. What does IPM stand for?
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
13. Animals without backbones are considered...
INVERTIBRATES
Which region is considered the Corn Belt?
IOWA, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, OHIO
What is known as the inches per hour of water that sinks into the soil from the surface?
Infiltration rate
Which term describes the lines on a map that connect points having the same temperature at a given time or over a period of time?
Isotherm
Which region is considered the Wheat Belt?
KANSAS, MISSOURI, TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA
3. What term refers to a pest that causes major damage on a regular basis, like naval orange worm in almonds?
Key pest
According to the Annual Mean Total Precipitation map, what is the average rainfall for the central valley in California?
Less than 5.01 - 12.00
What specific soil type is the best textural class for agricultural soils?
Loamy soil
What is the name of the soil structure that has no organized arrangement of particles, no real structure, very poor soils for agriculture, and little water penetration?
Massive
According to the graph of the U.S, what kind of climate does California have?
Mediterranean
14. What is the most important invertebrate crop pest?
Nematodes
What kind of agricultural regions are California and Florida?
ORANGE BELT
The % sand, silt, and clay is used to determine the textural class with the aid of what?
Soil texture triangle
Where are the largest crop productionareas in the world located?
Temperate Zone
What type of soil forming factor is the fastest?
Time
1. A noxious weed is on a state and/or federal list because it is hard to control. True or False
True
15. For production agriculture and in the long run, the cost of pest control should never exceed the economic return. True/False
True
15. Nematodes are usually controlled through fumigation and crop rotation. True/False
True
6. Weed seeds have many more mechanisms of dissemination than crop seeds. True/False
True
Condensed fog is considered a type of precipitation. True or false
True
pH affects availability of many nutrients. True or false
True
17. What cost billions of dollars in crop damage each year?
Vertebrates
What is the weight of water per unit volume of soil after most gravitational drainage known as?
Water Holding Capacity
Describe adiabatic temperature.
a process on which heat does not enter or leave the system
A pH below 6.5 is _____________ and above 7.5 is___________.
acidic and basic
8. What is a bug?
kingdom Animalia and phylum Arthropoda: •Invertebrates having exoskeletons and jointed legs (insects, spiders, crabs)
Describe a macroclimate.
large scale, long term • Four major climate types: • Continental - inland, cold winters, hot summers • Marine - mild, near coasts • Montaine - altitude affects precipt. and temp. • Latitudinal - colder at high latitudes
What does the term biota mean?
microbes and plant roots in the soil
Describe a microclimate.
most important for crop production, localized, actually changed by crop
A pH of 6.5 to 7.5 considered to be what for soil?
neutral
All soils are combinations of what 3 main particlessizes?
no pure sands, silts, or clays
Explain "parent material".
originally all from solid rock; few "young" soils now
Which of the following effects the pest's environment in the soil?
pH and organic matter
What is light necessary for in plants?
photosynthesis
What are the most common texture classes?
sandy loams, silt loams, and clay loams
Describe adiabatic cooling.
the process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure.
16. Repeated applications of a single pesticide can lead to the development of pesticide resistant species. True/False
true
13. In most cases, tolerable level is _________, because by the time you see damage, yields have already been hurt.
zero
How does wind cause injury to plants?
• Dessication - extreme drying • Sandblast
List the 5 parts of climate.
• PRECIPITATION • TEMPERATURE • HUMIDITY • LIGHT • AIR: _____• WIND _____• POLLUTANTS
10. In general, what controls insect populations the most?
•Cultural •Insecticides - most effective •Resistant varieties • Standard • GMOs •Biological
2. Weeds can cause:
•Decreased crop yields •Lower crop quality •Harboring plant pests •Increased irrigation costs •Injury to livestock •Decreased land values
7. What are the methods of weed control?
•Good management •Cultivation•Herbicides - Most effective •Burning•Nurse crops •Biocontrol
List the particles sizes of soil in order from largest to smallest.
•Gravel = greater than 2.0 mm in diameter •Sand = .05 to 2.0 mm in diameter •Silt = .002 to .049 mm in diameter •Clay = less than .002 mm in diameter
What are the top 4 soil physical properties?
•Texture •Structure •Water holding capacity •Infiltration Rate