Chapter 9 Soil Physical Properties Lecture Questions, Chapter 15, Chapter 14, Chapter 12 & 13 Lecture Questions

What kind of environmental injury causes edges of plant leaves to feather and necrotic?

Windburn

What are the soil forming factors?

climate, organisms, relief, parent material, time

9. The first pesticides used for pest control included.....

copper, lead, organic salts, arsenic, nicotine, pyrethrum. Some very toxic and expensive

10. What are component(s) of an IPM Program?

Pest Identification Field Monitoring Control Action Guidelines Preventing Pest Problems Integrating Management Tools Chemical weed control

17. What happens when the pest's complex of natural enemies are killed by a pesticide application?

Pest resurgence

Which term describes the amount of precipitation that ends up on the root zone at the right time?

Effective precipitation

What method is used to measure the total dissolved salts in the soil?

Electrical conductivity

8. Early attempts of pest control included...

crop rotation, burning, tillage, hand removal

Higher exchange capacities usually means more fertile soils. True or false

false

What is the term that describes the ability of soil to hold nutrients and release them later to plant roots?

Exchange capacity

2. We use IPM to completely kill all the pests in a given area. True or False

False

9. Mites are very small insects that live under the leaves of plants.

False

Peds are man-made aggregates and clods are natural aggregates. True or false

False

Warmer air holds more water than colder air. True or false

False

11. Which IPM component measures and records factors such as crop, weather and soil factors?

Field monitor

How does time have effect soil formation?

Forms harizons

11. What account for most plant diseases?

Fungi

12. What is the number one method of disease control used in plants?

Fungicides

Which soil structure is best for agricultural soils?

Granular

Which term describes the number of degrees above the growing temperature of a specific crop for a given day?

Growing degrees

Which term describes the number of days between the first and the last killing frost?

Growing season

Which term describes the sum of the average growing degrees for the entire season in an area?

Heat units

Which states are considered the Cotton Belt?

SOUTHERN CAL, ARIZONA, TEXAS, LOUISIANA, ALABAMA, GEORGIA, CAROLINAS

What kind of injury is a nutrient toxicity and causes plant leaf necrosis, yellowing(chlorosis), and plant stunting?

Salt burn (nutrient toxicity)

What kind of soil has the highest infiltration rate?

Sand

What kind of soil has the highest water holding capacity?

Silty clay

What term describes the measurement of the amount of hydrogen ions in the soil?

Soil pH

What temperature range do C4 plants grow best in?

55 - 105 O F

What kind of damage does heat stress cause plants?

"incipient wilt" or "summer slump"; plant wilts in mid-day, but recovers at dusk. Yield loss, but no permanent visible damage

What is relative humidity?

% water vapor in air relative to saturation

Semiarid regions receive what amount of precipitation?

10 - 20"

What temperature range do C3 plants grow best in?

32 - 95 O F

4. Proper use of plant inspection stations _______________ 5. Growing resistant varieties _______________________ 6. Cultivation ____________________________________ 7. Continual use of pesticides ________________________

4. Preventative 5. Preventative 6. Suppression 7. Eradication

16. What is an example of a vertebrate?

Animals with a backbone: • Gophers • Moles • Squirrels • Mice • Rabbits • Birds

3. Which type of weed lives for 1 season then dies?

Annuals Cheatgrass, wild oats, pigweed, Lambsquarter, Russian thistle

The direction of slope is also known as...

Aspect

4. Which type of weed lives for 2 seasons then dies?

Biennials Cheatgrass, wild oats, pigweed, Lambsquarter, Russian thistle

14. The activity of one species that reduces the adverse affect of other species is known as....

Biological control

What is the name of the soil structure where soil particles are arranged so that peds form angular blocks upon drying, can be fair agricultural soils, usually high clay content, shrink swell, and has low water penetration?

Blocky

What molecules in the air are needed by the plant for growth?

CO2 , O2 , and N2 needed for growth

What terms describes clay particles almost "explode" and spread clay crystals throughout soil and is caused by too much salt in the soil?

Clay dispersion or defloculation

What is the most important factor determining type of soil?

Climate

What is the number one factor effecting crop production?

Climate

Describe the Temperate Zone.

Climate zones with moderate temperatures that are located between the tropical zones and the polar zones. Climate Zone that we live in, and the only zone with 4 distinct seasons.

Which of the 4 major climate types includes cold winters and hot summers?

Continental

12. Which IPM component uses tolerable injury levels to tell the pest manager whether action is needed or not?

Control action guidelines

What term best describes Chlorosis and leaf margin necrosis (leaf burn)?

Direct toxicity of sodium chloride

What is topography?

the arrangement of land

Soil texture can be determinized by what type of measurement?

Hydrometer

1. What does IPM stand for?

INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

13. Animals without backbones are considered...

INVERTIBRATES

Which region is considered the Corn Belt?

IOWA, SOUTHERN ILLINOIS, OHIO

What is known as the inches per hour of water that sinks into the soil from the surface?

Infiltration rate

Which term describes the lines on a map that connect points having the same temperature at a given time or over a period of time?

Isotherm

Which region is considered the Wheat Belt?

KANSAS, MISSOURI, TENNESSEE, VIRGINIA

3. What term refers to a pest that causes major damage on a regular basis, like naval orange worm in almonds?

Key pest

According to the Annual Mean Total Precipitation map, what is the average rainfall for the central valley in California?

Less than 5.01 - 12.00

What specific soil type is the best textural class for agricultural soils?

Loamy soil

What is the name of the soil structure that has no organized arrangement of particles, no real structure, very poor soils for agriculture, and little water penetration?

Massive

According to the graph of the U.S, what kind of climate does California have?

Mediterranean

14. What is the most important invertebrate crop pest?

Nematodes

What kind of agricultural regions are California and Florida?

ORANGE BELT

The % sand, silt, and clay is used to determine the textural class with the aid of what?

Soil texture triangle

Where are the largest crop productionareas in the world located?

Temperate Zone

What type of soil forming factor is the fastest?

Time

1. A noxious weed is on a state and/or federal list because it is hard to control. True or False

True

15. For production agriculture and in the long run, the cost of pest control should never exceed the economic return. True/False

True

15. Nematodes are usually controlled through fumigation and crop rotation. True/False

True

6. Weed seeds have many more mechanisms of dissemination than crop seeds. True/False

True

Condensed fog is considered a type of precipitation. True or false

True

pH affects availability of many nutrients. True or false

True

17. What cost billions of dollars in crop damage each year?

Vertebrates

What is the weight of water per unit volume of soil after most gravitational drainage known as?

Water Holding Capacity

Describe adiabatic temperature.

a process on which heat does not enter or leave the system

A pH below 6.5 is _____________ and above 7.5 is___________.

acidic and basic

8. What is a bug?

kingdom Animalia and phylum Arthropoda: •Invertebrates having exoskeletons and jointed legs (insects, spiders, crabs)

Describe a macroclimate.

large scale, long term • Four major climate types: • Continental - inland, cold winters, hot summers • Marine - mild, near coasts • Montaine - altitude affects precipt. and temp. • Latitudinal - colder at high latitudes

What does the term biota mean?

microbes and plant roots in the soil

Describe a microclimate.

most important for crop production, localized, actually changed by crop

A pH of 6.5 to 7.5 considered to be what for soil?

neutral

All soils are combinations of what 3 main particlessizes?

no pure sands, silts, or clays

Explain "parent material".

originally all from solid rock; few "young" soils now

Which of the following effects the pest's environment in the soil?

pH and organic matter

What is light necessary for in plants?

photosynthesis

What are the most common texture classes?

sandy loams, silt loams, and clay loams

Describe adiabatic cooling.

the process of reducing heat through a change in air pressure.

16. Repeated applications of a single pesticide can lead to the development of pesticide resistant species. True/False

true

13. In most cases, tolerable level is _________, because by the time you see damage, yields have already been hurt.

zero

How does wind cause injury to plants?

• Dessication - extreme drying • Sandblast

List the 5 parts of climate.

• PRECIPITATION • TEMPERATURE • HUMIDITY • LIGHT • AIR: _____• WIND _____• POLLUTANTS

10. In general, what controls insect populations the most?

•Cultural •Insecticides - most effective •Resistant varieties • Standard • GMOs •Biological

2. Weeds can cause:

•Decreased crop yields •Lower crop quality •Harboring plant pests •Increased irrigation costs •Injury to livestock •Decreased land values

7. What are the methods of weed control?

•Good management •Cultivation•Herbicides - Most effective •Burning•Nurse crops •Biocontrol

List the particles sizes of soil in order from largest to smallest.

•Gravel = greater than 2.0 mm in diameter •Sand = .05 to 2.0 mm in diameter •Silt = .002 to .049 mm in diameter •Clay = less than .002 mm in diameter

What are the top 4 soil physical properties?

•Texture •Structure •Water holding capacity •Infiltration Rate