Chapter 9 - Thinking, Language, and Intelligence

In the Iranian orphanage studied by J. McVicker Hunt, the typical child could not sit up unassisted at age _____ or walk at age _____.

2; 4

The English language has about _____ phonemes. Researchers have identified about _____ different phonemes in human speech.

40; 869

Sonja took an intelligence test to determine the level of her mental functioning. Her Wechsler score was below 98 percent of test-takers. Her score was:

70

A 6-year-old who responds to the original Stanford-Binet test with the proficiency typical of an average 9-year-old is said to have a mental age of _____ years.

9

Many bilingual individuals report that they have different senses of self, depending on which language they are using. They may even reveal different personality profiles when taking the same test in their two languages. This seems to support the linguistic determinism hypothesis of _____.

Benjamin Whorf

expanding the number of possible problem solutions; creative thinking that diverges in different directions.

divergent thinking

The ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use feelings is called _____ intelligence.

emotional

Willis asks his boss for a day off two days before a multi-million-dollar project proposal is due. Willis' timing illustrates a lack of _____ intelligence.

emotional

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

framing

The intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet is closely tied to the idea of:

general intelligence factor

Similar intelligence test scores for identical twins raised apart are taken as evidence for the importance of _____ influences on intelligence test scores.

genetic

To solve a problem, we often make use of a simple but efficient thinking strategy. This strategy is called a(n) _____.

heuristic

According to Robert Sternberg, which of the following provides the ability to see things in novel ways, to recognize patterns, and to make connections?

imaginative thinking skills

_____ is our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

language

Benjamin Whorf's _________ ___________ hypothesis states that a person's language shapes his or her thinking.

linguistic determination

the tendency to be more confident than correct—to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

overconfidence

The smallest, distinctive sounds of any language is/are:

phonemes

Intelligence tests are expected to have _____ validity so that they may guide future educational decisions.

predictive

A(n) _____is a mental image of all the features associated with a category.

prototype

Matching new items to a(n) _____ provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into existing mental categories

prototype

People more quickly recognize a blue jay as a bird than they recognize a penguin as a bird because a blue jay more closely resembles their _____ of a bird.

prototype

Intelligence can be defined as a mental quality that consists of the ability to learn from experience, _____, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

solve problems

Women have been found to score lower on difficult math tests when they are tested alongside men. This best illustrates the impact of _____.

stereotype threat

Critics of ape language research have argued that there is little evidence that apes can equal even a 3-year-old's ability to order words with proper _____.

syntax

If someone estimates the likelihood of events based on the ease with which they retrieve them from memory, they presume such events are common. This is called the _____.

availability heuristic

Falguni graduated with honors from Harvard. Before college, she scored in the top 2 percent on the SAT. One could argue that this is evidence that the SAT is _____.

valid

A person's accumulated knowledge and _____ are referred to as crystallized intelligence.

verbal skills

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

availability heuristic.

Alessa achieved an intelligence test score of 100 on a current version of the Stanford-Binet test. This indicates that, relative to others her age, her intellectual abilities are supposedly _________.

average

Group differences and the stereotype threat can be offset by having students focus on the idea that intelligence is _____.

changeable

Amelia has a cockatiel that she has trained to discriminate between pictures of dogs and cats. When she shows the bird a picture of a dog, the bird pecks at a dog symbol on the cage. When shown a picture of a cat, the cockatiel pecks at a cat symbol. The bird is showing that it can form ________.

concepts

Pigeons can reliably discriminate pictures of cars from pictures of chairs. This best illustrates their capacity to develop:

concepts

One of the criteria for a diagnosis of intellectual disability is difficulty with _____ skills, which include language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and numbers.

conceptual

_____ include(s) language, literacy, and concepts of money, time, and numbers.

conceptual skills

A tendency to search for information that supports preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence is known as _____.

confirmation bias

Critics of chimp language note that ape vocabularies and sentences are simple and most closely resemble those of a _____-year-old child.

2

By the age of _____, an infant's typical babbling has changed so that a trained ear can identify the language of the household.

10 months

Rihannon has been told that her infant has an extra chromosome 21 in his genetic makeup. This suggests that the infant will suffer from _____.

Down Syndrome

As people age, they tend to gain vocabulary and knowledge, which are symptomatic of _____ intelligence.

crystallized

Christy moved from her home state so that she could attend graduate school in her desired field of study. She did not know anyone in her new city and quickly spent all the money she had saved. She received little support from her family, but she got a part-time job and continued her studies until she earned her degree. Christy has:

a venturesome personality

A test on the text discussion of aging and intelligence would be an example of a(n):

achievement test

Jaeden's friend is nervous about his upcoming final exam in art history class. She tells him not to worry because it is a(n) _____ test, which affects only his grade in one course, not an _____ test, such as the MCAT (Medical College Admission Test).

achievement; aptitude

a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.

algorithm

An impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage either to Broca's area or to Wernicke's area, is known as:

aphasia

An inability to speak or understand language is known as:

aphasia

A potential source of irrationality is the tendency to cling to beliefs in the face of contradictory evidence, known as:

belief perseverance

Bill insisted that Neptune is larger in size than Uranus. Even after Jon showed him on the NASA fact sheet that he was incorrect—Neptune has the greater mass but Uranus is larger in size—Bill refused to believe it. Instead, he insisted that NASA was wrong. This is an example of _____.

belief perseverance

In one experiment, researchers were able to lessen the effects of ________ ____________by getting participants to consider the opposite point of view.

belief perseverance

When Kelly's professor failed to recognize that Kelly had her hand raised to answer a question, Kelly began to think her professor was unfriendly. Kelly later learned that the professor's limited vision kept him from seeing her raised hand, but she continued to think he was unfriendly. Kelly's reaction BEST illustrates _____.

belief perseverance

clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited.

belief perseverance

As adopted children get older, their intelligence test scores tend to become more like their ________ parents.

biological

Rumi is about to graduate with a B.A. in psychology and is planning to attend graduate school. Her primary interests are in memory storage, problem solving, and communication. She is MOST interested in _____.

cognition

The mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating is known as:

cognition

Professor Musgrave's research identifies circumstances in a person's bias that are especially likely to impede effective problem solving. Her research is most likely in the area of _____ psychology.

cognitive

a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

concept

People tend to search for information that supports what they already believe. This is known as _____.

confirmation bias

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

confirmation bias

As a general rule, _____ phonemes carry more information than _____ phonemes. Please choose the correct answer from the following choices, and then select the submit answer button.

consonant; vowel

Melissa is taking an intelligence test, which will measure her ability for:

convergent thinking

narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution.

convergent thinking

A researcher is likely to suggest that a person who is interested in developing his or her _________should take up yoga.

creativity

According to Sternberg, expertise, imagination, intrinsic motivation, a venturesome personality, and the proper environment are the five components of:

creativity

the ability to produce new and valuable ideas.

creativity

Maggie, a graduate student at a local university, is interested in the impact on intelligence of the No Child Left Behind legislation. So she gives an intelligence test to people ranging in age from 15 to 45. Maggie is conducting a(n) _____ study.

cross-sectional

Mike is wondering what happens to a person after death. This is an example of _____ intelligence.

existential

Boris wants to become a doctor when he grows up and find cures for deadly diseases. For him to achieve his goals, researchers would recommend that he develop _____ in the field of medicine.

expertise

While working on a problem, people often think about it for a long time until all of a sudden the solution comes to them. This is an example of _____.

insight

a sudden realization of a problem's solution; contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

insight

An instructor has just asked the class, "What is intelligence?" Which of the following statements embodies the spirit of psychology's simplest answer?

intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure

Fast, automatic, and unreasoned feeling and thought is known as:

intuition

Instead of taking the time to rationally think about every situation we face on a daily basis, we often resort to:

intuition

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

intuition

Benjamin Whorf's theory that language determines the way humans think is known as the _____ hypothesis.

linguistic determinism

The original intelligence test developed by Alfred Binet and Théodore Simon set out to measure _____, which refers to the chronological age that typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

mental age

David tends to study the same way for every course, no matter the subject. So far, he has been successful. This is an example of a(n) _____.

mental set

Students tend to study the same way for every course, especially when they have been successful in previous courses. This is an example of a(n) _____.

mental set

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

mental set

Dr. Katz, who is conducting a multi-site trial of a new drug for treating depression, needs to create a scale that will consistently provide objective data on a weekly basis. The scores should change only in response to the positive effects of the drug. She needs a scale with good:

reliability

Although he is unable to speak coherently and has been diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder, 18-year-old Dustin can produce intricate and detailed drawings of scenes he has viewed only once. Dustin illustrates a condition known as _____ syndrome.

savant

Immortalized in the movie Rain Man, Dustin Hoffman's character performs mind-boggling feats of mathematical calculations, yet he cannot perform the simplest of tasks such as determining how much change he should receive when buying a candy bar. This is known as:

savant syndrome

When we add -s to the word apple, we are referring to more than one apple. This illustrates an English-language rule of:

semantics

In looking at differences in mental ability between groups, many social scientists see race primarily as a(n) _____ construction without well-defined physical boundaries.

social

Robert Sternberg believed that there were _____ types of intelligence, while Howard Gardner originally was convinced that there were _____.

three; eight

Robert Sternberg suggests that there are _____ intelligences; his theory is known as the _____ theory.

three; triarchic

Damage to Wernicke's area disrupts accurate speaking and _____.

understanding