Chapter Six: Suffix Morphemes and Allomorphs

x-ate (2) x-ite x-ute x-se x-ete

(Adjective implies continuing action) e-ed(-ing) oppos-ite ~ oppose-ed(-ing) ~ opposing

x-ate (4) x-ite x-ute x-se x-ete

(Noun: implies a result) x-ed(-thing) *an* oppos-ite ; an oppose-ed(-thing) ; a thing (which has been) opposed *a* compos-ite ; a compe-ed(-thing) ; a thing (which has been) composed

x-ate (3) x-ite x-ute x-se x-ete x-t

(Verb: to make x-ed) to x-ed (-ize) *to* compl-ete ~ to fill-ed(-ize) ~ to make (something) be filled

x-ate (1) x-ite x-ute x-se x-ete x-t

(having been) x-ed (e.g., literate into [having been] lettered, opposite into [having been] opposed)

X-ent (1) e.g., consist-ent

English Equivalent: -ing Meaning: adjective Example: consist-ing = consisting

x-(i)ment e.g., imped-iment

English Equivalent: x-(ing-) ness Example: impede-(ing-)ness; the quality of impeding

x-ible e.g., compres-ible & fall-ible

English Equivalent: x-able; *able to be x-ed* Example: compress-able; able to be compressed fall-able; able to fall

x-ite e.g., defin-ite & oppos-ite

English Equivalent: x-ed Example: define-ed = defined oppose-ed = opposed

x-se e.g., diver-se

English Equivalent: x-ed Example: diver[t]-ed = diverted

x-ate e.g., liter-ate

English Equivalent: x-ed Example: le[t]ter-ed = lettered

x-ute e.g., resol-ute

English Equivalent: x-ed Example: resol[ve]-ed = resolved

x-it-ive e.g., defin-it-ive

English Equivalent: x-ed-ish Example: define-ed-ish; tending to have been defined

x-at-ive e.g., deriv-at-ive

English Equivalent: x-ed-ish (implies a result) Example: deriv[e]-ed-ish; tending to have been derived

X-or E.g., govern-or

English Equivalent: x-er Meaning: One who/something which does x Example: govern-er One who governs/something which governs

X-er e.g., defend-er & fend-er

English Equivalent: x-er Meaning: one who/something which does x Example: defend-er ; one who defends fend-er; something which fends [off]

x-ous e.g., zeal-ous

English Equivalent: x-full; full of x Example: zeal-full; full of zeal

X-ant (1) e.g., resist-ant

English Equivalent: x-ing Meaning: (adjective) Example: resist-ing = resisting

X-ient (1) e.g., pat-ient

English Equivalent: x-ing Meaning: (adjective) Example: suffer-ing(-er); suffering

X-ient (2) e.g., a patient

English Equivalent: x-ing (-er) Meaning: (adjective) + (agent); one who is x-ing Example: suffer-ing (-er); one who is suffering

X-ent (2) e.g., presid-ent

English Equivalent: x-ing (-er) Meaning: (adjective) + (agent) = one who is x-ing Example: preside-ing (-er); one who is presiding

X-ant (2) e.g., defend-ant

English Equivalent: x-ing (-er) Meaning: (adjective) + (agent) one who is x-ing Example: defend-ing (-er); one who is defending

x-ure e.g., seiz-ure

English Equivalent: x-ing(-ness) Example: seize-ing(-ness); the result of seizing

X-an-cy e.g., expectancy

English Equivalent: x-ing-ness Meaning: from Latin x-ant-ia Example: expect-ing-ness; the act of expecting

X-en-cy e.g., consist-en-cy

English Equivalent: x-ing-ness Meaning: from Latin x-ent-ia Example: consist-ing-ness; the state of consisting

X-en-ce e.g., persist-en-ce

English Equivalent: x-ing-ness Meaning: from Latin x-ent-ia Example: persist-ing-ness; the act of persisting

X-ien-ce e.g., convenience

English Equivalent: x-ing-ness Meaning: from Latin x-ient-ia Example: convene-ing-ness; the act of convening

X-ien-cy e.g., effic-ien-cy

English Equivalent: x-ing-ness Meaning: from Latin x-ient-ia Example: effect[t]-ing-ness; the quality of effecting

X-an-ce Vari-an-ce

English Equivalent: x-ing-ness Meaning: from Latin x-ant-ia Example: vary-ing-ness; the result of varying

x-ary e.g., exempl-ary

English Equivalent: x-ish Example: example-ish; tending to [be an] example

x-ar e.g., famili-ar

English Equivalent: x-ish Example: family-ish; pertaining to family

x-ac e.g.., mani-ac

English Equivalent: x-ish Example: mani[a]-ish; pertaining to mania

x-ic e.g., publ-ic

English Equivalent: x-ish Example: people-ish; pertaining to people

x-al e.g., famili-al

English Equivalent: x-ish Example: family-ish; pertaining to family

x-ive e.g., express-ive

English Equivalent: x-ish *pertaining/related/tending to* Example: express-ish; tending to express

x-ify solid-ify

English Equivalent: x-ize Meaning: *to make x* Example: solid-ize; to make solid

x-ize e.g., famili-ar-ize

English Equivalent: x-ize Meaning: *to make x; to (do the action of) x* Example: family-ish-ize; to make family-ish

x-ity e.g., impetuos-ity

English Equivalent: x-ness Example: impetuous-ness; the state of being impet-uous

x-{ion} e.g., elaborat-ion

English Equivalent: x-ness Meaning: Allomorphs: x-io, x-ion Example: elaborate-ness; the result of elaborating

X-cy e.g., constan-cy & litera-cy

English Equivalent: x-ness Meaning: from Latin x-ient-ia Example: constan[t]-ness; the quality of being constant & litera[te]-ness; the result of being lettered

X-ia e.g., inert-ia & dement-ia

English Equivalent: x-ness Meaning: the state/act/result of x Example: inert-ness; the state of being inert, dement[ed]-ness; the state of being demented

ab litigat-ion-e de litigat-ion-e

arising from litigation OR of/about/concerning litigation

ex litigat-ion-e

arising out of litigation

in litigat-ion-e

in litigation

Common roots: solv(e)-, solu-, solut-

loosen, make free

sta-, -sist-

stand

Common roots: fend-

strike

Common roots: pat(i)(e)-, pass-

suffer

sub litigat-ion-e

under litigation

x-(i)ment

x-(ing-)ness: the state/act/result/quality of x-ing

x-ible

x-able: able to be x-ed

x-s-ive

x-ed(-ing)-ish (E.g., perva-s-ive; pervad(e)-ed(-ing)-ish; tending to be pervading

x-(-at-)-ion (2)

x-ed(-ing)-ness (implies a continuing action) oppos-it-ion; oppose-ed(-ing)-ness; the act of opposing

x-se (5)

x-ed(-ize-ness) (E.g., de-fen-se; away-strike-ed(-ize-ness); the act of (making something) be struck away

x-(-at-)-ure

x-ed-ing(-ness) (E.g., sign-at-ure; a sign-ed-ing(-ness); the result of signing

x-t-ive x-at-ive x-it-ive

x-ed-ish: pertaining/related/tending to x-ed

x-(-at-)-ion (1)

x-ed-ness (implies a result) a compos-it-ion; a compose-ed-ness: a composed thing

x-or x-er

x-er: one who/something which does x

x-ous

x-full: full of x

x-ent (1) x-ant x-ient

x-ing (e.g., consisting)

x-ent (2) x-ant x-ient

x-ing (er): one who is x-ing

x-ure

x-ing(-ness): the state/act/result/quality of x-ing

x-en-ce x-en-cy x-an-ce x-an-cy x-ien-ce x-ien-cy

x-ing-ness: the state/act/result/quality of x-ing

Latin Endings x-io (E.g., litigat-io)

x-ion ; an x-ion litigat-ion ; a litigation

Latin Endings x-ion-e (E.g., litigat-ion-e)

x-ion-from; about/from/off...x-ion litigat-ion-from; arising from litigation

Latin Endings x-ion-es (E.g., litigat-ion-nes)

x-ion-s ; (several) x-ions litigat-ion-s ; (several) litigations

x-ive x-ic x-ac x-al x-ar x-ary

x-ish: pertaining/related/tending to x

x-ize z-ify

x-ize: to make x; to (do the action of x) (e.g., solid-ize, to make solid)

x-ia x-cy x-ion x-ity

x-ness: the state/act/result/quality of x (or of being x-ed)