Chapters 15 and 16

Last Supper, 15th century, Leonardo

(fig 16.2)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1495-98) By: _________________________

Pieta, 15th century, Michelangelo

(fig 16.6)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1498) By: _________________________

David, 16th century, Michelangelo

(fig 16.7)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1501-04) By: _________________________

Sistine Ceiling, 16th century, Michelangelo

(fig 16.8)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1508-12) By: _________________________

Venus of Urbino, 16th century, Titian

(fig 16.15)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1538) By: _________________________

Annunciation, 15th century, Fra Angelico

(fig 15.10)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1440-45) By: _________________________

Palazzo Medici-Riccardi, 15th century, Michellozzo

(fig 15.12)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1444) By: _________________________

Camera Picta, 15th century, Mantegna

(fig 15.22)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1444) By: _________________________

competed, Naples, northern, city states, Rome, republics, republics

Ch 15 Italian Peninsula regions of different sizes and political organizations ___________ with each other economically in on Battlefield South: kingdom of __________ was monarchy While Duke's, princes, and despots ____________ Italy into ______-___________ (Milan, Mantua, and Urbino) Pope returned from Avignon to _________ to reclaim control of Papal States. Major trading cities of Florence and Venice formed ____________ (mercantile elites controlled political power) Cultural flowering of Renaissance occurred throughout Italy, birthplace in ______________

France, three-quarter, hands, pyramid, chiaroscuro, within, evocative, drapery, sfumato, features, personality, pentimento,

ch 16 Mona Lisa (fig 16.3) by Leonardo da Vinci 1503 - 05 oil on panel After French invaded Milan, Leonardo return to Florence He painted the portrait of a woman, whom vasari identified as Lisa di Gherardo, wife of Francesco del Giocondo She was 25 when the portrait made in for some reason unclear Leonardo kept this painting throughout his life, after his death in _________ it into the collection of Francis I and thus the Louvre Painting's formal qualities made it remarkable, because in it Leonardo deployed a variety of new techniques to reimagine the female portrait ( during 15th century families commission portraits of elite women at their marriages, usually in profile format that stress subjects expensive garments over her personality or features) Leonardo use the northern European device of the ________-_________ post; he also represents the woman at half-length, so her ____________ are included in the image and her whole face is visible. - This creates a stable ____________, with the cross hands establishing the base for the rest of the figure Light washes over her drawing attention to her features this method of modeling is called ________________, the Italian word for light-dark Artist thinks in terms of three-dimensional bodies, which she renders using dark tones to depict shadows and let her tones for highlights. Instead of emphatic lines, he softens the Contours of his forms in an atmospheric setting. Forms from layers of glazes so soon that the panel appears to cope with a gentle light from ___________, despite the dirty varnish that obscures the painting. Lady sits before ________ landscape, Whose mountainous elements emerged from a cool, Smoky backdrop, well rivers and bridges winding through it Echo the highlights of her _______________ Landscaping woman inhabit a moist atmosphere that produces gentle haze around their forms > this fine haze, called __________ (smokiness), lends an unusual warmth and intimacy to the portrait Artist concentrates on ladies __________ and _________________ (not jewels): renders the veil and the hands gives the woman as much character as the famous smile Vasari helped spread fame of the painting and this skill was not the root of Leonardo's genius Translate to my lady Lisa Took a long time to finish and he ended up keeping it ( virgin and Saint Anne was completed about the same time can tell by similar backgrounds) ______________= paint over something, but it still is visible we can see them fingers Sitting on a chair we can see the arm of the chair with windowsill and background and they're used to be columns Fullish body, waistish, mono lifelike and casual Sprezzatura----> smile, don't care kind of neutral Background blend body together, same tones, lines hair too Road and, her dress to bridge Bridge

logical

ch 16 the Renaissance qualities: Balance, symmetry, ____________, perspective

David, 15th century, Donatello

(fig 15.13)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1420-1460) By: _________________________

Birth of Venus, 15th century, Sandro Botticelli

(fig 15.16)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1485) By: _________________________

The delivery of the keys, 15th century, Perugino

(fig 15.24)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1482) By: _________________________

Dome of Florence cathedral, 15th century, brunelleschi

(fig 15.3)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1420-1436) By: _________________________

Holy trinity, 15th century, Masaccio

(fig 15.7)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1425) By: _________________________

Tribute money, 15th century, Masaccio

(fig 15.8)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1425) By: _________________________

Story of Jacob and Esau, 15th century, Ghiberti

(fig 15.9)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1435) By: _________________________

School of Athens, 16th century, Raphael

(fig 16.10)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1508-11) By: _________________________

Concert Champetre, 16th century, Giorgione

(fig 16.12)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1509-10) By: _________________________

Madonna with the Members of the Pesaro Family, 16th century, Titian

(fig 16.13)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1526) By: _________________________

Mona Lisa, 16th century, Leonardo

(fig 16.3)_________________________________ date: ______________ (1503-05) By: _________________________

Renaissance, humanists, trade, banking, Signoria, Republic, religious, guilds

Ch 15 The inspiration of Antiquity Florence Florence prominent in history of ________________, in part because many early ____________ were Floretines who periodically praise their City - important manufacturing Town, Key point for __________, major Center for international __________ - bankers and Merchants, controlled government of the city, and groups of merchants and Artisans band together and guilds to strengthen their political position Governing council called ___________ consisted of officials elected four members of the guilds in prominent mercantile family government was ______________, identifying themselves as heir of ancient Roman Republic Florentine politicians and intellectuals celebrated the city's past and urged their citizens to emulate Rome christian republic and government sponsored ________________ projects and private citizens and ____________ gained prestige by paying for highly visible projects for community and church Citizens undertook programs to beautify the City by building churches in commission other artistic projects

Florence, Humanism, Jules Michelet, Medici, Lorenzo the Magnificent

Ch 15 ______________- Merchants and trade increased= patrons Duke Venice= grand themselves ______________- arts, literature, music, poetry (not about religion) 19th century _________ ____________ call it the Renaissance (rebirth) Italian= Rinascita (rebirth) 15th century vernacular language and printing press more education ______________: Controlled arts and church, had two family members as popes banking family and commerce Cosimo 1434-64 politicians, like mayor Piero (the Gouty) 1464-69 ______________ ______ ______________ 1469-92 lover of the arts (Medici palazzo→ Michelangelo live in Medici palazzo (brother) Giuliano 1478 died Pazzi conspiracy was an assassination attempt (duomo florence on Easter)

Giangleazzo Visconti, humanists, Leonardo Bruni, Praise of the City of Florence, competition, solicit

Ch 15 __________________ ______________ of Milan wanted to invade Florence but his sudden death saved it from this peril and simulated patriotic desire to improve the city > writing of Florentine _______: -Chancellor of the city, ____________ ______________ encouraged these efforts -wrote ___________ ____ ____ ________ ___ ______________, compared city to ancient capitals like Athens and Rome. - Found the virtues of the Ancients and people and institutions of 15th century Florence - The value he place in study of the Ancients was adopted by many of his countrymen Florentine patrons were accustomed to ___________, they often awarded commissions for projects after inviting artist to compete. Doing so they __________ the best artist to contribute designs for the project and choose among the proposals

foreshortening

Paolo Uccello's Battle of San Romano 1438 Real story, is one of three panels depicting a battle that took place in 1432 Lionardo bartolini Salimbeni commissioned the painting but was stolen by Medici family Linear perspective and ______________________ landscape in background

Santa Maria Novella, painter, early Renaissance, Chapel, cross, glances, donors, skeleton, balanced, volume, Giotto, response, perspective, depth,deep, inhabit, triangular, color, solemn, church, body

ch 15 Holy Trinity (with the Virgin, St john, and Two Donors)(fig 15.7) 1425 by Masaccio Fresco at ____________ ___________ _________, Florence Masaccio- first official and great ________ (died 28) of ____________ _______________ Character stand in a painted _________- God the Father supports the figure of Christ on the __________, with Dove of the Holy Spirit between their heads Saint John and the Virgin stand beneath the cross, she looks out to __________ at the Viewer Outside the fictive chapel kneel a man and woman, the __________, probably members of the lenzi family The lowest section of Fresco depicts a __________ lying on a sarcophagus an inscription prepares you for death Painting large scale, ______________ composition, and sculptural _____________ suggest the art of __________ Masaccio's figures, like Donatello's, are clothed nude, whose drapery falls in ___________ to the body wearing it setting reveals artist awareness of Brunelleschi's new architecture and system of _____________. >tall pilasters next to Painted columns recalls Brunelleschi's design for San Lorenzo, as do molding that Define the arch and entablature of this painted Chapel. >uses Brunelleschi's Device of perspective to create illusion of ___________. - Barrel vaulted chamber is not a shallow niche, but a _________ space in which the figures can move freely ( basis independent of the figures, they _____________ the space, but they do not create it) Masaccio expresses the theme of the Trinity by _______________ composition that begins with the donors and Rises to the Halo of God. Composition is balanced by _________, as Reds and blues alternate until they meet in the garments worn by God. Scene has a tragic air, made more _______ by calm gestures of the Virgin as she points to the crucifixion and by understanding grief of Saint John the Evangelist. Reality of death but promise of Resurrection is appropriate for a funeral Monument One-point scientific perspective to create rational picture space- illusion that figures are standing in coffered barrel-vaulted niche just above our eye Inspired by Giotto Fresco---> pigment on plaster Learned perspective from Brunelleschi Borrow linear perspective Crucifix in __________ (not hill or outside) Plaster (flat columns, Corinthian, ionic) above god is a barrel vault and coffers (Roman) Space is deep (2nd arch) Orthogonal lines→ vanishing point (christ _________) Below- grisaille, sacragus, skeleton reminder that everyone will die and their after life >like last Judgement (personal) Colors are red, blue, pastel like (simplified)= created repetition, harmonies Clean, symmetrical= main subject is in middle and triangular space makes holy trinity Rational space Donors, Christ, God, Virgin, st. John

papal, papal bulls, learning, knowledge, architecture, philosophers, symmetrical, knowledge, two, vanishing point, Plato and Aristotle, heavens, earth, Learning Community, Central subject matter

ch 16 School of Athens: Raphael spent time in Florence after he retired, studying the Innovations of Leonardo and Michelangelo He painted portraits and religious pictures that synthesized these Innovations and helped to establish his reputation. 1509 Raphael had been called to room to paint a series of rooms in the _________ apartment; he completed the stanza Della Segnatura she first Room of the signature derives its name from its later function as the place where _____________ _______ signed; originally house Pope Julius his personal Library. Raphael painted a cycle of frescoes on the wall and ceiling the refer to the four domains of ____________: theology, philosophy, law, and the Arts To represent Unity of _____________ and one grand scheme, Fresco's here reflect the ambition of high Renaissance humanism Four ways to represent ideology of what should a pope have: theology, philosophy, law and poetry The School of Athens (fig 16.10) by Raphael 1508 - 11 fresco Most famous Fresco in the stanza Della Segnatura, the School of Athens Demonstrates Rafael's commitment to suppressing antiquity while synthesizing the achievements of his contemporaries. Frame by illusionistic _______________ and sculptural forms, depicts Gathering of __________________ from ancient Greece Craft a persuasive illusion of space with a composition that is _____________ and memorable Gives figures powerful proportions and complex posture to express their character Architecture of setting reflects the Innovations of bramante Whole scene in clear light that illuminates the complex subject matter To embody branches of _______________ Raphael arrange this Greek philosophers and to carefully composed groups around ____ Central figures; at _______________ ____________ of perspective scheme, these two figures seem to be framed by the architecture > description on books held by the two men identify them as ___________ and __________, most important Greek philosophers according to Renaissance humanities Bearded figure ( face resembles Leonardo) is sidon, holding his book of cosmology and numerology Timaeus, to his right is his people Aristotle, grasping a volume of his ethics, which like his science is grounded in what is knowable in the material world Book explains why played two points theoretically to the ____________, Aristotle to the __________. On building behind them, Raphael depicts to sculptures of classical divinities in niches: -Apollo, patron of Arts with his lyre, on the left -Athena, or Minerva, goddess of wisdom, on right Heather figures are members of the idealist (Platonic) and empirical (aristotelianism) camps, or Raphael's fellow artist play the role of the philosophers >Euclid, scene drawing or measuring two overlapping triangles with a pair of compasses in the right foreground, has features of bramante > man wearing black hat at behind the scientist is a self portrait of Raphael, places himself in the Aristotelian Camp >Michelangelo at the last minute he cast the sculptor as Heraclitus, 6 Century BCE philosopher, shows deep in thought sitting on the steps in a platonic camp - artist make this figure a portrait of Michelangelo, he also adopt Michelangelo's figure Style on the nearby Sistine Chapel ceiling Inclusion of artist, as well as cause of, famous philosophers attest to their recent inquired and hard-won status as members of The _______________ ________________ Grisaille technique on bottom Foreshortening, orthogonal lines with tiles and cornices and coffers Balance, _______________ ___________ ____________, linear perspective, elliptical groups, Diogenous: civic school Used portraits and faces of artists, split between the two philosophies , simple and clear lines Right side is nature and science

Julius II, scaffolding, Barrel vault, Book of Genesis, prophets and sibyls, ancestors of Christ, Old Testament Heroes, human figure, Framework, Jesus, carvings, musculature, brain, meaning

ch 16 Sistine ceiling (fig 16.8) by Michelangelo 1508-12 ___________________ summoned Michelangelo back to Rome in 1506 to enter his service. Intailly commissioned to sculpt julius's funeral Monument, Michelangelo was asked by the pope to paint the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel working quickly using ____________ of his own design, Michelangelo finish the ceiling and only four years Produced it work of truly epochal importance Ceiling of Sistine Chapel is a shallow ____________ ___________ interrupted over the windows by triangular elements (spandrels) that's supported. Michelangelo treated the surface as a single entity > hundreds of figures distributed rhythmically within illusionistically painted architectural framework. Center: Subdivided by 10 illusionstic arches, appear 9 scenes from The ___________ ____ __________ from the creation of the world (at the altar end) to drunkenness of Noah (near the door) -end wall with last judgement >Large figures of ______________ and ____________ (12 of them), ancient Greek prophetesses, flank these narratives In the Triangular spandrel set the ___________ ____ ___________ (8 of them), who also appear in the lunettes planking the windows further narrative scenes occur at the corners (4 of them), depicting _____________ _________________ ________ and Prophets who prefigured Christ Still debate about theological importance of the whole program and whether Michelangelo consulted with advisers in its development These themes of creation and salvation are expressed almost entirely by the _________ _______. The figure conveys deep drama and emotion through gestures, scale, and their physical Beauty Story of Genesis, and ancestors of Christ, the four stories of the Old Testament, sibyls and Prophets ________________ to divide (Grisaille technique) ___________ is not on the ceiling depth, looks like _____________ into ceiling Diagonals Heavy ______________, reclining positions and twisting bodies 28 ignudi on wall with no real purpose but demonstrate Mastery of human body in different positions S-curve (belvedere torso) Julius the 2nd was Rovere (oak) so he painted oak leaves and acorns Creation of Adam (fig 16.9) > Sistine Chapel Fresco area around God looks like a __________ Depicts not as actual molding of Adam's Body, but the passage of divine spark from God to man Design contrast a beautiful Earthbound atom with the dynamic figures of God rushing through the sky. Adam gaze is not towards his creator but towards the figures in the shelter of God's left arm Figures identity has created much debate: the woman maybe Eve, waiting her Creation in the next panel, another proposal is that she is Mary, with Jesus at her knee, or personification of wisdom Adam sits in bare landscape, nothing distracts from the figures Entire image reflects Michelangelo's view of the human body as a divinely inspired vessel for conveying complex and deeply felt _____________ Once finished project Michelangelo return to work on still unfinished tomb for Julius II. Return of Medici to power in Florence come along with election of cardinal from this family to the papacy, meant Michelangelo was back in Florence by the end of this decade although Rome remains his home for much of the rest of his life

status, humanist, splendid

ch 15 The Renaissance Palace in its Furnishing 1440 - 90 Patrons like Cosimo de Medici asked artists to create works of art for their families as well as the churches Palaces needed to provide an appropriate setting for family life and display of __________. Sculptures and paintings for claim the ties between families. Works of art to depict new subjects, many of them inspired by Ancient Art which displays the ____________ education of both artists and patrons. In sculpture Long Live Donatello continue to innovate and Inspire other artists Painters right style to depict imagery drawn from the ancient world Architects built family homes that were made more ________________ by their use of classical forms Example of this Patrician palaces

Cosimo de Medici, window, rustication masonry, cornice, central courtyard,

ch 15 (15.12) Palazzo Medici-Riccardi by Michelozzo 1440-45 Medici's status (_____________ ___ ____________) required the commissioned of a lavish palace to house family and accommodate political and diplomatic functions Design recalls fortress-like Florentine palaces of the old (Michelangelo added windows on ground floor in 1516-17) Architect borrowed rustication and some __________ design from the Palazzo della Signoria Three stories of palace seem to become lighter as they rise Lowest story- rough-hewn, _______________ ________ Second- smooth-surface blocks Third- unbroken surface and top rests structure like a lid, strongly projected __________ like those found in Roman temples Inside- space of palace is open to ___________ ____________defined by arcade resting on Brunelleschi classicizing columns Effect was to provide splendid setting for Medici affairs: familial, social, commercial, and governmental height of cosimo Family shield Windows added later Rustication and Gothic style Smooth towards top and entablature are on top, like Roman temples ( similar to Colosseum) Central Courtyard Looks like you have money

spiritual, another, five, square, quatrefoil, gilded, memorable, clear, carved, bronze

ch 15 Baptistery of Florence Throughout 15th century Cathedral of Florence and the baptistery Remain the ____________ Heart of the City After Brunelleschi's dome for cathedral was completed, work continued on Lantern, the facade, and interior 1424 ghiberti completed bronze doors directors of the baptistery had Commission in 1402 and impressed by the sculptor asked for _____________ set of bronze doors for the third portal Gates of paradise Doors begun 1425 not completed until 1452, ultimately installed an East entry of the baptistery facing Cathedral, these areas called The Paradise The two doors contain _____ large panels and simple _______ frames, create a larger field than 28 small panels in ________ frames of ghiberti's earlier doors and also those by Andrea Pisano Doors complete the program all three sets of doors: >earliest doors the life of John the Baptist >Life of Christ >Old Testament Ghiberti completely __________ the bronze. He consulted humanist like Chancellor Bruni in Florence determine which stories to depict and organize narratives into ____________ and _______ images Competition between Brunelleschi vs. ghiberti (won) 1435 ghiberti asked to do more bronze doors He _________ a mold and poured __________ into it Gates of paradise was called This by Michelangelo

Medici, love, flowered, Zephyr, light, cool, modeling, outline, float, Plato, mobility, Christian, etched, tempera on canvas,

ch 15 Birth of Venus (fig. 15,16) 1485 by: Sandro Botticelli Sandro Botticelli became one of the favorite painters of the ____________ Circle- group of nobles, Scholars, and Poets surrounding Lorenzo the Magnificent His most famous image, once hung a Medici Villa just outside the city Central figure of painting is the goddess of _________ born in the Sea. Venus floats slowly towards the shore where a flower clad woman waits to enfold her in a ____________ robe While God _________ accompanied by Chloris ( Flora) movement Space behind figures opens into existence, the sky and water creates a ________, _________ tonality for the painting Figures, shallow ___________ and emphasis on ____________ produce an effect of little relief rather than a solid 3 dimensional shape - bodies drained of all weights, seemed to __________ even when they touch the ground Graceful figures to pick the theme of antiquity using ideas that artist learns from studying ancient art artist Designs figure of Venus after Roman version of The Statue by praxiteles - combines ancient forms with ancient content, image expresses Florentine reverence for both Image may drive from Homeric hymn to Aphrodite Meaning of image Mayo as much to ancient philosophy as to ancient literature > marsilio Ficino, of Medici family, based his philosophy on his studies of Greek philosopher _____________ >Neo-Platonists, like Ficino, strove to reconcile platonic thought with ___________________ and drew complex parallels between them Please Venus existed in two forms a Celestial Venus, the source of divine love and worldly Venus, source of physical love Ficino likened antique goddess to Mary Maybe allegory of original of the celestial Venus for audience attuned to any nuances of neoplatonic philosophy. Elegant forms and high finish at the painting, combined it with erudite subject matter based on Ancient thought, exemplifies taste in medici Court _____________ ( egg yolk) ____ _____________ ( North Europe was a big deal, up to this point on walls or wood) Canvas made __________________ so people could ship it elsewhere and international artists of the 17th century Commissioned by Medici was meant for private space a bedroom Venus on a shell towards Cyprus and Zephyr the wind God Got away with image because educated Elite understood mythological stories, the nude Body, separated from Catholic faith Neoplatonism discussed how pagan gods blend with Christianity Venus would be Mary or eve Like Aphrodite knidos ( takes a bath) nude goddess ( contrapposto) or venus pudica ( in Rome) Botticelli→ different style ( same high/ early Renaissance), like a drawing, not a lot of attention on modeling or shading, but rather contour lines, and little shading for roundness > shallow space, everyone in Shallow, 2D space, figures on same line > background is like a backdrop and low relief no sculpture body > weightlessness and floating almost like they're hovering, over what they should be on or in Eyes ______________ in Primavera by Botticelli 1480 Oranges of the Medici family Flat, stage light setting in hands position sign of ???? When do the Catholic faith in pagan Trees make a Halo in the red and blue signify Virgin Mary Primavera (spring), the god Mercury makes clouds with a wand, three maidens, Cupid, when did God chasing florie who becomes Flora

Dome, Mediterranean, linear perspective, study

ch 15 Brunelleschi and the beginning of the Renaissance architecture Competition held in 1419 resulted in Brunelleschi's selection to complete the _________ of the Florence cathedral After losing baptistery competition he traveled around the ______________ studying ancient structures and reportedly taking exact measurements of them Discovery of ___________ ___________ May well have grown out of his search for an accurate way of recording the appearance of these ancient buildings. Buildings reflects his __________ of Gothic, Roman, Byzantine, and even Persian buildings

first, antiquity, Medici, contrapposto, Goliath, stone, nude, sword, impassive, associated

ch 15 David ( fig. 15.13) 1420 - 1460 by Donatello Courtyard of Medici Palace ones display one of the most Innovative works of the Renaissance Donatello's bronze David David may have been the __________ free-standing, life-sized statue created since ________________. Whole figure casted in bronze, with parts Gilt as well, required a patron with the wealth of the ______________ to pay for it Figure can be seen from every side, has ______________________ stance in high finish of the work demands that the viewer walks around it Artist depiction of David has offered challenges to interpreters, since figure is difficult square with Biblical story Depicts young David standing with his left foot Atop a severed head of the Giant ___________, whom he defeated David has already defeated his enemies he holds _________ that will bring the giant down Untraditionally, artist depicts David _______ probably to intend to suggest you status of hero and ancient Modelo Broad brimmed hat and knee-high boot strike contemporary note. Unlike athletes of Greece Donatello represents an adolescent boy with soft sensuous torso Holds Goliath _________ which is too heavy for him and his gaze is __________________ Florentines have long venerated David as patron of their City. Installed this work in the courtyard of their palace, Medici took over the symbol of florentine civic virtue _________________ with their family Youngest David stands on Goliath head, there goes up his First classical, one-piece bronze since Antiquity, nude body Hold Stone, after killing Untypically because he is Young about 12 to 14 years old Sandal boots, Goliath beard on his toes David is a symbol of Florence ( young, small Republic) Covered in Medici Garden/ Courtyard heroic nude

florentine, Mary, 14th century, drum, separate shells, ribs, 8, exterior, hidden, vertical, horizontal, pantheon, mass, Gothic, marble cupola, scaffold, hoist, Herringbone Brickwork,

ch 15 Dome of the Florence cathedral (fig 15.3) 1420-1436 by Brunelleschi project will occupy most of the rest of his life and would come to symbolize ______________ inventiveness, piety, and ambition, and skill Cathedral dedicated to Santa Maria del Fiore and Florence devotion to virgin ______________ Florentine were justifiably proud that a native son accomplished what previous generations had not Brunelleschi's forms influenced architecture far beyond Tuscany Basic dimensions in plans for Cathedral of Florence established in _________ ______________, however domes vast size posed difficult problem of construction it had to cover a large area and rest on a smaller Half Dome that were already in place -Brunelleschi decided to lift the Dome on a _____ above the level of the nave in order to reduce the weight on the walls. -He proposed to build the Dome and two ____________ _________:common in Islamic and Persian two shells were supported by series of _______, ____ of them visible on the _________ but other is __________, __________ supports were themselves linked by rows of ______________ ribs -coffered Dome of the ______________ inspired this element Dual shells of the dome lighten in the whole ______, since their walls are thin relative to their size. Both use of ribs and pointed profile of Dome reflects __________ building practices Exterior ribs of Doom rise up word traumatically, terminating in small __________ ___________ or Lantern Brunelleschi designed this lantern to tie the eight exterior ribs together and mark the climax of upward movement. Brunelleschi also proposed Innovations in the construction process -instead of usual practice of construction wooden centering across the span, which required huge pieces of Timber, he devised a way to construct temporary ____________ that cantilevered out from the walls of the drum, which reduced the amount of Timber needed for the project. - Designed machine to ________ materials required height Brunelleschi's entire scheme reflects bold, analytical mind that was willing to discard conventional Solutions if better ones could be devised Ionic architectural image of Renaissance Competition to cover the dome Brunelleschi- sculpture lost a competition went to Rome to study architecture Rotunda Holds 30,000 people Dome span area no one knew how to span without interior buttresses Double shell dome with buttresses inside and horizontal and vertical buttresses (huge stone)= learned from Romans (pantheon) allowed for frescoes on inside uses _______________ ___________________ Invented engineering equipment: >Three-speed hoist >1st time written plans by one person enlarged choir for apse (semicircular), structural support (foundation)

commissions, empathy, balanced, savonarola

ch 15 Florentine churches in convents at mid-century Construction and renewal elsewhere and Florence and Company the work at the cathedrals, baptistries, and Or San Michele. City patrons rebuilt and in large churches and convents often with corresponding _________________ for the decoration Naturalism and spatial effect now possibly could create images that spoke powerfully to believers Prospective and other devices to connect viewers to religious stories to invoke their __________ Study of Classics inspired artists to create __________________ composition people with dignify characters. However not everyone agreed with naturalistic and classicizing forms found in religious art in 15th century in tension between Christian and classical forms erupted at the end of the century with ___________________'s condemnation of "pagan" images

Dominicans, entry, vaulted, large, pale, Simplicity, spatial, humble, virgin womb, window, faith, shallow

ch 15 Fra Angelico at San Marco Annunciation (fig.15.10) 1440 -45 by Fra Angelico with Medici support in 1436 the _______________ established a second Convent for Friars in Florence Fra Giovanni da fiesole called fra Angelico For the Friars, Angelico painted altarpieces, books, and numerous frescoes in their living quarters His Fresco, 1440 and 1445, sits prominently at __________ to friars' Dormitory. Two actors in This narrative into a ___________ space that Echoes the real architecture of the convent Linear perspective defines a space however figures you're too _________ to sit comfortably in it Mary and Gabriel humbly fold their hands, expressed their submission to Divine will Colors are ________, the competition has been paired to the minimum, a soft Light Beige all the forms. Composition has __________ and _________ sophistication of masaccio , although his figures or more ethereal inscription calls on Friars to say a prayer when passing by and Fresco enhance his Friars life of prayer and contemplation as the goal of such imagery in religious communities (his hands on figures adopted by other artists) San marco was a monk Monastery for friar paid for by Medici family Artist was a monk Annunciation at the top of the stairs Inscription below it the artist erases himself out of it ( as you walk by it reminds you what you're supposed to do) Iconography symbols > Mary sits on stool that is made out of wood to show ______________ > enclosed fence→ _________ ______________ Linear perspective but columns look awkward ( Corinthian and ionic columns) > round and pointed arches show blend of new and old Drapery still realistic Painting shows window, every cell in Monastery has a window The _______________ is the vanishing point Not a celebration of the body but _____________ Simple lines of face, ____________, sort of flat ( lacking shading) Emphasize on sacred figures mind, and faith The figures look large in it's setting

Medici

ch 15 Italian art during the era of the ____________, 1434-94 Medici family dominated City of Florence > Medici men work in government and business > Medici women contributed to Social and religious life of the city Family's wealth came from their mercantile and banking interest and Savvy political alliances they struck within Florence and other Italian centers Status of bankers to Pope helped Medici become leaders in Florentine government 1430s Cosimo de' Medici control Florentine government His sons, Piero and Giovanni follow their father's example Piero's son, Lorenzo called The Magnificent became one of the most celebrated and well-connected Men of the century Medici family promoted literary and educational innovation of florentine humanists Era of Medici dominance continued development and stylistic Innovations of the early fifteenth century and month with new themes in art -Brunelleschi in forms dominated Florentine architecture along with ideas and designs of Leon Battista Alberti. - Sculptors of first part of the century including Donatello and Lorenzo ghiberti Religious communities and churches acquire paintings for will spaces and Alters by painter strongly influenced by classicism and naturalism of masaccio and elegance of ghiberti

Schism, Vatican, called

ch 15 Roman and Papal States Reinvigoration of the papacy after end of the ________ in 1417 allowed Rome to become a major artistic Center by the end of the fifteenth Century. As papacy regain power, Pope begin to rebuild the _________ and the City Reassessed their power as rulers of Rome and Papal States. Pope's believe that monuments of Christian Rome had to outshine those a pagan past. To achieve this goal _________ many artists from Florence and surrounding areas of room including masaccio, fra Angelico, Piero Della Francesca, and Sandro Botticelli. papacy saw the value of spending money on a during both ecclesiastical and domestic structures

reliefs, linear perspective, fluid, international Gothic, deep, arches, Isaac, jacob, architectural, continuous, seven episodes, Adjust, low, high, deep

ch 15 Story of Jacob and Esau ( fig. 15.9) 1435 by ghiberti Designing these _________, artist drew on new devices for pictorial imagery that he and his Rivals had pioneered the such as _________ ______________ Figures and more graceful proportion, elegant stances, and _________ drapery than masaccio and Donatello figures Aspect of figures reflects artist knowledge of ______________ ____________ style Use perspective to create illusion of _________ space defined by the __________ of the building plan to accommodate two figures as they appear and reappear throughout the structure Relief tell story of ________ blessing his younger son, __________ instead of his Elder Esau blind Isaac sends Esau off to hunt on left but confers his Blessing on the disguise Jacob at the right story unfolds in spacious Hall, fine example of early Renaissance ________________ design Perspective allows artists to present his story and ____________________ narrative with unprecedented coherent, all ___________ ______________ of it were taking place simultaneously He carved a mold and poured bronze into it Foreground, middle, background linear perspective, depth with architecture Niche with figures and portrait heads on the door _____________ humans to be in space Continuous narrative with seven stories 1420s people put Brunelleschi linear perspective to use ________ relief ( background) vs. ____________ relief ( foreground) Rebecca had two sons ______________ folds show body under clothes

individuals, antiquity, linear, papal, Gonzaga, court, Ducal Palace, hall, court, Mantegna's, architecture, formal, specific, real, Skylight, reliefs, Trompe l'oeil, full illusionistic scene

ch 15 The Renaissance style reverberates 1450 - 1500 Artist all over Italy and other parts of Europe for inspired by Innovation Styles and subject matters begin created in Florence Artist outside Florence response to new Styles as _____________ who were steeped in their own Regional and personal differences patrons throughout Italy saw advantages of expressing their Authority through Visual and textual references to _______________ Mid-century __________ perspective with widespread use in Florentine techniques for rendering forms through light we were practicing by many artists Venetian painters like Giovanni Bellini develop influenctial schools of Renaissance painting that rivaled the Florentine style. As papacy regained its control in Rome, Pietro perugino executed projects designed to celebrate ________ power Alberti and Mantegna in Mantua Mantua dominated by _____________, created brilliant ________, peopled with Humanists, educators, and artists. Court was very cosmopolitan and attracted Humanists such as Leon Battista Alberti and painter Andrea Mantegna Camera Picta by Mantegna (fig 15.22) 1465-74 Mantegna trained in Padua, became court painter to the Gonzaga in 1460, a position he held until his death at age 75 He was a painter, humanist, archaeologist He studied netherlandish paintings, reach Florence and Venice by 1450, where he encountered them He served the Marquis of Mantua by painting his Villa and Palace Fresco at _________ ___________ he painted in 1465 a _______ that has come to be called the camera Picta, or painted room Multi-purpose vaulted room- sometimes bedroom, sometimes reception hall- Mantegna finished in 1474 Painted portraits of the Gonzaga family, their retainers, their children, and their possessions Room celebrates the Marquis's brilliant _______, his Dynamic accomplishments, and his wealth, all in a witty display that becomes an attraction for visiting humanists, politicians, artists, and princes (used art to imrpove their social and poltical standing) Celebrates ______________ skill and brought his Fame among his contemporaries Used actual __________ of the room- corbels supporting the vaults, the mantle over the fireplace- to create illusionistic glimpses of the Gonzaga family at home Through painted pilasters that flank the door, the viewer sees members of the family out of doors; Above The Mantel, they appear in more ___________ settings, surrounded by courtiers ____________ features of the people and the naturalism of the details, artist Mastery of perspective allows him to connect the painted world to the _______ world of The Spectator. Centerpiece of the illusion occurs at the crown of the vault, where artist Paints in an illusionistic ___________ through which a spectator sees the sky > painted the ceiling vaults with illusionistic _________ of Roman emperors, advertises his knowledge of history and also flatters the Marquis by including him in this August company Brilliance of the court is wonderfully captured by the splendid frescoes Images of the Gonzaga both outside and inside Room is an illusion Optimus with friends, painted blue sky and marble fencing, Birds, cherub, in people including a dark skin __________ __________ means to trick the eye In-depth and realistic Early example of _______ ____________________ __________

sixtus IV, life of Moses, christ, old and new testament, Sistine Chapel, symmetrical, keys, kneeling, apostles, witness, heavy drapery, tribute money, attempt stoning of christ, mathematically, symmetry, clear, linear perspective, oval

ch 15 The Sistine Chapel Pope ______________ paid for numerous architecture artistic projects to beautify and improve room > such as building at the Vatican for a new Chapel for Pope, hold the Sistine Chapel's after his name. 1481 - 82, sixtus commission a cycle of frescoes for the walls of the Chapels depicting events from the _______ _____ _______ ( left wall) and ________ ( right wall), representing ______ and _____ ___________________ Heard many important painters of central Italy, among them Pietro vannucci, called perugino The delivery of the keys (fig 15.24) 1482 by Perugino Fresco at ______________ __________, Vatican, Rome Gravely _________ design conveys the special importance of the subject in this particular setting > authority of Saint Peter as first pope, as well as all of those who followed him, rest on his having received the __________ to the Kingdom of Heaven from Christ himself artist place the main figures at the center with Peter ____________ before Christ Either side, carefully balanced Arrangement, the other ________ and number of bystanders was highly individualized features _________ this Solemn event Figures for _________ ____________ that responds to their bodies as it Cascades in deep folds on the earth, inform inspired by Donatello and his followers Background: two further narratives appear Two left, middle distance, story of __________ ____________ To right, __________ __________ _____ __________ Inscription on to Roman triumphal arches favorable compare sixtus IV to Solomon, who built the temple of Jerusalem arches blank a dome structure seemly inspired by the idea of Church of Alberti's Treatise on architecture Also Albert in his _______________ precise perspective, which leads the view its spatial Clarity. ____________ and _______ space of the image expresses character of the rule of sixtus IV, in both spiritual and political terms New Renaissance art prove useful to rulers throughout Italy Sistine ceiling was blue with stars The Pope's place made by sixtus IV Wanted people to paint the walls Vasari called artist might be atheist because not enough spirituality in painting Saint Peter the first pope giving away keys to new pope _________ _________________ and scale with foreground, middleground, and background with building Orthogonal lines, vanishing point, Central main subject, even wait on both sides makes it symmetrical Roman Triumph Figures in foreground have weight, heavy drapery making Mass Middle-ground and stoning of Christ in tribute money Figures in ________ shape Sistine Chapel was symbolic of the Pope because it validates Pope's rule over the Catholic Church

Saint Peter, narratives, gospel of Matthew, fish, money, mouth, tax collector, linear perspective, spatial illusion, light, atmospheric, weight, volume, movement, contrapposto, glances, few, physicality, continuous, ground, circle, Giornato

ch 15 The Tribute of Money (fig 15.8) 1425 by Masaccio Fresco, Santa Maria Del Carmine Paid for by Felice brancaccio in brancaccio Chapel Depicts life of _______ ________, his uncle's patron saint Masaccio collaborated with painter named masolino Fresco's transform the space of Chapel into a display of ______________ script (continuous narrative) Fresco depicts the story in the __________ ___ _________ by including several episodes in one space Center: >Christ instructs Peter to catch a ______, his mouth will contain _______ for the tax collector, stands before them Left: > in distance, Peter takes a coin from the fish's ___________ Right: > Peter gives it to _______ __________ Masaccio uses _________ ____________, Brunelleschi's technique for _________ ____________ to suggest a deep space for the narrative, but also molds the figures and picture with ________ that seems to have its source in a real window of the chapel uses _______________ perspective, allowing forms to blur and distance as the subtle tones of the landscape makes the forms somewhat hazy Shows artist's ability to create forms that have ____________ and _________ of Giotto's, it figures also have possibility of ____________ and power like Donatello's All characters stand in balance _______________, figures convey The Narrative by their intense ___________ and _____ strong gestures not violent physical movement Express powerful emotion through their sheer ________________ Example of ___________ narrative Divided into different panels Adam and eve banned, then tribute money, then window 3 peters Space, volume, mass, moving and gesturing figures contrapposto= natural shift of weight, naturalistic Atmospheric perspective- distinct without lines ( blurry in background) - halos - Giotto drapery, looks like figures have mass - muscles and tendons in leg and looks like feet on ____________ - sculptural like relief -not linear plan→ figures in ____________ ______________= a day's work > areas that could be painted in one day > we can see this because the area around adam is different from Eve 18th and 19th century= covered up the "bits"

competition, Lorenzo ghiberti, Genesis

ch 15 The baptistery doors Guild of merchants oversaw the baptistry, open ___________________ in 1401 for second set of bronze doors for the structure Design on theme of the sacrifice of Isaac, framed Gothic quatrefoil shape Each artist had included same figures in the same materials out of the seven who made trial relief for this composition only two survived: - Filippo Brunelleschi - ___________ ______________ will choose to execute second set of doors Subject Was book of ___________, recounts God ordered Abraham to sacrifice his only son and, Abraham lead Isaac to an altar on the mountain and lifted his knife to slaughter him when the angel holds of the sacrifice Story of chosen people of avoiding Doom through divine intervention, issue about which Florentines felt strongly in 1402

Rome, church, invited, Crucible

ch 16 The High Renaissance in Rome: In the fifteenth Century, papacy had firmly established itself in ________ Pope's had spiritual control of the ___________, reasserting political and Military control over the Papal States in the region around Rome Pope Julius II intended to renew room to rival physically the glory of the ancient city > he invested vast sums in large-scale projects of architecture, sculpture, and paintings, and then he __________ many artists to work for him Under Julius, Rome became The ___________ of the high Renaissance Donato Bramante and Cristoforo Foppa Caradosso

competed, Republican, Merchant aristocracy, light, color, oil, Spatial, light, color,

ch 15 Venice ___________ with its neighbors for territory, trade routes, influence, had stable __________ government through 15 Century. Ruled by ____________ __________ that was firmly established, City suffered little internal turmoil Wealth and influence grew throughout the centuries, these conditions, artist of Venice develop their own form of Renaissance art. Valentine artist like Domenico veneziano had long explored intersections of ________ and ________. Added to this visual tradition was a early exposure to new technique of _____ painting, which Valentine artist excelled. Florentine ideas about perspective exploded by artists such as Mantegna, who brought to the region his deep study of the art of the ancients From southern Italy, Antonello da Messina, travel to Flanders to learn oil technique and came to Venice in 1470 s passed his knowledge to Valentine artist. In his painting Giovanni Bellini, members of a family of painters, technique of painting in oil pioneered by Flemish is combined with florentine __________ system and Venetian ________ and ________.

perspective, Brunelleschi, scientific perspective, Leon Battista Alberti, fixed point, vanishing point, orthogonals, Atmospheric, color, suggest depth, subtle

ch 15 _____________________ is a technique for making a two-dimensional surface appear to be three-dimensional. Artists use many devices to create the solution over centuries but Italian Renaissance artists systematized the projection of space, using mathematics and geometry. It is useful for paintings, prints, drawings, and relief sculptures. There are two general ways to do this always to do this through scientific perspective or atmospheric perspective. Florentine architect and Sculptor __________________ probably invented ________________ ____________, also called linear or one-point perspective although ____________ ___________ ____________ first explained it in writing. Albert compares a painting to a window through which of you can see another world. Scientific perspective proposes that the viewer of a work has a single, _______ ________. Viewer's eye looks towards the distance, it can no longer make out rooms at a spot on the horizon, known as the _______________ _________. Starting from the edge of the picture artist project lines that converge towards the vanishing point, these are known as _____________. In some cases, those orthogonals are visible in the finished painting, though in other case the artist simply implies the line. We can see the orthogonals in Pietro Perugino's delivery of the keys. The lines receive from the center for ground to the door of the church in the background. We can imagine similar lines across the walls in the Leonardo's the The Last Supper, focusing our attention at their vanishing point, Christ head. _________________ or aerial perspective uses changes in __________ to __________ ____________. The degrees in intensive color and a horizontal line, to a light blue or gray tones adjusting a greater depth at the lightest point. You perceive the colors of great intensity, as a deeper blue in the sky, is closer to us. We see this principle at work at the Horizon in Piero's double portrait and in numerous other examples. Atmospheric perspective is more ________ in scientific. It has been used by artists since roman times

examples

ch 15 images of hero for Florentine collectors Creating images for such palaces offered new challenges to Renaissance artist. And sculptures, paintings, and other mediums, artists depicted characters from past or present in clear and Powerful ways. Once again ancient works of art provided _______________

On Painting, perspective, previously, masaccio, painting

ch 15 new directions in Florentine paintings Florence was home to community of artists who knew each other's work and learn from each other: Donatello and Brunelleschi > were friends and traveling companions > Both mentioned by the humanist and architect Leon Battista Alberti, who wrote Treatise on architect and paintings come along with other topics Alberti's ________ __________, finished around 1435 help to spread Brunelleschi's ideas about ___________. -Alberti' treatises codified Florentine innovation in the Arts, and because the books were copied, and then printed later in the century they contribute to the development of Renaissance Art in other parts of Italy - presented the artist of 15th century as learned men, they encourage patrons and Society at large to give greater respect than ______________ to visual arts On Painting priest work of a young Florentine painter named Tommaso di Ser Giovanni Cassai, called ______________. Historians have credited masaccio on with Reviving The Art of _______ in Florence. Thats both Santa Maria Novella and the church of Saint Maria del Carmine, the Young masaccio found employment in painting frescoes for prominent Florentine families in the 1420s

dialogue, workshop

ch 16 Raphael: Raphael of urbino seems to have avoid such turmoil that Michelangelo faced such as conflicted with his patrons and struggle to complete Monumental projects Rafael's career seen too much a success story, his work to Mark by effortless Grace, to match the tragic heroism of the older artist Raphael succeeded in the strength of his technical Brilliance, his intelligent approach to composing pictures, in his __________ with other artists of his time He created a large body of Renaissance pictorial work and oversaw a lively and large ____________, which fostered many young artists

music, woman, muses, Chiaroscuro, atmospheric, round, mood, poetry, drawings, nature, arcadian

ch 16 Concert champetre (fig 16.12) by Giorgione 1509-10 oil on canvas Displayed in the Louvre since 19th century Painting depicts a group of young people gathered in Lush landscape to make _________, well a shepherd and his flock come upon them Tips to find a narrative or literary subject link to this image have proven fruitless Puzzling are the nude ___________, one whom is about to play a recorder, while another takes water from a fountain > some commenters have identified them as the _____________, ancient female Divinities to use who inspired the Arts Forms of all figures are rendered in accomplished _______________ technique so that they seem to emerge from the ________________ landscape of soft _________ shape. Landscape moves from dark to light to dark passages, receding into the atmospheric distance. instead of telling a story, painting seems designed to invoke a _________ and takes part in What was to become an important new tradition of art, making of pictorial equivalents of to _____________ Vasari criticized Giorgione for not making ________ as part of his process of painting. He argued that drawings or disegno was fundamental to good paintings (Florentine tradition) However venetians, valued light and color above all to create their Sensational images. Vasari dismiss this as colore or color, which he argued was secondary to the process of drawing (competition between disegno and colore provided grounds for criticism or praise in paintings will be on the 16th century Venetian ( France, Germany, Australia) were colorist Painting of Countryside Started debate of color versus drawing ( painting focuses on color over line or drawing) Less religious book painted fences, people's relationship with ____________ _____________> hollow, peaceful, Shepherd, fairies, Escape City ( relating to idealistic rustic Paradise) Two Shepherds one with a Lunette, shepherd with his sheep, and two nude females who are muses ( inspiring him and jar and well as a source of inspiration) Inspiring, nature, making music, Shepherd and beautiful nature voluptuous body and natural abundance ( fertile nature) Foggy almost dream-like atmospheric background

palazzo della signoria, republican, vigilant, head, slingshot, Hellenistic, Antiquity, movement, civic symbolism, republic, volatile

ch 16 David (fig 16.7) by Michelangelo 1501 - 04 Michelangelo went back to Florence and 1501, we're directors of the works of Florence cathedral commissioned him to carve a figure for the facade 18 foot high block of marble for this project had been partially carved by an earlier sculptor, but Michelangelo accepted the challenge to create something memorable from it > when it was completed a committee of Civic leaders and artists decided to install it in front of the ____________ __________ _________, the seat of the Florentine government, then enjoying a __________ phase. They placed a circlet of Gilt bronze layers around the statues hips in a Gilt bronze wreath on his head. The City of Florence claim the figure as the emblem of its own Republican virtues Michelangelo treated biblical figure not as victorious hero but as ever ___________ guardian of the city. Unlike Donatello's David, Medici omit the _________ of Goliath. His David nervously fingers a ______________ in his eyes focus on the opponent in the distance, the battle has not yet occurred Renders as new, style of later sculpture Proclaim in ideal very different from Donatello's slender youth. Have a super many years in Rome artist has been deeply impressed by emotion charged, muscular bodies of __________ sculpture ( their heroic scale, superhuman Beauty, swelling volume of their form became part of Michelangelo's vocabulary and through him, of Renaissance Art in general) David competes with __________ on equal terms and replaces its Authority with its own instead of emotional wrought figure he saw the Hellenistic Works, artist craft David to be at once calm and tense, activate yet static, full of potential for ______________ rather than its active expression Block intended for niche in 1460s was sitting there for years Medici family was kicked out and was public again Huge court case it took three to four days and ended up putting it in front of the palazzo Vecchio rolled it at night, people wanted to attack it ( Medici supporters) Looking Southwest towards Rome ( symbolic of City) put a copper covering over it Represented Medici family originally because of Donatello's David, but with Michelangelo's David it became a _______ __________ of the city after outing the Medici family and became a symbol of _____________ Spearbeare 15th century BCE ( doryphoros) casual, contrapposto, waiting for movement that is to happen Michelangelo looks back uses shift of weight David looks concerned or nervous, perhaps intense and slightly angry ________________ energy and unfinished slaves

conspicuous, love, pagan, Pantheon

ch 16 Galatea: His Patron in Rome was a powerful sienese Banker Agostino Chigi, hired Raphael adorn his new Villa in Rome- antique in conspicuous display and in ______ He commissioned frescoes on themes from the __________ past Raphael died 1520 from illness, buried in _____________

mysterious, smaller-scale, secular

ch 16 Giorgione: left the orbit of Giovanni Bellini to create some of the most __________ and beguiling paintings of the Renaissance. Specialized in ________-_________ paintings on __________ themes for homes of wealthy collectors Died young age probably from plague, allowing the field open for Titian who worked in his shop

out, girolamo savonarola, execution, Medici, elsewhere

ch 16 Leonardo and Florentine High Renaissance As 15th century came to a close events in Florence jeopardized the city's reputation as the Center for the Arts. After Medici family were forced _____ in 1494, many Florentine heeded the warnings of the fierce preacher ___________ _________, urgent reform both their lives and their government. The penitential friends see that the trigger did not survive his ___________ in 1498. Florence restored its Republican form of government, which lasted into another generation and __________ politicians took over and 1512. This turmoil inspired Florentine artist to look for work ____________ in Italy as evidenced by the career of Michelangelo buonarroti and Leonardo Da Vinci

Dominican, Jesus, spatial, annex, Jesus, prospective, halo, personality, symmetrically, gesture, linear, center, Eucharist, Holy Trinity, Coffers, aerial, window, Sacred

ch 16 The Last Supper (fig 16.2) by Leonardo 1495 - 98 oil and tempera on plaster Patron: Duke ludovico, commissioned him to Adorn the dining hall of the _____________ Monastery of Santa Maria Delle Grazie in Milan Too satisfied with the limitations of traditional Fresco technique Leonardo experimenting with oil tempera media on dry plaster that did not adhere well to the wall. - painting damaged by later put in doorway Depicting the meal _________ shared with his disciples on the eve of his passion and death, theme of The Last Supper Appeared frequently in monastic Refractories Monks or nuns dined before images of the disciples and Jesus at the table Artist create a ___________ setting that seems like in ___________ to the real interior of the room judas on same side of table Skill perspective Leonardo locate Central vanishing point behind the head of __________ in the middle of the fresco - even ________________ system reflects the import of Jesus actions - opening in wall behind him Services architectural equivalent of a ________ - light, composition, colors, setting focus attention on Jesus Jesus presumably just spoken the Fatal words and disciples asked Each man's response Reveals His Own _____________ - group ti Jesus's Right, Peter impulsively grabs a knife, next to him John seems lost in thought, and Judas recoils from Jesus into the Shadows Man arranged _______________ organized groups flanking Jesus and calculates each pose and expression to the drama unfolds across the picture plane ( depicts through __________ and movement of the limbs) One point (_________) perspective Condenses the subject physically by the compact, Monumental grouping of the figures and spiritually by presenting many levels of meaning at one time Jesus come present at the ___________ of the tables just that in addition to announcing his betrayal, he's also instituting the _______________, in which bread and wine become the body and blood Iconography: GROUP 1 Bartholomew, James the Less and Andrew are all surprised. • GROUP 2 Judas Iscariot is taken aback; next to him, Peter holds a knife and looks stormy, while the boyish John, the youngest apostle, simply swoons. • GROUP 3 Thomas is upset; James is shocked. Philip wants an explanation. • GROUP 4 In the final group of three, Jude Thaddeus and Matthew turn to Simon the Zealot for answers. number of allusions to the number 3, (perhaps symbolizing the _________ ________) disciples are seated in groups of three; there are three windows, while the figure of Jesus is given a triangular shape, marked by his head and two outstretched arms. __________ towards vanishing point, three windows with ______________ perspective landscape view, and 4 tapestries (4 seasons or 4 gospels) older side of Renaissance, oil and tempera on plaster Number of symbolism such as 12 disciples, three Windows, Christ and triangle wearing red and blue All life such as four groups of three, four wall hangings, 4 semicircular pediment= Halo Coffers go towards Christ Dramatic by big gestures and stoic and austere= create clean-cut drama Wall is not an extension but a _____________ Illusion of space Table divide through space from ____________ Space Painted high on the wall to make it heavenly Atmospheric perspective: >Lines by lack of definition and background with blurry > foreground has clarity Uses numerology Renaissance man can do just about everything: biologist, military science, geology, Hydraulics, poet, architecture, geography, autonomy, painter, aerodynamics, inventor Create balance and logical

Tuscan, technical, natural, human phenomenon, perspective, nature, notebook, backwards, modern

ch 16 Leonardo da Vinci 1425 - 1519 was once a scientist, painter, sculptor, musician, architect, an engineer Born in _________ town of Vinci, trained as a painter in Florentine Workshop verrocchio. He left Florence around 1482 to work for ludovico Sforza Made its way to Venice, Rome, and back to Florence where he executed several commissions and work in Florence and Rome and again in Milan, whose French Overlord invited him to retire to a Chateau in the Loire Valley Died in France famed to his ________ skills and constant investigation of _____________ and _________ _______________ Knew rules the _________, and all the laws of _______, undertook a broad scientific study of natural phenomenon based on careful visual observation His _____________ preserving the hundreds of drawings and notes hope to turn into an encyclopedia set of treaties - fashionable elements of nature such as animals, water, anatomy, and working of the Mind - drew inventions and musculo - skeletal structure of the human body informed by his dissection of the cadavers -fig 16.1 Vitruvian Man: visualizes Vitruvius notion that the perfect geometrical forms of the circle & Square may be derived from the human body ( humanist) NOTEBOOK: 1000 Pages, they preserved and 31 volumes Written ___________ in Mirror writing, a notebooks treat four main themes- painting, architecture, mechanics, and human anatomy He anticipated many _________ inventions like flying machines, bicycles, submarines, missile launchers, and parachutes

most, Lives of the artists, distinctive characteristic

ch 16 Looking back at artists working around 1500, artist and art historian Giorgio Vasari wrote in 1550 that these artists had been able to "surpass the age of the ancients" -artist of this generation were paragons of their profession Vasari used works of this 25 year period (1495-1520) known as the High Renaissance as benchmark against which to measure their own achievements. During this period we saw the work of some of the ________ revered work of European art created by most acclaimed names in history of art as chronicled in VASARI's __________ ___ ____ _________. Vasari's book place to biography of the artist at the center of the study of Art, and his Lives of the artists became a model of art historical writing. The celebrity of artist is a _____________ _____________ of the early 16th century Giorgio Vasari defined Italian Renaissance with publication of history of Italian art from Cimabue to Michelangelo Lives of the Most Excellent Italian Architects, Painters, and Sculptors (Lives of the Artists) gives mass anecdotal and biographical information about Renaissance artists, and according to Florence most of the credit for Renaissance >Vasari's view that art should faithfully imitate nature established a standard favoring classical and Renaissance art that endured for centuries

triangular, diagonal, dynamic, heaven, immaculate conception, Sparkle, tragedy, colorist, canvas, frontal

ch 16 Madonna with members of the pesaro family (fig 16.13) by Titian 1526 oil on canvas Commissioned in 1519 and installed in 1526 on altar of immaculate Conception of The Franciscan Church of Santa Maria gloriosa Dei frari Takes a Sacra conversazione in tradition of Bellini and reimagines both the composition and the figures > virgin and child at the Apex of a _________ arrangement of figures, and replaces The Familiar front of you with a ______________ composition that is less symmetrical in more _________ > focal point of this Rising diagnosed and a Punchy Infant Jesus in Italy plays with his mother's Veil. > Virgin in Saint Peter solemnly acknowledge the donor, jacopo pesaro, show kneeling and Devotion to the left ( he had commanded the papal Fleet in the battle against the Turks in 1502, which Christian forces won) > Otherside our donors brothers and son with Sts. Francis and Anthony ) donors portraits distinguish the age and features of all the men gathered to venerate Mary and her son) Places Mary's thrown on steps of a Monumental Church. Elevated columns to just character of the setting is Gateway to ___________. The idea is traditionally identified with Mary herself; these details imply her identity______________ ____________, a human being conceived without original sin Because view is diagonal, Open sky and clouds fill most of the background. > Brilliant in sunlight makes every color and texture ___________, keeping with celebratory Spirit of the altar Only hint of _________ is to cross that the two little angels hold above the clouds, which adds note of poignancy (sorrow) to the scene ( none of the donors seem to notice it) __________, oil paint on _________ not panel to create greater color See from left angle as the figures are on side > Madonna is not ___________, she is in blue and red with Jesus playing with her veil No vanishing point, no symmetrical , no prospective Donors with Turk and a night in flag with family shield Saint Peter with book and key Cherubs on Grey Cloud with cross

influential, medias, expression, nobility, Lorenzo, carver, marble

ch 16 Michelangelo in Rome and Florence Julius's ambition also furthered the career of the crucial figures in the history of Art Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni acclaimed by his competitors as Divine by vasari, Michelangelo is one of the most ___________ and imitated artists in history. He became the archetype of the genius, whose intellect and talent enabled him to work on many _________; he was a sculptor, architect, painter, and poet Pope Julius II give him opportunities for some of his most inspired work, aiding his ambition to outdo artists of antiquity Michelangelo's belief in human image as the Supreme vehicle of expres_________sion gave him a sense of kinship with ancient sculpture, more so than any other Renaissance artist He admired other artist more than his own contemporaries and his family came from were _______________ and they initially opposed to desire to become an artist Learn technique from Florentine painter ghirlandaio, and studied sculpture with a student of Donatello Came to the attention of ____________ de' Medici, invited him to study the in antique statues in the garden of one of the Medici houses Michelangelo was a ___________ rather than a modeler and he really worked with Clay except for sketches, he preferred her to materials like _____________ which he shaped with his chisel (sculptor to the core)

competed, Fame, intellectual, patrons, artist, developed, enhanced, distinctive visual style, antiquity, balance, clarity, emotional

ch 16 Patrons of early 16th century Italy _________ to hire Leonardo, bramante, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, and Titian. Michelangelo and Titian we're International celebrated during their lifetime ________ was part of change in the status of the artist that had been occurring gradually during the course of the 15th century in which gained impetus with these figures No matter who their family where or what their personality artists were trained as ___________ and according the same respect as were members of the great Royal Court Some called Geniuses or Divine and few were were raised to nobility This period saw the coming together of demanding _________- rulers, popes, princes- and innovative ________. artist 's own rivalries inspired them to produce innovation in technique and in expression Prestige of patrons and the reputations of the artists had a reciprocal effect: as one _________, it _________ the other. Although each artist developed a ___________ __________ _____ that grew out of the ideas of the 15th century, their works share certain features: a high level of technical skill: an understanding of and reliance on the forms of _____________, _______________, and ____________ in their composition; and great ___________ power

Cardinal, tomb, passion, Transcendent, stable, young, man, serenity, movements, Vatican, seven sorrows, Italian

ch 16 Pieta (fig 16.6) by Michelangelo 1498 Michelangelo left Florence after Medici were Exile, eventually arrived in Rome, where in 1498 a French ___________ commissioned him to carve a pieta for his ________ Chapel in st. Peters as a devotional theme, the pieta, or the Virgin Mary holding her dead son, had appeared in Gothic- narrative terms, the theme has Origins and stories of the __________, like the lamentation depicted in Giotto Arena Chapel frescoes Michelangelo's imagines the farewell between mother and son as calm and _____________ moment Composition is very ________, large figure of Mary in her deeply carved robe easily supports Jesus's weight > Mary seems to _________ to be holding her grown son, which Echoes the Madonna and child theme Michelangelo intended her used to express Mary's Perpetual virginity Does not really tell a story but offers viewers the opportunity to contemplate a central mystery of Christian faith- Jesus a God made ______, who offers himself as sacrifice which is the same __________ as Mary herself To clarify the authorship, Michelangelo carved his name on the Virgin sash Michelangelo live till he was 89 years old, saw the rise of the Puritans, witness death of his friends Born in Florence and traveled to the opportunities what nurse, babysit / nurse new child for first year of his life= came from a family of stonecutters Interest in human body such as dissections to learn body __________ ( muscles) not physiological ( like Leonardo) In ________ one of the __________ _____________of the virgin Commissioned by Pope to be tomb and it not being the tomb placed in the Vatican Virgin looks about same age as Christ Bodies made up of complex lines, drapery, mass ( triangular) Makes marble look soft and fleshy Christ face looks peaceful, Serene, Pleasant, hair curling down Has _________ like features in Greek and Roman Beauty

features, portraitist, nude, bed, marriage, gaze, swirls, dollop, erotic, Diagonal, private

ch 16 Titan as Portraitist: Titian's skill in recording specific _________ of individual and flattering compositions made him the most sought-after ___________ of the 16th century Venus of urbino (fig 16.15) by Titian 1538 oil on canvas Elite patrons of Europe sought titin's work Duke of urbino, Guidobaldo II della Rovere, Commissioned his execute on so-called Venus of urbino. Based on models by Giorgione, depicts a __________ young woman lying on a _______ and a well-furnished chamber > details such as the presence of the cassone ( wedding chest) and dog just at the painting commemorated a __________ Duke refer to the picture only as the naked woman. Artist color record the sensuous textures of the woman's body, which has been placed on display for a few whose ________ she returns Artist Technical Innovations are on display, as lady's golden hair is suggested by thick ______ of color and her pearl earring consists of a ________ a white paint. >While called a Venus, painting may have been intended as an _________ image, not as a classical theme. Titian's gift for a composition using naturalistic forms inspired by ancient world makes him a true representative of the high Renaissance His work had an important influence on later artists, who found in his paintings new techniques and new subject matters that inspired their own work Name later not painting of Venus---> thinks it might be his mistress or courtesan ____________ of a woman's body to her dog, maidens in background getting close not looking at the viewer Woman looks at you almost teasingly holds flowers in her hand __________ painting Contours of space goes beyond the room, showing depth of the room Linear, geometric window

Bellini giorgione, Venetian, prolific, inventive,

ch 16 Titans: Giorgione's young colleague, Titian who's trained with ________ _______________and even repainted some of their works, dominated ____________ paintings for the next half-century. Fully aware of Innovations of other Renaissance artist, yet committed to exploring Venetian traditions of subject matter in technique What are the most ________ and __________ artists of the period Throughout his life earned commissions from most illustrious patrons in Europe; he also trained many of the Venetian artist of the 16th century Titian could transform older Traditions even as he respected their conventions.. Seen in this painting below

papal patronage, threats, alliance, traditions, Giovanni Bellini

ch 16 Venice and High Renaissance: while Florence suffered political instability and Rome became the center of _____ ____________, Venice endured ___________ from its neighbors and invasions from the east Republic of Venice was threatened by international military _________ aimed against it in 1509 to reduce territory Venice had to defend against incursions into Europe by Turks, who conquered the Byzantine Empire. Artist in Venice built on __________ from 15th c and the innovations of __________ __________ to create distinct visual language that appealed to wealthy patrons. Two artists: Giorgione and Titian, created new subject matter, approaches to images and techniques

1495-1520, artist, architect

ch 16 High Renaissance in Italy ________-__________ High Renaissance profiting from early Renaissance ( sculpture, painters, architecture) The big one would be Leonardo, , Michelangelo, Raphael were internationally famous and moved around __________ and ____________ words for used