Chapters 6,7,&8 History Test
What was the main reason that Carnegie invested in the Frick Coke Company?
He wanted to make sure he could always get fuel for his steel plant.
Which of the following best describes Samuel Gompers's role in relation to the goals of organized labor?
He was the first president of the largest labor organization in the world.
Do you agree with Carnegie's defense of millionaires? Explain your answer.
I do agree because they give the most money to charities even though they have nice things. If we fought against them there would be no major companies to make the essential products of life.
Edwin Drake
In 1859 he successfully used a steam engine to drill for oil near, Titusville, Pennsylvania. This started an oil boom.
George M. Pullman
In 1880, he built a factory for manufacturing sleepers and other railroad cars on the Illinois prairie. Built a town for his employees to live in, provided almost all of basic needs, could not drink alcohol or loiter though.
Sherman Antitrust Act
In 1890, this act made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade between states or with other countries.
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)
In 1905, a group of radical unionists and socialists in chicago organized this. Aka the wobblies, headed by William "Big Bill" Haywood. Included miners, lumberers, and cannery and dock workers, welcomed african americans.
Credit Mobilier
In one of the most infamous schemes, stockholders in the union pacific railroad formed, in 1864, this construction company.
What strategies enabled big businesses to eliminate competition?
Instead of competition, companies merged and made profits together. Holding companies would buy out all the stock of one company. Rockefeller joined companies in trust agreements in which trustees would hold stock of all companies and then each company would get a dividend.
What natural resources were most important for industrialization?
Iron, steel, and oil
How much did the government regulate business practices during the Gilded Age?
It barely regulated businesses at all.
How did the development of the Bessemer process affect the growth of cities?
It enabled the mass production of steel, which was used to build new factories.
What made Standard Oil a horizontal integration monopoly?
It owned ninety percent of US oil refineries.
Explain the concept of Social Darwinism as it relates to business.
It says the marketplace should not be regulated, and let what will happen, happen, to get involved.
Samuel Gompers
Jewish immigrant who led the cigar makers international union to join other craft unions in 1886.
Which statement best explains why, during the 1800s, manufacturers resisted workers' demands for higher wages and safer workplaces?
Manufacturers knew their companies would become less productive.
What impact did railroads have on cities across the United States at the turn of the 20th century?
Many cities became industrial centers.
How do monopolies affect the price of goods?
Monopolies can lower and raise their prices at will.
Which is a reason people were open to new inventions during the Industrial Age?
New inventions made life easier for many people.
What were the effects of railroad expansion?
New time zones, (4 in us, 24 worldwide), new opportunities for wealth, shipping good to anywhere in the U.S, less time and money went to shipping goods, opened new markets for farmers, bankers, and industrialists.
Do you think the government and private citizens could have done more to curb the corruption and power of the railroads? Give one example to support your answer.
No, the Munn v. Illinois started new laws for regulation, more regulation would have slowed industrial growth down.
The growth of business led to the development of a new type of business organization called the corporation. Which of the following was a characteristic of a corporation?
None of the company's stockholders was legally responsible if the company went bankrupt.
Ashcan School
Of american art, led by Eakins student Robert Henri, painted urban life and working people with gritty realism and no frills.
James A. Garfield
Ohio congressman, president tied to reformers
What factors made the Triangle Shirtwaist fire so lethal?
Only one fire escape, no sprinklers, full of cloth and oil, company locked all the doors except one to prevent theft, unlocked door had fire inside.
How did industrial working conditions contribute to the growth of the labor movement?
People tired of having to work in dangerous conditions and had had it and that is when it started.
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens, novelists and humorist, inspired a host of young authors when he declared his independence of ¨literature and all that bosh¨
How did economic factors limit industrialization in the South?
South was still trying to recover from civil war, held up by lack of money. At the mercy of railroad companies for transporting goods to markets, paid added to cost for raw materials due to high tariffs.
How did railroad owners use Crédit Mobilier to make huge, undeserved profits?
Stockholders gave company a contract to lay track to 2 -3 times the actual cost and pocketed profits, they donated shares of stock to about 20 representatives of congress in 1867.
How did the Great Strike in 1877 and the Hay market affair cause the public to resent the labor movement?
Strikes became violent and were also shutting down transportation systems.
Do you think that consumers gained power as industry expanded in the late 19th Century? Explain your answer.
Technology had advanced making things get produced faster and more of it too. This caused the goods to get cheaper. Also, railroads were huge and made transportation faster. So, yes i do because because goods were cheaper, transported faster, and in bigger quantities, this gave consumers more power than they have had in the past.
What was the state of the steel industry in the United States at the turn of the 20th century?
The United States became the world leader in steel production.
Which of the following best states the relationship between the government, company management, and striking workers during the late 1800s?
The government nearly always sided with companies against striking workers.
Mary Harris Jones
The most prominent organizer in the women's labor movement, she supported the great strike of 1877 and later organized for the United Mine Workers of America (UMW). received death threats and jail with the coal miners who gave her nickname, mother jones.
How did inventions and developments in the late 19th Century change the way people worked?
The new machinery required workers, electricity places had to have workers, but these jobs also did not need skill, they lost value for their workers and workers worked under harsh and horrible conditions.
How did the Grangers, who were largely poor farmers, do battle with the giant railroad companies?
They took political action, sponsored state and local political candidates, elected legislators, and successfully pushed for laws to protect their interest. Throughout west, midwest, and southeast convinced state legislators to establish maximum freight and passenger rates, and prohibit discrimination.
How did the railroads affect cities?
They were dangerous, pollution, unsanitary conditions, but they also promoted trade and independence.
Why did blacklisted union members have trouble finding jobs after the Pullman strike?
They were viewed by potential employers as troublemakers.
Which of these inventors most directly contributed to changing the way people functioned during the evening?
Thomas Alva Edison
Why did the development of time zones make train schedules more reliable?
Time zones created a standard of time that all trains followed.
What was a result of creating rail standardization?
Trains from different rail lines could use each other's tracks.
What did the Supreme Court rule in Munn v. Illinois?
Upheld the Granger laws, allowed states to regulate certain businesses within their borders, including railroads. Court upheld power of government to regulate private industries, in serving public interest
Joseph Pulitzer
a Hungarian immigrant who had bought the NY World in 1883, pioneered popular innovations, such as a large sunday edition, etc.
An example of using bribery to engage in union busting would be?
a manager paying an employee to spy on union members.
Social Darwinism
a social and economic philosophy based on biologist Charles Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, holding that a system of unrestrained competition will ensure the survival of the fittest.
Debt Peonage
a system that bound laborers into slavery in order to work off a debt to the employer.
Rural Free Delivery ( RFD)
a system that brought packages directly to every home.
The Cleveland Massacre was?
a takeover by Standard Oil of the refineries in Cleveland.
Pendleton Civil Service Act
act in 1833, authorized a bipartisan civil service commision to make appointments to federal jobs through a merit system, based on candidates performance on an examination.
Which is an invention that improved safety for railway passengers?
air brakes
Poll Tax
an annual tax that had to be paid before qualifying to vote.
Angel Island
asians (mainly chinese) arriving west coast, passed through here in San Francisco. Between 1910 and 1940, 50,000 chinese immigrants passed through here. Here these immigrants endured harsh questioning and long detention in filthy ramshackle buildings while waiting to see if they were rejected or admitted.
Eugene V. Debs
attempted to form such an industrial union, the american railway union.
Chinese Exclusion Act
banned entry to all chinese, except students, teachers, merchants, tourists, and government officials.
Booker T. Washington
black educator, believed that racism would end once blacks acquired useful labor skills and proved their economic value to society.
Ida B. Wells
born into slavery, shortly before emancipation, mover to memphis early 1802 to work as a teacher. Later became editor of a local paper, racial justice was a persistent theme in her reporting.
Orville & Wilbur Wright
brothers in the early 20th century, bicycle manufacturers from Dayton Ohio, first they built a glider, then they made a four cylinder internal combustion engine, chose a propeller, and designed a biplane.
Settlement House
community centers in slum neighborhoods that provided assistance to people in the area, especially immigrants.
Horizontal Integration
companies producing similar products merge.
Daniel Burnham
designed a slender 285 foot tower in 1902, the flatiron building.
Louis Sullivan
designed the ten-story Wainwright Building in St.Louis in 1890-1891, architect.
Americanization Movement
designed to assimilate people of wide-ranging cultures into the dominant culture.
George Eastman
developed a series of more convenient alternative to the heavy glass plates previously used.
Bessemer Process
developed by Henry Bessemer and william kelly around 1850, this technique involved injecting air into molten iron to remove the carbon and other impurities.
A government is laissez-faire when it?
does not interfere with business affairs and does not regulate its actions.
Social Gospel Movement
early reform program, preached salvation through service to the poor.
Industrialization resulted in what changes to American society?
economic growth and increased urbanization.
John D. Rockefeller
established the standard oil company, used a trust to gain total control of the oil industry in america.
Niagara Movement
founded by Dubois in 1905, which insisted that blacks should seek a liberal arts education so that the black community would have well educated leaders.
American Federation of Labor (AFL)
gompers as its president, focused on collective bargaining , or negotiation between representatives of labor and management, to reach written agreements on wages, hours, and working conditions. Used strikes as a major tactic.
Civil Service
government administration
Benjamin Harrison
grandson of president William Henry Harrison, cleveland won 100,000 more popular votes, but harrison took most of the electoral votes and the presidency. Signed Mckinley tariff act in 1890.
The manufacturing of products in the United States?
greatly increased from 1800 to 1900.
The expansion of the rail networks led to?
growth in the steel industry.
Urbanization
growth of cities mostly in the regions of northeast and midwest.
William "Boss" Tweed
head of Tammany Hall, NYC's powerful democratic political machine in 1868. Between 1869 and 1871 he led the Tweed Ring, a group of corrupt politicians, in defrauding the city.
Which of the following was a tactic that companies used to hurt unions?
hiring scabs
Thomas A. Edison
in 1876, he became a pioneer on the new industrial frontier when he established the world's first research laboratory in Menlo Park, New Jersey. Here he perfected the incandescent light bulb- patented in 1880- and later invented an entire system for producing and distributing electrical power.
Munn v. Illinois
in 1877, the supreme court upheld the granger laws by a vote of 7 to 2. The states won the right to regulate the railroads for the benefit of farmers and consumers.
Railroads not only led to an increase in the ability to transport raw materials, but they also led to a(n)?
increase in the demand for raw materials
Which of these innovations was made possible by Alexander Graham Bell?
instant communication over distance through speech
Christopher Sholes
invented the typewriter in 1867 and changed the world of work.
Frederick Law Olmsted
landscape architect, spearheaded the ,movement for planned urban parks. Helped drew up a plan for ¨greensward¨ which was to become central park in NYC.
Segregation
laws to separate white and black people in public and private facilities.
The development of a system of mass production in manufacturing meant that?
machines rapidly produced large amounts of products.
What industry was most affected by the refrigerated railcar?
meatpacking
Tenement
multi-family, urban dwellings, overcrowded and unsanitary immigrant homes.
Melting Pot
native born citizens thought of their country as this. Mixture of people of different cultures and races who blended together by abandoning their native languages and customs.
Unions sought to improve workers' pay and working conditions by?
negotiating with employers.
Which three factors transformed industry during the Gilded Age?
new business practices, new technology, and the expansion of railroads.
The wildcat strike by employees of the Pullman Company in 1894 was?
not approved by a union.
Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute
now Tuskegee University in Alabama. Aimed to equip blacks with teaching diplomas and useful skills in agricultural, domestic, or mechanical work.
Gentlemen's Agreement
of 1907-1908 japan's government agreed to limit immigration of unskilled workers to the u.s, in exchange for the repeal of the San Francisco segregation order.
Political Machine
offered services to to voters and businesses in exchange for political and financial support.
Transcontinental Railroad
on May 10,1869, the central pacific and the union pacific railroads met at Promontory, Utah. linked the atlantic and pacific coasts.
Jane Addams
one of the most influential members of the movement, founded chicago's Hull House in 1889.
Nativism
overt favoritism toward native born americans
Vertical Integration
process in which carnegie bought out his suppliers- coal fields and iron mines, ore freighters, and railroad lines- in order to control the raw materials and transportation systems.
The economy of the Gilded Age was characterized by?
rapid economic growth and social change.
The building of a railroad network led to industrial growth because?
raw materials and finished products were shipped quickly and cheaply.
What was the core business that made Standard Oil a horizontally integrated monopoly?
refining oil
Rutherford B. Hayes
republican president, elected in 1876, couldn't convince congress to support reform, so he named independents to his cabinet, also set up a commission to investigate nations custom houses, which were notorious centers of patronage.
Ellis Island
site of an immigration inspection screening process. From 1892- 1924 this place was the chief immigration station in the u.s. An estimated 17 million immigrants passed through the noisy facility. In new york harbor. 20% of immigrants at ellis island were detained for a day or more before inspection, however only 2% of which were denied entry. The process could take up to 5 hours or more. 1st had to pass physical examination by a doctor, next if they passed that were sent to a government inspector. They checked documents and question the immigrant, to see if they had legal requirements to enter u.s. Requirements- could never have been convicted of a felony, able to work, had to have at least 25$ after 1909.
Grandfather Clause
stated that even if a man failed the literacy test or could not afford the poll tax, he was still entitled to vote if he, his father, or his grandfather had been eligible to vote before January 1,1867.
Which industry benefited most from the Bessemer process?
steel
Following the Pullman strike, efforts by employers to obtain anti-union court orders were generally?
successful because there were no legal protections for unions.
Plessy v. Ferguson
supreme court ruled that separation of races in public accommodations was legal and did not violate the 14th amendment.
W.E.B. DuBois
the first black to receive a doctorate from harvard in 1895, strongly disagree with Washington's gradual approach.
Patronage
the giving of government jobs to people who had helped a candidate get elected.
Graft
the illegal use of political influence for personal gain.
Which of these industries was made possible by Thomas Edison's ideas and inventions?
the movie industry
Jim Crow Laws
the segregation laws became known as this
Thomas Edison's fascination with what invention inspired him to develop the phonograph?
the telephone
What method of manufacturing, introduced in the early 1800s, made mass production possible?
the use of interchangeable parts
Interstate Commerce Act
this act reestablished the right of the federal government to supervise railroad activities and established a 5 member interstate commerce commission (ICC) for that purpose, passed in 1887.
The main reason people moved to cities during the Gilded Age was?
to get jobs in factories and corporate headquarters.
Chester A. Arthur
to level out garfield's ties to reformers they elected one of cocklings supporters for vice president.
Which of the following groups frequently protested the hiring of unskilled factory workers in the 1800s?
trade unions
Mass Transit
transportation systems designed to move large numbers of people along fixed routes, enabled workers to go to and from jobs more easily.
Alexander G. Bell
unveiled the telephone along with Thomas Watson in 1876.
Many people who immigrated to the United States during the Gilded Age moved to?
urban areas, where they worked in factories.
William Randolph Hearst
wealthy, purchased the NY Morning Journal in 1895.
The Transcontinental Railroad was completed in?
1869
Grover Cleveland
1884 democratic president, tried to lower tariff rates, but congress refused to support him. First democratic president in 28 years. Ran for reelection in 1888 against benjamin harrison. Re-elected in 1892.
What were Andrew Carnegie's management and business strategies?
Always was searching for ways to make better products more cheaply, brought in new machinery and techniques like accounting systems to help him track precise cost. He also attracted talented people by offering stock in company, and encouraged competition among his assistants.
Andrew Carnegie
Born in scotland, poor parents, came to this country in 1848, at age 12. 6 years later he worked his way up to become a private secretary to the local superintendent of the Pennsylvania railroad. One morning he relayed messages that i snarled a tangle of freight and passenger trains. His boss, Thomas A. Scott rewarded him by giving him a chance to buy stock. His mother mortgaged the family home for him to make the purchase possible. He then received his first dividend.
Which company was a monopoly during the Gilded Age?
Carnegie Steel
Why was Carnegie Steel able to offer its product more cheaply than its competitors?
Carnegie could cut his costs because he owned the supply of raw materials and the means of production and distribution.
How did the growth of the steel industry influence the development of other industries?
Coal and Iron ore mining became bigger because those were needed to make steel. Railroads, construction, and other many needs had to have steel, so once steel became huge so did the rest of those things.
How did craft unions and industrial unions differ?
Craft unions just represented skilled laborers and industrial unions represented skilled and unskilled laborers.
Which statement best describes the overall goal of early labor unions?
Early labor unions wanted pay similar to that of skilled workers.
Which of the following was a direct result of the Pullman strike?
Eugene V. Debs was arrested for his union activities and put in jail.
How was Rockefeller able to build his monopoly across the oil industry?
He bought up oil refineries, cut costs, and reinvested his profits in other refineries.
How did Henry Ford affect the automobile industry?
He made car production cheaper by improving the assembly line.
How did Granville Woods improve the telegraph?
He made it possible for moving trains to have telegraphs.
