Chapters 7 + 8
What are the net products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 Pyruvate
In human gamete production there is an average of _____ crossover events per chromosome pair.
2-3
_____ is a carcinogen that promotes colon cancer.
Fat
Which of the following functions as a biological catalyst?
enzyme
What does the chemiosmotic process in chloroplasts involve?
establishment of a proton gradient
Which set of reactions uses H2O and produces O2?
light-dependent reactions
Which of the following particles can pass through the ATP synthase channel?
protons
Which of the following are directly associated with photosystem I?
receiving electrons from plastocyanin
The energy of the movement of electrons down a concentration gradient via electron transport within chloroplasts and mitochondria is used to generate molecules of:
ATP
The main function of cellular respiration is to produce:
ATP
The most common energy carrier molecule in living organisms is:
ATP
What is the primary energy carrier for cells?
ATP
Which of the following is the primary energy carrier for cells?
ATP
Attaches Phosphate groups to ADP molecules to generate ATP
ATP Synthase
The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with
ATP and NADPH
What are the products of linear photophosphorylation?
ATP and NADPH
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle? - G3P and H2O - C6H12O6 and RuBP - ATP and NADPH - CO2 and O2 - C6H12O6 and O2
ATP and NADPH ATP and NADPH are both products of the light reactions and are used to power the Calvin cycle.
Your teacher wants you to mix up the enzymes and substrates necessary to perform the Calvin cycle in a test tube. In order to control the reactions, you wish to do this in the absence of the light reactions, whole chloroplasts, and cells. What components do you need to put into the test tube? - ATP, NADPH, and an extract from chloroplast stroma - ATP, NADPH, and CO2 - ATP, CO2, and an extract from chloroplast stroma - ATP, CO2, and intact thylakoids - ATP, CO2, NADPH, and a light source - ATP, NADPH, and intact thylakoids
ATP, NADPH, and an extract from chloroplast stroma The enzymes of the stroma need ATP and NADPH to perform the Calvin cycle. CO2 is available in the air.
Which of the following statements is a correct distinction between autotrophs and heterotrophs?
Autotrophs, but not heterotrophs, can nourish themselves beginning with CO2 and other nutrients that are inorganic
These pathways are beneficial in climates where hot, dry weather can occur
C4 or CAM
What is the correct general equation for cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP energy
Without oxygen in the ETC what would happen
Chemiosmosis would stop
Absorbs wave lengths, reflects green
Chlorophyll A
Absorbs but in different wave lengths (reflects olive green)
Chlorophyll B
In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place?
Chloroplast
Organelles in plants and photosynthetic bacteria that is the site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
Are a form of potential energy
Concentration Gradients
Which of the following describes the steps of photosystem II and electron transport chain II in terms of energy conversions?
Kinetic energy from sunlight is converted into potential energy in an electron. This then is converted to kinetic energy by pumping hydrogen ions. The kinetic energy of the ions flowing back through the membrane is converted to potential energy in ATP.
Martian invaders come to Earth to conduct tests on human biology students. A Martian tells you that, in his species, n=62. Assuming their chromosomes are like human chromosomes, he then asks you how many chromosomes are present in each cell of his finger. How do you reply?
124. The Martian gave you the haploid number. The cells of his finger are likely diploid, so they have twice the haploid number.
How many energy molecules are required to create one molecule of glucose?
18 ATP & 12NADPH
How many energy molecules are required to create one molecule of glucose?
18 ATP and 12 NADPH
In glycolysis there is a net gain of _____ ATP.
2
What are the net products of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2NADPH, & 2 Pyruvate
In the laboratory fruit fly, n is 4. How many different chromosome sets can be produced by one fly, excluding crossing over?
2^4. or 2^n which in this case is 4. Among each chromosome pair, a choice can be made. This means 2 to the power of n unique combinations exist.
In the C3 Cycle how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules
3
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules?
3
In the Calvin cycle, how many ATP molecules are required to regenerate RuBP from five G3P molecules? - 2 - 4 - 5 - 3 - 1
3
How many molecules of carbon are fixed in each round of the Calvin cycle? - 3 - 15 - 1 - 5 - 6
3 Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a three-carbon molecule, is the product of this cycle.
How many high energy molecules are produced in one round of the Krebs Cycle?
3 NADH, FADH2, & ATP
How many high-energy molecules are produced in one round of the Krebs cycle?
3 NADH, FADH2, and ATP
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose?
6
How many carbon dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose? - 2 - 10 - 4 - 8 - 6
6 Six carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce two G3P molecules, which can be combined to make one glucose molecule.
Which of these equations best summarizes photosynthesis?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2
In glycolysis, what starts the process of glucose breakdown?
ATP
For each Glucose that enters glycolysis how many NADH enter the electron transport chain
10
For each glucose that enters glycolysis, _____ NADH enter the electron transport chain.
10
How many NADH are produced by glycolysis?
2
What is the net gain of energy carrier molecules from glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the Krebs cycle?
4 ATP, 10 NADH, and 2 FADH2
How many Carbon Dioxide molecules must be added to RuBP to make a single molecule of glucose
6
How many carbon dioxide molecules are required to produce two G3P molecules which can be combined to make one glucose
6
What is the formula for Photosynthesis
6 Co2 + 6H2o> C6 H12 O6 +6o2
Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Which of the following equations represents photosynthesis? - C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O - 6CO2 + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6H2O - 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 - C6H12O6 + 6CO2 → 6O2 + 6H2O - 6H2O + 6O2 → C6H12O6 + 6CO2
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis requires carbon dioxide and water for the production of sugar and oxygen.
What is the equation for Photosynthesis?
6Co2 + 6H2o>C6 H12 O6 + 6o2
How many of the carbons originally present in glucose continue to other reactions after glycolysis
6carbons
Which of these individuals is a homozygous genotype?
AA
ATP Synthase phosphorylates what?
ADP
Is used to start the process of Glucose Oxidation
ATP
What two molecules are produced by the light reactions and used to power the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Which of the following are products of the light reactions of photosynthesis that are utilized in the Calvin cycle?
ATP and NADPH
Chloroplast membrane vesicles are equilibrated in a simple solution of pH 5. The solution is then adjusted to pH 8. Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from these experimental conditions?
ATP will not be produced because there is no ADP and inorganic phosphate in the solution
Light reactions produce:
ATP, NADPH, and O2.
Your teacher wants you to mix up the enzymes and substrates necessary to perform the Calvin cycle in a test tube. In order to control the reactions, you wish to do this in the absence of the light reactions, whole chloroplasts, and cells. What components do you need to put into the test tube?
ATP, NADPH, and an extract from chloroplast stroma
Heat, capture energy
Absorbed
What enters the citric acid cycle
Acetyl CoA
Which of these enters the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
Acetyl CoA
Which of these is NOT a product of the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle)?
Acetyl CoA (ATP, NADH, FADH2, and Co2 are)
What are the products of acetyl CoA formation from a molecule of pyruvate?
Acetyl CoA, NADH, and CO2
With oxygen
Aerobic
Single celled fungi use ____________fermentation under anaerobic conditions
Alcoholic
Every few years a giant axe chops off the head of every person who is over 6 feet tall. How will this affect the human population?
Alleles that promote "tallness" will decrease in frequency.
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions?
An electron transport chain
What connects the two photosystems in the light reactions? - Chlorophyll - The Calvin cycle - An electron transport chain - A thylakoid - A chain of glucose molecules
An electron transport chain An electron transport chain connects the two photosystems in the light reactions.
Without oxygen
Anaerobic
During which phase of the cell cycle does the Law of Segregation of Alleles occur?
Anaphase 1
What is the most important difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction?
Asexually produced cells are genetically identical. Sexually produced cells are genetically unique.
Self Feeder
Autotroph
Why do plants produce 02
Because 02 is produced as a by-product when the plant creates H+ ions and free electrons from water
In the _____, carbon dioxide is added to RuBP
C3 Cycle, Calvin Cycle
What is an example of the use of a light reaction
C3 cycle
____ plants transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the C3 cycle occurs
C4
The ___Pathway allows carbon fixation to happen in the cool dark hours of the night, minimizing water loss.
CAM
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle?
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Which of the following occurs during the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis?
Carbon dioxide is converted to chemicals that can be used to make sugars.
What provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugar molecules in the Calvin cycle? - Carbon dioxide (CO2) - RuBP - Glucose (C6H12O6) - G3P (C3H6O3) - Sucrose (C12H22O11)
Carbon dioxide provides the carbon atoms that are incorporated into sugars in photosynthesis. This is why plants need to take in carbon dioxide.
2nd stage of Glucose breakdown, 2 pyruvate molecules broken down into 6 carbon dioxide
Cellular Respiration
Energy from the demoted high energy electron is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the thylakoid space. Hydrogen ions are allowed to flow through their concentration gradient through a protein channel and generate ATP.
Chemiosmosis
Energy is transferred to H+pumps
Chemiosmosis
Waterproof (waxy) prevents dehydration
Cuticle
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the ___________ of the mesophyll cells
Cytoplasm
Occurs in the Stroma. Occur without light. Make Chemical energy (glucose)
Dark Reactions
Which of the following statements about the daughter cells of binary fission is true?
Daughter cells are clones of each other.
A series of enzymes and proteins that capture and transfer high energy electrons and releasing them of their energy
Electron Transport Chain
Produces ATP and ADP
Electron Transport Chain
This releases energy that is used to pump hydrogen ions from the stroma into the thylakoid compartment.
Electron Transport Chain
If photosynthesis and respiration are almost symmetrical processes, how is energy lost in the process of converting sugar back into ATP?
Energy is lost as heat during glycolysis and respiration.
Animals have enzymes that break apart starch molecules but not cellulose, despite the fact that both are made up of glucose subunits. Which enzyme characteristic BEST explains this?
Enzymes are highly specific.
Most enzymes do not work if the temperature is raised too much. Why is this?
Enzymes denature at higher temperatures.
Which of these statements regarding enzymes is FALSE?
Enzymes provide energy for the reactions they catalyze.
Layer of transparent cells(cover)
Epidermis
Where does Photosyntheisis occur
Eukaryotic organisms (plants, algae), Prokaryotic bacteria (bluegreen algae or cynobacteria), Autrophs, Green portions of plants
What reactants are necessary to create FADH2 during the Krebs cycle?
FAD, two electrons, and two H+
Which of these is NOT a product of glycolysis?
FADH2 (NADH, ATP, Pyruvate, and water are)
Is required to convert the NADH produced during glycolysis back to NAD+, which needs to be continuously recycled to allow glycolysis to continue
Fermentation
Centrioles duplicate during the cell cycle. Given your knowledge of the cell cycle, when would you guess that the duplication of centrioles occurs?
G1 phase. When the cell makes the decision to divide, the centrioles are immediately duplicated.
What is the product of the C3 Cycle
G3P or 3 Carbon Molecules
How do the genes in DNA control cell function?
Genes carry the instructions for making proteins.
Why do cells convert the energy stored in the bonds of glucose into energy stored in the bonds of ATP?
Glucose is not a usable energy source for most enzymes.
Breakdown of glucose
Glycolysis
This occurs in the Cytosol
Glycolysis
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
Glycolysis
A line of mutated yeast cells, called Wee mutants, has no mitochondria. Their name comes from the fact that these cells are very small compared to other yeast cells. Which energy-harvesting processes can Wee mutants perform?
Glycolysis and Fermentation
What would happen if a cell converted all of its NAD+ into NADH?
Glycolysis would stop due to lack of a reactant.
Stacks of Thylakoids
Grana
Are open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stroma
Guard cells
What provides electrons for the light reactions?
H2O
Where does the O2 released during photosynthesis come from?
H2O
What provides electrons for the light reactions? - Light - O2 - H2O - CO2 - The Calvin cycle
H2O Electrons are stripped from water in the light reactions of photosynthesis. This is one of the reasons plants need water.
Which of the following sequences correctly represents the flow of electrons during photosynthesis?
H2O > NADPH > calvin cycle
Other feeder, eats other organisms, a consumer
Heterotroph
How are homologous chromosomes defined?
Homologous chromosomes contain the same genes, but may contain different alleles. Homologous chromosomes have identical genes, but may have different varieties of that gene (brown hair vs. black hair).
Considering pea flowers, where purple is dominant to white, describe the genotype of a white flower.
Homozygous recessive. pp
Which of the following is a proper description of the path of hydrogen ions during the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis?
Hydrogen ions from the matrix are pumped into the intermembrane space, then flow back into the matrix through ATP synthase.
During _____ the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
Interphase
How does performing the Calvin cycle only in the bundle sheath cells help C4 plants avoid photorespiration?
It helps by separating carbon fixation from the steps that generate O2. By physically separating carbon fixation from the light reactions in the mesophyll, which generate O2, C4 plants effectively reduce the O2 concentration near the Calvin cycle.
The Proximate (Immediate) Source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is what?
Kinetic Energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient.
Occurs in the Mitochondria, Cyclic Pathway
Krebs Cycle
When Acetyl CoA is released it starts the....
Krebs Cycle
What are the products of fermentation in muscle cells
Lactate and NAD+
Microorganisms use __________fermentation (including bacteria)
Lactic Acid
What fermentation doesn't produce a gas?
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Expose as many chloroplast to sunlight as possible
Leaves
Occurs in the Thylakoid
Light Reactions
Sunlight energy is converted to ATP. Oxygen is Released
Light Reactions
During _____ water is split to produce oxygen
Light reactions
Chloroplast carryout photosynthesis
Mesophyll
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
Mitochondrion
Imagine you could inject molecules into the leg muscles of a sprinter, right before a race. Which of the following would be most useful?
NAD+
What reactants are always necessary to make NADH during the energy extraction reactions?
NAD+, two electrons, and H+
Donate their energetic electrons and hydrogen ions to the ETC
NADH & FADH2
During electron transport, energy from _____ is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _____.
NADH and FADH2 ... intermembrane space
During the electron transport chain, energy from ____is used to pump hydrogen ions into the _______
NADH and FADH2...........Intermembrane Space
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _____.
NADPH
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it is reduced by _______
NADPH
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____.
NADPH
You place a plant in a transparent box made of greenish-yellow plastic. How does this affect photosynthesis for the plant? - Only pigments that appear greenish-yellow will be able to absorb the light. Photosynthesis will be slowed. - The orange carotenoids would absorb light of this wavelength. Photosynthesis will proceed unchanged. - Only chlorophyll b will be able to absorb the light. Photosynthesis will proceed unchanged. - All of the plant pigments will be able to absorb the light, but this light is lower energy. Photosynthesis will be slowed. - None of the plant pigments will be able to absorb the light. Photosynthesis will stop.
None of the plant pigments will be able to absorb the light. Photosynthesis will stop.
How many of the carbons originally present in acetyl CoA continue onto respiration after the Krebs Cycle?
None, no carbons are left all are lost as C02
What is a gene made of?
Nucleotides
Before photosynthesis evolved, ________ was rare in Earth's atmosphere.
O2
How is O2 involved in photosynthesis?
O2 is a product of the light reactions.
How is O2 involved in photosynthesis? - O2 is a product in the dark reactions. - O2 is a reactant in the dark reactions. - O2 is a product in the Calvin cycle. - O2 is a reactant in the light reactions. - O2 is a reactant in the Calvin cycle. - O2 is a product of the light reactions.
O2 is a product of the light reactions.
What is the final electron acceptor of Cellular Respiration
Oxygen
What is the final electron acceptor of cellular respiration
Oxygen
What property of oxygen allows it to form bonds with the electrons found at the end of the electron transport chain?
Oxygen forms polar, low-energy bonds. Highly polar bonds can be formed from very low-energy electrons, like those found at the end of the electron transport chain.
Splitting of water using light
Photolysis
The smallest unit of light energy. Travels as both a wave and a particle
Photon
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes what?
Photorespiration
What is photorespiration?
Photorespiration occurs when a plant runs out of CO2 and begins adding O2 to RuBP in the Calvin cycle.
Organizing wasted energy and reversing entrophy (disorganization)
Photosynthesis
The process of a chemical reaction which light energy is used to synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules.
Photosynthesis
Green portions of plants are?
Photosynthetic
Chemiosmosis occurs here
Photosystem II
Longer Electron Chain. Comes 1st. 2 electrons are "boosted" and ejected
Photosystem II
What splits water into 1/2 02, H+ and e-
Photosystem II
A cluster of cholorphyll and accessory pigment molecules surrounded by various proteins
Photosystems
Leaf
Phyll
Absorb or reflect wave lengths of light energy
Pigments
A purple-flowered pea plant self-fertilizes and produces both purple and white offspring. What is its genotype?
Pp
Algae-green, brown, red
Primary Oxygen Producers
In fermentation ______is reduced and _______ is oxidized
Pyruvate.....NADH
_____ has a longer wavelength than _____. - Yellow ... red - Blue ... green - Green ... yellow - Red ... green - Violet ... blue
Red has a longer wavelength than green.
Wasted opportunity (Color)
Reflected
Why is respiration a better method than fermentation for extracting energy from glucose?
Respiration extracts energy from pyruvate that is wasted in fermentation. Respiration results in 36 ATP per glucose molecule compared to the two ATP produced by glycolysis followed by fermentation.
How many of the carbons originally present in glucose continue to other reactions after glycolysis?
Six carbons are left in pyruvate molecules.
Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?
Stomata
Which of the following structures allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere? - Vascular bundle - Stomata - Cuticle - Epidermis
Stomata on the underside of the leaf control the passage of gases into and out of the leaf.
What allows for gas exchange between the tissues of a leaf and the atmosphere?
Stroma
Where does the Calvin cycle occur?
Stroma
Gas exchange (adjustable pores)
Stromata
Usually on the bottom of the leaf waster pours out of it. Looses 99 % water
Stromata
In the Citric Acid Cycle, ATP molecules are produced by
Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by?
Substrate-level phosphorylation
What is the function of the telomere?
Telomeres prevent the ends of chromosomes from being damaged.
What is the purpose of the CAM pathway in avoiding photorespiration
The CAM pathway fixes Co2 at night, when the stroma can stay open.
How do cells fit long pieces of DNA into a compartment as small as the nucleus?
The DNA is wrapped around histones.
Where does the C3cycle occur
The Stroma
Light Independent Reactions (names)
The Sugar Factory, Light reaction, Calvin Cycle, C3
The enzyme amylase in human saliva breaks starch polymers down into smaller sugar units. However, it cannot break down cellulose polymers. Both are made of glucose monomers, but in cellulose the monomers are linked together in a different shape than starch. Why can't amylase digest cellulose?
The bonds of cellulose do not fit properly in the active site.
Why do plant leaves appear green
The chlorophyll in leaves reflect green light
Why do plant leaves appear green?
The chlorophyll in leaves reflects green light.
Why do plant leaves appear green? - The chlorophyll in the leaves uses green light. - The chlorophyll in the leaves transmits green light. - The chlorophyll in the leaves transforms light of other wavelengths into green light. - The chlorophyll in leaves reflects green light. - The chlorophyll in the leaves changes shape when struck by green light. - The chlorophyll in the leaves absorbs green light.
The chlorophyll in leaves reflects green light. Objects appear to be the color they reflect the most.
Which of the following occurs immediately after a cell runs out of oxygen?
The electron transport chain stops.
Why is the Krebs cycle called a cycle?
The final product of the process serves as an initial reactant in the process. Oxaloacetate is used as a reactant with acetyl CoA in the beginning and is regenerated at the end of the process.
A gene is moved from chromosome 12 to chromosome 15. What has happened to this gene?
The gene is in a new locus.
Many science fiction books and movies have suggested that human cloning will be a dominant mode of reproduction in the future. Which of the following presents a good scientific argument against this practice?
The large percentage of species making use of sexual reproduction suggests that maintaining genetic variation is necessary for the success of a species. The benefits of a genetically varied species have been proven time and again. In fact, evidence has shown that genetic variation is more important than total number of individuals to the survival of an endangered species.
What is the relationship between light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
The light reactions produce energy carriers, which are used in the Calvin cycle to convert PGA into G3P.
What is the relationship between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
The light reactions produce energy carriers, which are used in the Calvin cycle to convert PGA into G3P.
When discussing photosynthesis, some people mistakenly talk about the light reactions and the dark reactions. Why is "dark reactions" an inaccurate name for the Calvin cycle?
This implies that the Calvin cycle occurs only at night.
When discussing photosynthesis, some people mistakenly talk about the light reactions and the dark reactions. Why is "dark reactions" an inaccurate name for the Calvin cycle? - The light reactions occur on the outside of a chloroplast and the Calvin cycle occurs in the center of the chloroplast. - This implies that the Calvin cycle occurs only at night. - It does not give proper credit to the scientist who discovered carbon fixation in photosynthesis. - Dark reactions is another name for photorespiration. - Both the light reactions and the Calvin cycle are dependent on light.
This implies that the Calvin cycle occurs only at night.
A person is heterozygous for hair texture. Which of these statements is correct about this person's DNA?
This person has two different alleles at the loci for hair texture. Heterozygotes for a particular trait carry two different alleles.
Light Reactions occur in
Thylakoid
Chlorophyll a can absorb well in both the violet/blue end of the spectrum and the orange/red end of the spectrum. Why then is ultraviolet light considered a very good source of energy for photosynthesis?
Ultraviolet light has more energy per photon.
Chlorophyll a can absorb well in both the violet/blue end of the spectrum and the orange/red end of the spectrum. Why then is ultraviolet light considered a very good source of energy for photosynthesis? - Chlorophyll b absorbs better in the violet/blue wavelengths. - Ultraviolet light has more energy per photon. - The sun produces more photons with a violet/blue wavelength than with a red wavelength. - Chlorophyll b reflects orange/red light away from chlorophyll a. - Carotenoids absorb better in the violet/blue wavelengths as well.
Ultraviolet light has more energy per photon. Photons of ultraviolet wavelengths carry more energy than those of the visible wavelengths.
"VEINS" carry things to and from the cell (transport pathways)
Vascular Bundles
Light reactions of photosynthesis use ___ and produce____
Water, NADPH
Outside the body, sugar can catch fire and burn in an exergonic reaction. Inside the body, we also talk about burning sugar in an exergonic reaction, but it never catches fire. Why not?
When sugar is lit on fire, all of the bonds are broken at once. When the body breaks down sugar, enzymes break down one bond at a time.
Absorbs all colors and all wave lengths of light
White Light
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________. - chloroplasts; mitochondria - stroma; thylakoids - mitochondria; chloroplasts - thylakoids; stroma - inner membrane; outer membrane
Within the chloroplast, the light reactions take place in the flattened sacs called thylakoids and the Calvin cycle takes place in the thick fluid called the stroma.
Go Up
Xylem
What is used in alcohol fermentation
Yeast
Which of the following is most similar to the Calvin cycle? - a human breathing in oxygen and breathing out carbon dioxide - a solar panel converting sunlight into electricity - a tree that is on fire - a robot assembling a car - a loaf of bread in the oven - a farmer harvesting grain in the fall
a robot assembling a car
Which of the following is most similar to the Calvin cycle?
a robot assembling a car. The robot is using the energy of electricity to make a solid, finished product, the car. The Calvin cycle uses the energy of ATP and NADPH to create a finished product, sugar.
Which of the following is the most important for generating the most genetic variability in a species?
ability to fuse haploid gametes to form a new individual. The ability to combine different sets of alleles into one individual is most important to generating diversity.
Which trait below is a characteristic of energy carriers?
able to release energy easily
Which molecule functions in the short-term storage of energy?
adenosine triphosphate
Enzymes are important because they:
allow reactions to occur at body temperature.
FAD is an example of:
an electron carrier.
When - if ever - do molecules stop moving?
at absolute zero (-273.15°C)
In the C3 pathway, where does the carbon come from to form glucose?
atmospheric CO2
Why do plants produce O2?
because O2 is produced as a by-product when the plant creates H+ ions and free electrons from water
Why do plants produce O2? - because O2 is produced as a by-product when the plant creates H+ ions and free electrons from water - because O2 is produced as a by-product when the plant removes the carbon from CO2 - because O2 is produced as a by-product when the plant creates H+ ions and water - because O2 is produced by the plant for later use during the Calvin cycle - because O2 is produced by the plant for later use during respiration
because O2 is produced as a by-product when the plant creates H+ ions and free electrons from water
Why don't all plants use the C4 or CAM pathways to avoid photorespiration?
because the C4 and CAM pathways require extra energy to perform photosynthesis
Generation of proton gradients across membranes occurs during
both photosynthesis and respiration
Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism occurs during
both photosynthesis and respiration
The Calvin cycle describes the conversion of ___.
carbon dioxide to carbohydrates
Which step of the Calvin cycle requires no extra energy?
carbon fixation by rubisco
Which step of the Calvin cycle requires no extra energy? - chemiosmosis of ATP - generation of G3P - generation of NADPH - splitting of water - carbon fixation by rubisco - regeneration of RuBP
carbon fixation by rubisco This process requires no energy carriers to be expended
Which of the following lowers the activation energy of a biochemical reaction?
catalysts
All of the following statements pertaining to catalysts are true EXCEPT:
catalysts increase activation energy requirements.
Which cellular structure contributes to the biggest difference between mitosis in plants and mitosis in animals?
cell wall. The cell wall of plants is rigid, preventing the cell from being pinched in half by a microfilament belt.
Which specific structure must separate during anaphase in order for sister chromatids to begin moving toward opposite poles?
centromeres
The pigment(s) that absorb light energy to drive photosynthesis is/are:
chlorophyll and carotenoids.
The cellular organelle that is responsible for photosynthetic activity is the:
chloroplast.
Binary fission would not occur if which of the following was missing?
chromosome duplication
What is a test cross?
crossing an organism with a dominant phenotype with one that has a recessive phenotype
Which of the following is produced in response to growth factors binding to surface receptors?
cyclins. Cyclins are produced after surface receptors bind growth factors
The ATP and NADPH synthesized during the light reactions are:
dissolved in the stroma.
How is your body able to counteract the effects of entropy?
eating a balanced diet
True or false? The region of ATP synthase that catalyzes the production of ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate spans the chloroplast membrane.
false
The anaerobic breakdown of glucose is called:
fermentation
Where does the energy that life uses to combat entropy come from?
from the sun
The ease with which humans travel across the globe is likely to increase _____.
gene flow
All the genes in a population are that population's _____.
gene pool
Modern travel along with migration reduces the probability of _____ having an effect on the evolution of humans.
genetic drift
The products of photosynthesis are:
glucose and oxygen.
Which event occurs in the fluid portion of the cytoplasm of a cell undergoing glucose metabolism?
glycolysis
Energy that is not converted to useful energy is usually given off as:
heat
What does NADH contain that is useful to a cell?
high-energy electrons
Which of the following is separated during anaphase I?
homologous chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are separated in anaphase I and sister chromatids are separated in anaphase II.
ATP is an energy carrier. Where is the energy actually located?
in the bonds between phosphate groups
When a muscle cell demands energy to perform its work of contraction, ATP:
is broken down.
If glucose is metabolized under completely anaerobic conditions, then pyruvate:
is converted by fermentation to CO2 and ethanol or to lactate.
How does performing the Calvin cycle only in the bundle sheath cells help C4 plants avoid photorespiration? A. It helps by bringing more CO2 into the leaf. B. It helps by allowing the mesophyll to focus on the light reactions and not waste time on the Calvin cycle. C. It helps by separating carbon fixation from the steps that generate O2. D. It helps by holding the CO2 in the bundle sheath cells until night. E. It helps by moving the Calvin cycle deeper into the leaf, away from the light.
it helps by separating carbon fixation from the steps that generate O2
The proximate (immediate) source of energy for oxidative phosphorylation is _____.
kinetic energy that is released as hydrogen ions diffuse down their concentration gradient
In muscle cells, fermentation produces _____.
lactate and NAD+
What word is used to describe the exact position of a gene on a chromosome?
locus
What is the definition of cross-fertilization?
mating two plants to produce offspring. Cross-fertilization just means that offspring are the result of two parents. Self-fertilization is the opposite.
Which cell type in a leaf performs the most photosynthesis?
mesophyll
Crossing over, resulting in an increase in genetic variation, occurs between _____.
nonsister chromatids of homologous chromosomes
Compare prokaryotic cells to eukaryotic cells. Which difference between these two cell types affects cell division the most?
one chromosome vs. many chromosomes. The complexity of mitosis (and meiosis) is based mostly off of the need to assure that each cell gets one copy of each chromosome. Prokaryotes only have one chromosome to copy and sort.
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by _____.
oxidative phosphorylation
Which term describes ATP production resulting from the capture of light energy by chlorophyll?
photophosphorylation
In C3 plants the conservation of water promotes _____.
photorespiration (reduces amount of CO2)
Reduction of NADP+ occurs during
photosynthesis
Which process produces oxygen?
photosynthesis
In what order do the steps of the light reactions occur?
photosystem II, electron transport chain II, photosystem I, electron transport chain I
According to the chemiosmotic hypothesis, what provides the energy that directly drives ATP synthesis?
proton gradient
In the carbon fixation phase of the Calvin cycle, Rubisco attaches a molecule of carbon dioxide to a molecule containing five carbons. The resulting six-carbon compound is then split into two three-carbon molecules. After the reduction phase (including the exit of a single glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate molecule), what needs to happen next to complete a turn of the Calvin cycle?
regeneration of the five-carbon-containing molecule
Which of the following does not occur during the Calvin cycle?
release of oxygen
Which process is most directly driven by light energy?
removal of electrons from chlorophyll molecules
Reduction of oxygen which forms water occurs during
respiration
What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all forms of life on Earth?
solar energy
When oxygen is released as a result of photosynthesis, it is a by-product of which of the following
splitting the water molcules
What structural feature of a leaf enables it to obtain CO2 from the air?
stomata
Are the fluid filled open spaces of chloroplast
stroma
Where does the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma of the chloroplasts
In the citric acid cycle (also called the Krebs cycle), ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
What is the primary function of the Calvin cycle?
synthesize simple sugars from carbon dioxide
All of the following are true statements about ATP EXCEPT that it is:
synthesized only within mitochondria.
Which phase of mitosis comes last during cell division?
telophase
Which of the following statements best represents the relationships between the light reactions and the Calvin cycle?
the light reactions provide ATP and NADPH to the calvin cycle, and the cycle returns ADP, Pi, and NADP+ to the light reactions
Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between the light-dependent and light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
the light-dependent reactions produce ATP and NADPH, which are then used by light-independent reactions
What is the importance of the light-independent reactions in terms of carbon flow in the biosphere?
the light-independent reactions turn CO2, a gas, into usable carbon in the form of sugars
During _____ both the contents of the nucleus and the cytoplasm are divided.
the mitotic phase. The mitotic phase encompasses both mitosis and cytokinesis.
The pH of the inner thylakoid space has been measured, as have the pH of the stroma and of the cytosol of a particular plant cell. Which, if any, relationship would you expect to find?
the pH within the thylakoid is less of that within the stroma
The term "cycle" is used to describe the Calvin cycle because:
the process begins and ends with RuBP.
Genetic drift is a process based on _____.
the role of chance
Dark Reactions occur in
the stroma
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from
the stroma to the thylakoid space
Assume a thylakoid is somehow punctured so that the interior of the thylakoid is no longer separated from the stroma. This damage will have the most direct effect on which of the following processes?
the synthesis of ATP
A mutation occurs when _____.
there is a change in the DNA sequence of a gene
What is the biological significance of the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis?
they convert CO2 into sugar
What is the purpose of a cuticle on a leaf?
to prevent water loss
What is the purpose of a cuticle on a leaf? - to perform photosynthesis - to carry water to the rest of the leaf - to prevent water loss - to allow CO2 to enter the cell - to bring in more light - to carry sugar down to the roots
to prevent water loss The wax cuticle makes the leaf waterproof, to prevent water from leaving by evaporation. The oil on your skin performs a similar function.
Why do chloroplasts make energy carriers during the light reactions?
to provide energy for the synthesis of sugar
A "high-energy" bond in an ATP molecule is located between:
two phosphate groups.
The end product of glycolysis is:
two pyruvate molecules.
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
water ... NADPH
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____. - NADPH ... NADP+ - carbon dioxide ... sugar - NADPH ... oxygen - water ... NADPH - carbon dioxide ... oxygen
water ... NADPH During the light reactions, water is split to produce oxygen. Excited electrons from water join with NADP+ to produce NADPH.
The light reactions of photosynthesis use _____ and produce _____.
water and NADPH
In glycolysis there is a net gain of how many ATP?
2
How many molecules of carbon are fixed in each round of the Calvin cycle?
3
The site of photosynthesis
Chloroplast
What is the biggest difference between the C4 and CAM pathways?
C4 plants increase CO2 concentrations by controlling where it is released. CAM plants increase CO2 concentrations by controlling when the plant takes it in.
Carbon is fixed
Carbon fixation
In which of the following organelles does photosynthesis take place? - Mitochondrion - Ribosome - Central vacuole - Chloroplast - Nucleus
Chloroplast Chloroplasts use energy from light to transform carbon dioxide and water into sugar and oxygen.
Other name for Krebs Cycle
Citric Acid Cycle
Secretes the cuticle
Epidermis
At what point in the cell cycle does a cell decide to undergo cell division?
G1
____has a longer wave length than _____.
Red, Green
Middle
Meso
Carries Food (Phood)
Phloem
Go Down
Phloem
Energized electrons from _______are used to reduce NADP+
Photosystem I
Chlorophyll can be found in both
Photosystem I & II
What is the purpose of the CAM pathway in avoiding photorespiration?
The CAM pathway fixes CO2 at night, when stomata can stay open.
This transfers electrons to NADH and FADH2
The Citric Acid Cycle
Which of the following events occurs during prophase?
The spindle microtubules form.
What do the three major checkpoints for cell division have in common?
They all focus on DNA and chromosomes. All three checkpoints focus on the readiness of the cell based on DNA replication and sorting of the chromosomes.
Photorespiration can only occur when the stroma are?
closed
Which statement describes the functioning of photosystem II?
the electron vacancies in P680 are filled by electrons derived from water
Which of the following describes the steps of photosystem II and electron transport chain II in terms of energy conversions? - Kinetic energy from sunlight is converted into potential energy in an electron. The potential energy of the electron is converted to potential energy in NADPH. - Potential energy from the sun is converted into potential energy in an electron. The potential energy of the electron is converted to potential energy in NADPH. - Kinetic energy from sunlight is converted into potential energy in an electron. This then is converted to kinetic energy by pumping hydrogen ions. The kinetic energy of the ions flowing back through the membrane is converted to potential energy in ATP. - Potential energy from sunlight is converted into potential energy in an electron. This then is converted to kinetic energy by pumping hydrogen ions. The kinetic energy of the ions flowing back through the membrane is converted to potential energy in NADPH. - Kinetic energy from sunlight is converted into kinetic energy in an electron. This then is converted to potential energy in ATP. - Kinetic energy from sunlight is converted to potential energy by pumping hydrogen ions. The kinetic energy of the ions flowing back through the membrane is converted to kinetic energy in ATP.
Kinetic energy from sunlight is converted into potential energy in an electron. This then is converted to kinetic energy by pumping hydrogen ions. The kinetic energy of the ions flowing back through the membrane is converted to potential energy in ATP.
What leaves are the most efficient at absorbing light?
Large, Broad leaves
Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight?
Large, broad leaves
Which of the following leaf types would be the most efficient at absorbing sunlight? - Large, broad leaves - Needlelike leaves - All of these leaf types are equally efficient at absorbing sunlight. - Small, narrow leaves
Large, broad leaves These leaves have a large surface area and would be able to most efficiently absorb sunlight.
Where is the majority of the usable energy found at the completion of glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the Krebs Cycle?
NADH
Where is the majority of the usable energy found at the completion of glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation, and the Krebs cycle?
NADH
Supplies the electrons that reduce the phosphorylated 3-PGA
NADPH
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle?
NADPH
Where are the electrons used in photosystem II found at the very end of the light reactions?
NADPH
Which of the following molecules is the primary product of photosystem I?
NADPH
After 3-PGA is phosphorylated, it receives energized electrons from _____. - NADPH - NADP+ - ADP - CO2 - ATP
NADPH NADPH supplies the electrons that reduce the phosphorylated 3-PGA.
What transports electrons from the light reactions to the Calvin cycle? - FADH2 - NADH - An electron transport chain - Chlorophyll - NADPH
NADPH is an electron carrier that picks up electrons in the light reactions and releases them in the Calvin cycle.
What occurs when the stroma close to conserve water?
Photorespiration
_____ occurs when a plant runs out of Co2 and begins adding O2 to RuBP in the C3cycle
Photorespiration
In what order do the steps of light reactions occur?
Photosystem II, electron transport chain II, photosystem I, electron transport chain I
Two different plants were placed in sealed jars under a light. Probes were inserted into the jars to track O2 and CO2 levels. What can be concluded from the following data? Plant A- 0 min 5 min 10 min 15 min %CO2 - 0.09 0.03 0.02 0.02 %O2- 18.15 18.23 18.25 18.25 Plant B- 0 min 5 min 10 min 15 min %CO2- 0.09 0.02 0.01 0.005 %O2 - 18.15 18.25 18.27 18.27 a. Plant A is receiving less light than Plant B and is performing photosynthesis slower. b. Plant A is a C4 plant. Plant B is a CAM plant. c. Plant A is smaller than Plant B and has fewer leaves to perform photosynthesis. d. Plant A is smaller than Plant B and uses up the supply of CO2 slower. e. Plant A is performing photorespiration. Plant B is a C4 plant.
Plant A is performing photorespiration. Plant B is a C4 plant. (Plant A is likely a C3 plant and thus at low levels of CO2 it with have high rates of photorespiration, which is why the CO2 doesn't drop in the last 5 minutes. C4 plants concentrate CO2 and are able to photosynthesize as lower levels of CO2 and have very little photorespiration.)
Which of these phases is the most different between mitosis and meiosis?
anaphase and anaphase I. In anaphase, sister chromatids separate. In anaphase I, homologous pairs separate.
All of the following factors influence the rate of photosynthesis EXCEPT:
atmospheric N2 levels.
Why don't we use bacteria that perform lactic acid fermentation to make bread?
because lactic acid fermentation doesn't produce a gas. Ethanol fermentation from yeast produces CO2 gas, which causes the bread to rise.
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the Calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed, but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?
cyclic electron flow
In C4 and CAM plants carbon dioxide is fixed in the _____ of mesophyll cells.
cytoplasm
True or false? The chemiosmotic hypothesis states that the synthesis of ATP generates a proton gradient that leads to electron flow through an electron transport chain.
false
Which of the following processes takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
glycolysis
A line of mutated yeast cells, called Wee mutants, has no mitochondria. Their name comes from the fact that these cells are very small compared to other yeast cells. Which energy-harvesting processes can Wee mutants perform?
glycolysis and fermentation
Select the correct sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration.
glycolysis → acetyl CoA → citric acid cycle → electron transport chain
Where are the electrons used in photosystem II found at the very end of the light reactions? - in the stroma - in NADPH - in photosystem I - in ATP - in chlorophyll
in NADPH The electrons and a few of the hydrogen ions released from water in photosystem II are bound to NADP+ to form molecules of NADPH.
Where is the most energy used in the Calvin cycle?
in the conversion of PGA to G3P
Where is the most energy used in the Calvin cycle? - in the regeneration of RuBP - in the rearrangement of the six-carbon molecule made from RuBP and CO2 into the three-carbon molecules of PGA - in the fixation of CO2 to RuBP - in the linkage of two G3P molecules together to form glucose - in the conversion of PGA to G3P
in the conversion of PGA to G3P Creating the higher-energy bonds in G3P requires the most energy in the Calvin cycle.
Which of these phases of the cell cycle is most similar between a cell that will divide by mitosis and one that will divide by meiosis?
interphase. In either case, the DNA must be duplicated in order to divide the cells.
Which cell type in a leaf performs the most photosynthesis? - mesophyll - stem - epidermis - bundle sheath - stomata
mesophyll The mesophyll cells in the middle of the leaf perform the most photosynthesis.
Homologous pairs of chromosomes are lined up independently of other such pairs during _____.
metaphase I
In what organelle would you find acetyl CoA formation, the citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain?
mitochondrion
In mechanism, photophosphorylation is most similar to
oxidative phosphorylation is cellular respiration
The final electron acceptor of cellular respiration is _____.
oxygen
All of the following compounds are necessary constituents for photosynthesis EXCEPT:
oxygen.
In what order do the steps of the light reactions occur? - electron transport chain II, photosystem II, electron transport chain I, photosystem I - photosystem II, photosystem I, electron transport chain II, electron transport chain I - photosystem II, electron transport chain II, photosystem I, electron transport chain I - electron transport chain I, photosystem I, electron transport chain II, photosystem II - photosystem I, electron transport chain I, photosystem II, electron transport chain II - photosystem I, photosystem II, electron transport chain I, electron transport chain II
photosystem II, electron transport chain II, photosystem I, electron transport chain I Photosystem I was discovered first, but it does not occur first.
Entropy is a measure of an increase in:
randomness
Which of the following reactions ensures that the Calvin cycle can make a continuous supply of glucose?
regeneration of RuBP
Where do the enzymatic reactions of the Calvin cycle take place?
stroma of the chloroplast
In glycolysis, ATP molecules are produced by _____.
substrate-level phosphorylation
Why does photorespiration occur only on hot, dry days?
On hot dry days the stroma are closed, preventing Co2 from entering the leaf.
Why does photorespiration occur only on hot, dry days?
On hot, dry days the stomata are closed, preventing CO2 from entering the leaf.
Which of the following statements is true comparing the reactants and products of glucose metabolism?
One molecule of FADH2 carries more usable energy than one molecule of ATP.
In cellular respiration, most ATP molecules are produced by
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Carotenoids are often found in foods that are considered to have antioxidant properties in human nutrition. What related function do they have in plants?
they dissipate excessive light energy
Cyanide prevents oxygen from accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain. One of the first symptoms of cyanide poisoning is unconsciousness. Which of the following is a logical explanation for why the brain is affected by cyanide more than the rest of the body?
The brain cannot use fermentation to continue glycolysis. The brain cannot use fermentation because the lactic acid produced would do too much damage.
Compare the cells of a woman's leg muscle to the cells of a baby growing inside her womb. What is the most important difference between them?
The chromosomes in the cells of the woman's leg muscle are genetically identical to the rest of her body. The baby's cells contain only half of the mother's chromosomes.
What is the purpose of the electron transport chain?
To use energy from the passing of electrons in electron carriers into a high concentration of hydrogen ions
Light Passes through wasted energy
Transmitted
True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata.
True
True or false. Guard cells open during the day to allow gases to flow through the stomata. - True - False
True During the day, sunlight causes the guard cells to engorge with water, which causes the cells to bow apart and opens the stomata.
Where have the carbon atoms orignially present in glucose gone after the Krebs cycle has been completed?
Two were lost in acetyl CoA formation and four were lost in the Krebs cycle.
The reaction-center chlorophyll of photosystem I is known as P700 because
this pigment is best at absorbing light with a wavelength of 700 nm
In a plant cell, where are the ATP synthase complexes located?
thylakoid membrane and inner mitochondrial space
Where are the molecules of the electron transport chain found in plant cells?
thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
Specifically, molecules of chlorophyll are located in the membranes of sacs called:
thylakoids.
The light reactions take place in the _________ and the Calvin cycle takes place in the _________.
thylakoids; stroma
What is the purpose of fermentation?
to convert NADH back into NAD+
Why do chloroplasts make energy carriers during the light reactions? - to capture the energy of sugar when it is broken down - to capture the energy of sunlight - to provide energy for the synthesis of sugar - to create oxygen for the synthesis of sugar - to do work in the entire cell
to provide energy for the synthesis of sugar
C4 plants differ from C3 and CAM plants in that C4 plants _____.
transfer fixed carbon dioxide to cells in which the Calvin cycle occurs
True or false? The light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis use water and produce oxygen.
true
During glycolysis, what is the net gain of ATP molecules produced from one glucose molecule?
two
If no oxygen is available to a cell, then the net ATP production resulting from the metabolism of a single glucose molecule is:
two ATP molecules.
What are the net products of glycolysis?
two ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate
At the end of glycolysis, the original carbons of the glucose molecule form:
two molecules of pyruvate.
name Carcinogens
Fat, UV light, Cigarette smoke, and testosterone
Which of the following describes photorespiration in terms of inhibitors of a pathway?
In photorespiration, oxygen acts as a competitive inhibitor of rubisco.
Considering pea flowers, where purple is dominant to white, describe the genotype of a plant with the alleles Pp.
Heterozygote
How many of the carbons originally present in acetyl CoA continue on to respiration after the Krebs cycle?
No carbons are left, all are lost as CO2.
You place a plant in a transparent box made of greenish-yellow plastic. How does this affect photosynthesis for the plant?
None of the plant pigments will be able to absorb the light. Photosynthesis will stop.
If photosynthesizing green algae are provided with CO2 synthesized with heavy oxygen (18O), later analysis will show that all but one of the following compounds produced by the algae contain the 18O label. That one is...
O2
Suppose you are studying photosynthesis in a research lab. You grow your plants in a chamber with a source of water that has a radioactively labeled oxygen atom. What photosynthetic product will be radioactive?
O2 gas
In the 1800s, it was commonly believed that the traits of both parents for any feature blended to create the offspring and that the blended trait was passed on. Which of the following observations was most important to Mendel's understanding of genes as unchanged units of information?
Recessive traits reemerge in later generations.
Which of the following sentences uses the words chiasma, recombination, and crossing over correctly?
Recombination occurs when homologous chromosomes with different alleles exchange DNA by crossing over at a point called a chiasma. Remember that different alleles must be involved before crossing over can be called recombination.
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____.
RuBP
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to_____
RuBP
Carbon fixation involves the addition of carbon dioxide to _____. - Rubisco - NADPH - G3P - RuBP - 3-PGA
RuBP In the Calvin cycle, carbon dioxide is added to RuBP.
Used in the C3 cycle to combine each C02 molecule with an RuBP molecule
Rubisco
What is the most important difference between PEP carboxylase and rubisco?
Rubisco can use CO2 or O2 as a substrate. PEP carboxylase cannot use O2.
What is the most important reason for sexual reproduction?
Sexual reproduction creates genetically unique individuals.
How is the energy present in the electrons passed through electron transport chain II first used?
The energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space.
How is the energy present in the electrons passed through electron transport chain II first used? - The energy is trapped in the bonds between NADP+ and H+. - The energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space. - The energy is used to split water and create hydrogen ions. - The energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the stroma. - The energy is trapped in the bonds between ADP and P. - The energy is used to pump electrons into the stroma.
The energy is used to pump hydrogen ions into the thylakoid space. In this small space, it is easy to create a concentration gradient of hydrogen ions. If ions were instead pumped into the stroma, it would take many more ions to create a chemiosmotic force.
Which of the following summarizes photosystem I and the electron transport chain I in terms of exergonic and endergonic reactions. - The energy of sunlight is used to power the exergonic reaction of combining ADP with P. - The energy of sunlight is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+. - The energy of sunlight is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining ADP with P. - The energy of the electron from photosystem II is used to power the exergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+. - The energy of sunlight is used to power the exergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+. - The energy of the electron from photosystem II is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+.
The energy of sunlight is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining ADP with P.
Which of the following summarizes photosystem I and the electron transport chain I in terms of exergonic and endergonic reactions. A. The energy of sunlight is used to power the exergonic reaction of combining ADP with P. B. The energy of the electron from photosystem II is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+. C. The energy of sunlight is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+. D. The energy of sunlight is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining ADP with P. E. The energy of sunlight is used to power the exergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+. F. The energy of the electron from photosystem II is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+.
The energy of sunlight is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+
Which of the following summarizes photosystem I and the electron transport chain I in terms of exergonic and endergonic reactions.
The energy of sunlight is used to power the endergonic reaction of combining NADP+ with H+.
Where are the low-energy electrons located after the electron transport chain is completed?
They are located in the bonds of H2O.
Which statement describes the citric acid cycle?
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
Which statement describes glycolysis?
This process splits glucose in half and produces 2 ATPs for each glucose.
Which statement describes the electron transport chain?
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration.
Geographical location of Chlorophyll molecules
Thylakoids
Represents the 3rd membrane organized into sachs
Thylakoids
Why don't all plants use the C4 or CAM pathways to avoid photorespiration? A)because the C4 and CAM pathways require extra energy to perform photosynthesis B) because the C4 and CAM pathways produce malate, which is less useful than glucose C) because the C4 and CAM pathways reduce the chances of photorespiration D) because some plants are still evolving the C4 and CAM pathways E) because the C4 and CAM pathways only let plants perform photosynthesis at night F) because the C4 and CAM pathways perform photosynthesis in the bundle sheath cells, which don't get enough sunlight
the C4 and CAM pathways required extra energy to perform photosynthesis (C4 and CAM pathways do reduce photorespiration but at a higher energetic cost than C3. B is not correct because malate is part of the C02 fixation and movement and you can't really compare it's usefulness to glucose, not to mention it doesn't answer the question. C is not correct. C4/CAM do reduce photoresp. but it doesn't explain why ALL plants don't use this. D is not correct because not all plants require C4/CAM. Some plants don't have the issues with photoresp (eg C3 plants in moist tropic environment) and therefore are under no evolutionary pressure to develop other processes... especially at an energetic cost. E is not correct because C4 photosynth is spacial separation of the processes (and can occur during day) not a temporal separation like CAM (where C02 is fixed at night). F is not correct. Although, they do have different leaf anatomy and utilize the bundle sheath cells, this enough sunlight part is wrong.)
Which of the following uses alcohol fermentation in the absence of oxygen?
yeast
How much usable energy is produced by lactic acid fermentation?
zero ATP and zero NADH