chem 001 exam 3
oxygen makes up
21% of the Earth's atmosphere
nitrogen has
3 bonds
moist air can contain up to
4% water vapor
combustion
C(s) + O2(g) = CO2(g) + heat 2C + O2(g) = 2CO + heat
diethyl ether
CH3CH2OCH2CH3 one of the first anesthetics
formaldehyde
CH3COH used as a biological preservative
Methyl amine
CH3NH2
examples of greenhouse gas
CO2, CH4, H2O
what two acids are mainly responsible for acid rain
HNO3 and H2SO4
brown air/smog
LA has a lot of this
main initial components of photochemical smog
NOx, hydrocarbons
secondary components of photochemical smog
O3, aldehydes, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN)
if one or two or three nitrogen bonds are
R groups they form a amine
main initial components of industrial smog
SO2, particulates
secondary components of industrial smog
SO3, H2So4
what is smog
a combination of smoke and fog that is polluted air
methanol is
a poison
sulfur dioxide is
a powerful irritant
acetyl salicylic
acid or aspirin
double bonds
alkene
triple bonds
alkyne
same element in two different forms is
allotropes
pollutants
associated with industrial processes and combustion
main sources of photochemical smog
automobiles
nitrogen fixes
bacteria
chlorofluorocarbons have been
banned and replaced by HFC's
nitrogen is very unreactive
because of the strong triple bond
aromatic hydrocarbons classic example is
benzene, C6H6
oxygen is formed
by the action of ultraviolet radiation on water molecules
sulfuric acid
causes acid rain
lightening fixes nitrogen by
causing it to combine with oxygen, forming first nitrogen monoxide commonly called nitric oxide NO and then nitrogen dioxide NO2
carbon bonds can make
chains, catenation
alkenes and alkynes can react
chemically and can form polymers
chlorinated hydrocarbons have
chlorine bonded to carbon instead of hydrogen
what weather conditions are associated with industrial smog
cold damp and still
typical weather of industrial smog
cold, damp, foggy
nitrogen is key
component of proteins
benzene, toluene, and xylene are
compounds of gasoline
atmosphere
consists of layers
What is nitrogen fixation
conversion of N2 to form usable by plants
carbon monoxide
deadly poison, displaces oxygen in hemoglobin, "quiet killer"
chlorinated hydrocarbons do not
dissolve in water but do dissolve in fats
main sources of industrial smog
electric power plants, factories
nitrogen is
essential to plant and animals
chlorinated hydrocarbons DDT
first powerful pesticide
chlorofluorocarbons have
fluorine and chlorine bonded together
carbon forms
four bonds
what is the physical state of radon
gas
alkanes smaller ones are
gases such as methane
what is a greenhouse gas
gases that trap heat in the atmosphere
alkane liquids such as
gasoline dissolve oils
what are PANs health effects
hard to breath and causes the eyes to smart and itch
cyclic hydrocarbons
have rings
under what conditions do nitrogen and oxygen combine
high temperatures N2+O2 ---> 2 NO
smog is a bigger problem on
hot days
a lot of smog is
hydrocarbons
what is PAN formed from
hydrocarbons, oxygen and nitrogen dioxide
cyclic hydrocarbons hace 2 less
hydrogen atoms than simple alkanes
ozone forms
in upper atmosphere provides UV screen
concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
increased from 280 ppm in the preindustrial world to 390 ppm and continues to rise 2ppm each year
why is nitrogen fixation important
increases the food supply
oxygen cycle
involves respiration of animals to produce CO2, respiration of plants to take up CO2
NO2
is brown poison; very different from N2O which is laughing gas
nitrogen cycle
is completed by the action of other types of microbes which can use nitrate ions as their oxygen source for the decomposition of organic matter and release N2 gas back to the atmosphere
sulfur
is often in coal; when the coal is burned it turns into sulfur dioxide S(s) + O2(g) = SO2(g)
why does radons physical state make is hazardous
it can escape from rocks and enter houses and is readily inhaled
alkenes and alkynes
known as unsaturated hydrocarbons and have functionality
sources of VOCs
leftover oil-based paint and a cracked pipeline carrying crude oil from Alaska
alkanes heavier ones become
liquids then solids
amines are
nitrogen containing organic compounds
gases transport
over long distances readily; which means pollution in chicago can impact new york and canada
smog reacts with
oxygen atoms (from NO2 breakdown or ozone to make aldehydes and PAN
what is PAN
peroxyacetylnitrate
stratosphere
planes fly here
chlorinated hydrocarbons PCB
polychlorinated biphenyls are problem pollutant
two former uses of CFCs
refrigerant and molding of plastic foams
two carbon atoms can
share more than 1 pair of electrons
alkanes
simplest organic compounds
bonds can be
single, double, or triple
examples of pollutants
smog, sulfur, carbon monoxide
carbon bonds are
strong
alternative names of photochemical smog
summer smog, Los Angeles smog
NO2 breaks down in
sunlight into very reactive species NO2(g)= NO(g) + O(g) O(g) + O2(g) = O3(g) ozone, powerful irritant and oxidizing agent
stratosphere and thermosphere
temperature increases as you go higher
LA has a brown layer above it because of
temperature inversion
smog is volatile organic compounds
that come from gasoline vapors, burning of fuels, and aerosol sprays
oxygen cycle shows
the influence of green plants including one celled organisms in the sea which consume carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and also replenish the oxygen supply
what is the greenhouse effect
the warming of the earth caused by gases absorbing infrared radiation
nitric acid rainwater falls on earths surface adding
to the supply of available nitrates in the oceans and soil
ethanol is least
toxic and small quantities serve as a depressant
temperature inversion
traps pollution
atmosphere consists of
troposphere, sratosphere, ozone layer, mesosphere, thermosphere
multifunctional alcohols are
used for antifreeze; ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, and glycerol
aromatic rings are
very stable because of "ring" of electrons
typical weather of photochemical smog
warm, sunny, dry
usually air is
warmest on ground and cools with altitude
alkanes are lighter than
water
troposphere
where we live
alternative names of industrial smog
winter smog, sulfurous smog, London smog
ethanol made by
yeast fermentation
