CHEM 1035 Final Exam Study Guide - Virginia Tech

oxidation number group 1A

+1

oxidation number hydrogen

+1 with nonmetals -1 with metals or boron

oxidation number group 2A

+2

oxidation number fluorine

-1

oxidation number group 7A

-1

oxidation number oxygen

-1 in peroxides -2 in other compounds except F

pH =

-log [H+]

pOH =

-log [OH-]

oxidation number of elements

0

oxidation number of compund

0 or polyatomic ion charge

pH + pOH

14

1 atm = ___ mm Hg = ___ Torr

760

elements that can have incomplete octets

Be and B

Stronger than dispersion forces, only present in polar substances, attraction between oppositely charges ends of polar molecules

Dipole-dipole forces

Very strong dipole force, only exist in compounds where H is covalently bonded to O, N, or F, due to high electronegativity difference in H and O, N, or F

Hydrogen bonds

dispersion, dipole-dipole, hydrogen bonding, ion-dipole

Intermolecular forces in order on increasing strength

Intermolecular forces between 2 different substances, between an ion and a polar molecule, attraction between oppositely charged ends of polar molecule and positive/negatively charged ion

Ion-dipole forces

[H+][OH-] = 1*10^-14

Kw =

Weakest forces, exist in all substances, only force in non-polar substances, form temporary dipoles

London or Dispersion forces

= nRT

PV

1 oC and 1 atm

STP

C2H3O2 -

acetate

k decreases if

activation energy increases

NH4 +

ammonium

hybridization occurs in

bonded atoms

CO3 2-

carbonate

1*10^-2

centi

Oxidation number of monoatomic ion

charge of ion

ClO3 -

chlorate

ClO2 -

chlorite

CrO4 2-

chromate

gas to liquid

condensation

CN -

cyanide

1*10^-1

deci

Surface tension _____ with increasing temperature

decreases

Vapor pressure ____ with stronger intermolecular forces

decreases

Viscosity _____ with increasing temperature

decreases

condensation(vap), freezing(fus), and deposition(subl)

delta H is negative

sublimation(subl), vaporization(vap), and melting(fus)

delta H positive

(molar mass*P) / (R*T)

density

gas to solid

deposition

Cr2O7 2-

dichromate

the movement of one gas through another

diffusion

the movement of gas particles through a pinhole

effusion

liquid to solid

freezing

Hydrogen bonded substances have ____ boiling points

high

OH -

hydroxide

ClO -

hypochlorite

Dipole-dipole forces ____ with increasing molar mass

increase

Dispersion forces ____ with increasing molar mass

increase

increase in surface tension ___ reaction rate

increase

The strength of hydrogen bonds _____ when ____ H-bonding sites are present

increase, more

more H-bonding sites

increased H-bond strength

Boiling point ____ with increasing atmospheric pressure

increases

For substances with the same type of intermolecular forces the boiling point __ with increasing molar mass

increases

Surface tension ____ with stronger intermolecular forces

increases

Vapor Pressure ___ with increasing temperature

increases

Viscosity _____ with stronger intermolecular forces

increases

Increasing molar mass causes _____ strength dispersion forces.

increasing

Surface tension increases with ____ intermolecular forces

increasing

bond energy increases with ___bond order

increasing

bond length decreases with ___bond order

increasing

vapor pressure increases with ____ temperature

increasing

viscosity increases with

increasing forces

surface tension decreases with

increasing temperature

Vapor pressure increases with [2 things]

increasing temperature and decreasing forces

Viscosity decreases with [2 things]

increasing temperature and decreasing forces

Boiling Point is dependent on

intermolecular forces and atmospheric pressure

Surface tension is dependent on [2 things]

intermolecular forces and temperature

Vapor pressure is dependent on

intermolecular forces and temperature

Viscosity is dependent on

intermolecular forces and temperature

1*10^3

kilo

Boiling point is ____ when intermolecular forces are weak

low

1*10^6

mega

solid to liquid

melting

Hg2 2+

mercury(I)

1*10^-6

micro

1*10^-3

milli

EN < 0.4

mostly covalent

delta EN > 1.7

mostly ionic

1*10^-9

nano

NO3 -

nitrate

NO2

nitrite

EN = 0

non-polar covalent

C2O4 2-

oxalate

mole ratio * total pressure

partial pressure

ClO4 -

perchlorate

MnO4 -

permanganate

O2 2-

peroxide

PO4 3-

phosphate

0.4 < delta EN < 1.7

polar covalent

The ____ the intermolecular forces the higher the boiling point

stronger

solid to gas

sublimation

SO4 2-

sulfate

SO3 2-

sulfite

k increases if

temperature increases

sum of partial pressures

total pressure

Boiling point is the point where

vapor pressure overcomes atmospheric pressure

liquid to gas

vaporization

Real gases: The volume of gas particles are not equal to ___.There ___ attractive forces

zero; are slight