Chemistry IGCSE- states of matter
SOLIDS
1) solids are strong forces between forces, which holds them close together to form a very regular lattice arrangement. 2)the particles don't move from their positions, so all solids keep a definite shape and volume, but don't flow like liquids. 3)particles vibrate- the hotter the solid becomes, the more they vibrate.
GASES
1)gases, the force of attraction is very weak- they're free to move and far apart. particles travel in straight lines. 2)they don't keep a definite shape or volume and will always fill any container. 3)particles move constantly with random motion. the hotter the gas gets, the faster they move.
LIQUIDS
1)liquids is a weak force between the particles. they'e randomly arranged and free to move, but tend to stick closely together. 2)they have a definite volume but don't keep a definite shape, and will flow to fill the bottom of a container. 3)particles are constantly moving with random motion. the hotter the liquid gets, the faster they move.
Boiling point of water
100 C water boils/evaporates into steam steam condenses into water
A change of state occurs when
a change of state occurs if a material changes from one state to another because energy is either given to it or taken away from it. ENERGY ADDED OR TAKEN AWAY
condensing
a gas changes to a liquid
boiling
a liquid changes to a gas
evaporating
a liquid changes to a gas
freezing
a liquid changes to a solid
sublimation
a solid changes to a gas
melting
a solid changes to a liquid
gas to liquid
condensing
solid - energy level of particles
each particle in a a solid has a SMALL amount of energy.
liquid - particle force
each particle in a liquid exerts a smaller pull force (than a solid) on the other particles around it
solid - pull force of particles
each particle in a solid exerts a large pull force on every particle around it
liquid to gas
evaporating
liquid to solid
freezing
gas - particle movement
gas particles move around quickly and in any direction within their container
particle theory
how the particles in matter move and are arranged in each of the states of matter
mass in change of state
in a change of state the MASS BEFORE the change is EQUAL to the MASS AFTER the change
gas - particle distance
in a gas particles are far apart
liquid - energy level of particles
in a liquid each particle has ENOUGH energy to move around randomly and in any direction within the liquid
liquid - particle distance
in a liquid particles are packed closely together
solid - particle movement
in a solid each particle can only vibrate (move to and fro) around its fixed position, which doesn't change, because each particle has on a small amount of energy
solid to liquid
melting
liquid - particle movement
particles have enough energy to MOVE around RANDOMLY and IN ANY DIRECTION within the liquid
gas - particle energy level
particles in a gas have ENOUGH ENERGY TO MOVE around QUICKLY in ANY DIRECTION withIN their CONTAINER
solid - particle distance
particles packed very closely
physical changes are/are not reversible
physical changes ARE reversible t
3 states of matter
solid, liquid, gas - all matter exists as one of these
solid to gas
subliming
gas - pull force of particles
there is no pull force between the particles in a gas
sublimation
when a material is heated and changes straight from a SOLID TO a GAS (skipping liquid stage). Sublimation happens only to a small number of substances.
Melting point of ice/water
0 C Ice melts into water Water freezes/solidifies into ice