chp 17

Testicular cancer, though rare, is the most common cancer in men of what age range?

20-35

The American Cancer Society (ACS) estimates that the five-year survival rate for all cancers diagnosed between 2007 and 2013 is ______.

69%

Which infection is associated with head and neck cancers such as those of the tonsils and tongue base?

HPV

Which of the following statements about the link between radiation and cancer is false?

Not all sources of radiation are carcinogenic.

Which of the following statements about metastasis is correct?

The term refers the spread of cancer cells from one part of the body to another.

Which of the following statements about the potential of liquid biopsies are accurate?

They would be feasible because cancer cells shed a small amount of DNA into bodily fluids. They would be less invasive than a traditional biopsy

Which type of radiation causes sunburn and can damage the immune system and eyes?

UVB

What is remission?

a period during which a patient has no signs or symptoms of cancer

Although there is no single cause of multiple myeloma, which of the following are associated with its development?

age ethnicity

Which methods can a physician use to identify a cancer's stage?

assessing if any metastases are present assessing the size of the primary tumor assessing if the tumor has invaded lymph nodes

The primary risk factor for stomach cancer involves both consuming a diet high in smoked, salted, or pickled fish and being infected with the Helicobacter pylori.

bacterium

What are some of the risk factors for stomach cancer?

being 65 or older eating a diet high in nitrates infection with the bacterium Helicobacter pylori

Which procedures are examples of methods that can be used for pinpointing the location and size of a tumor?

biopsy MRI exploratory surgery

In men, the prostate gland is located at the base of the ______.

bladder

Sarcomas are cancers that arise from which of the following tissues?

bone cartilage muscle

The risk factors for uterine cancer are similar to the risk factors for ______.

breast cancer

In which ways may the nutrients in fruits and vegetables help reduce cancer risk?

by boosting enzymes that render carcinogens harmless by preventing carcinogens from forming by blocking carcinogens from acting on target cells

Melanoma is a form of _____.

cancer

What is the term for substances which accelerate cellular growth to make DNA repair difficult but do not directly produce DNA mutations?

cancer promoters

Which of the following plant substances act as antioxidants or have other anti-cancer effects?

carotenoids phytochemicals

Cancer is the result of abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of _____.

cells

What are the nonsurgical therapies for the treatment of breast cancer? (Choose every correct answer.)

chemotherapy antibody therapy hormone therapy

Which treatments are commonly combined as a way of removing cancerous cells?

chemotherapy surgery radiation

Which of the following methods are used to detect or diagnose lung cancer?

chest X-rays studying cells in sputum

Every cell in the human body contains twenty-three pairs of ______, which are composed of coils of DNA.

chromosomes

Which cancers pose an increased risk to people with weight gain in early adulthood?

colorectal endometrial

While risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma are not well understood, people with which of the following are at increased risk?

compromised immune systems

Genetics have not been found to be a significant risk factor for head and neck cancers. Instead, risk factors include lifestyle choices, such as which of the following?

excessive alcohol intake spit tobacco use smoking

Being obese in middle age does not significantly increase a person's cancer risk.

false

What is the term for particular arrangements of nucleotide bases that control protein production?

genes

What are some of the risk factors for skin cancer?

having fair skin exposure to coal tar and radioactive materials having experienced a sunburn

Surgical treatment for endometrial cancer involves complete removal of the uterus, a procedure known as

hysterectomy

Monoclonal antibodies work in conjunction with the body'sto selectively kill cancer cells.

immune system

Carcinogens that lead to mutations in the DNA of oncogenes are called cancer ______.

initiators

The function of the pancreas is to produce both digestive enzymes and

insulin

Melanoma is the most dangerous type of skin cancer because ______.

it spreads rapidly

Which of the following are common sources of potentially carcinogenic radiation?

mammograms sunlight dental X-rays

The surgical removal of a lump and the tissue that surrounds it from the breast is called a lumpectomy, whereas the full removal of the breast is called a

mastectomy,

The most serious type of skin cancer is

melanoma

Which cancers can be caused by tobacco smoke?

mouth bronchial lung

What are some of the advantages to using ultrasonography to diagnose cancers?

no radiation exposure cost compared to other imaging methods

The best way to treat cancer would do minimal damage to ______.

normal tissues

Which early symptoms may indicate a tumor in the lungs?

persistent cough chest pain recurring bronchitis

In men, which gland is located at the base of the bladder and completely surrounds the urethra?

prostate gland

A period during the course of cancer when there are no symptoms or other evidence of the disease is called ______.

remission

Effective treatments for testicular cancer may include ______.

removal of the affected testis chemotherapy radiation

What is the first line of defense for detecting cancer?

self-monitoring

Malignant melanomas are potentially deadly forms of ______ cancers.

skin

Risk factors associated with kidney cancer include ______.

smoking family history obesity

In addition to age and gender, what are other risk factors for pancreatic cancer?

smoking obesity having diabetes

Like other types of cancer, kidney cancer can be caused by which of the following?

smoking tobacco a family history of the disease

The method of classifying the ______ of cancer in a patient's body is called staging.

spread

Because some cancer treatments involve the use of high doses of chemotherapy or radiation that can damage bone marrow, what may be used to revitalize the patient's immune system?

stem cells

Which methods can be used to detect colorectal cancer?

stool tests colonoscopy

What is the primary treatment for colon and rectal cancer?

surgery

The percentage of patients diagnosed with a certain disease who will be alive five years after the diagnosis is called the five-year rate.

survival

What is the term for drugs that specifically attack genetic changes in tumors?

targeted therapy

Which cancer has not been linked to tobacco use?

testicular

Which feature is characteristic of all cancers?

the abnormal, uncontrolled multiplication of cells

What is the original location of a cancer called?

the primary tumor

Carcinoma is the most common type of cancer. In which locations does it typically appear?

the prostate the skin the lungs the breast

Why do early symptoms of cancer often go unnoticed?

they are often painless

A bone marrow is the transfer of bone marrow from a healthy, compatible donor to a patient with aplastic anemia, leukemia, lymphoma, or multiple myeloma.

transplant

Noncancerous tumors only pose a health threat if they physically interfere with essential bodily functions

true

The terms neoplasm and ______ refer to the same thing.

tumor