cj final
How many U.S Supreme court justices must vote in favor of a hearing for a case to be heard?
4
Based on the discussion in McNabb v. U.S , the standard maximum time by which a first appearance should be held has been set at how many hours after arrest?
48
The federal Speedy Trial Act allows for the dismissal of charges when a trial does NOT begin within ________ working days after indictment.
70
There are ________ federal judicial districts
94
A trial de novo occurs when _______
A case is retried on appeal
Which of the following is an exception to the hearsay rule?
A dying declaration
just deserts
A model of criminal sentencing that holds that criminal offenders deserve the punishment they receive at the hands of the law and that punishments should be appropriate to the type and severity of the crime committed. -Emphasizes retribution
social debt
A sentencing principle that holds that an offender's criminal history should objectively be taken into account in sentencing decisions.
Proportionality
A sentencing principle that holds that the severity of sanctions should bear a direct relationship to the seriousness of the crime committed.
A formal writing accusation submitted to the court by a grand jury, alleging that a specified person has committed a specified offense, usually a felony, is known as ______
An indictment
courts that have authority to review a decision made by a lower court are said to have ________
Appellate jurisdiction
A document guaranteeing the appearance of a defendant in court as required and recording the pledge of money or property to be paid to the court if he or she does not appear is known as a(n) ________.
Bail bond
______ evidence requires interpretation or requires a judge or jury to reach a conclusion based on what the evidence indicates
Circumstantial
All states have a(n) ______
Court of last resort
TV shows like The People's court and Judge Judy are examples of which type of court?
Courts of limited jurisdiction
Which law limits the right to bail for violent offenders, repeat offenders and offenders that are a threat to society ?
Danger law
The defendant exercises choice in the court process in which of the following decisions?
Deciding what plea to enter
While Bob was studying in the library, his wallet was stolen. When the thief was caught, Bob opted to resolve the case informally at a _______
Dispute resolution center with volunteer mediators
______ evidence is information having a tendency to clear a person of guilt or blame
Exculpatory
What is the earliest stage of the court process at which defendant may be given a formal notice of the charges against him?
First appearance
An indictment is filed by the _____
Grand jury
Which U.S district supreme court case established the courts authority as the final interpreter of the U.S constitution?
Marbury v. Madison
________ appeals to federal appellate courts involve major questions of law and policy where there is considerable professional disagreement amping courts
Nonconsensual
When a defendant "stands mute" at arraignment , he or she is considered to have enter which type of plea?
Not guilty
which of the following refers to the lawful authority of a court to hear or to act on a case from it's beginning and to pass judgment on the law and the facts?
Original jurisdiction
Release on recognizance ______
Permits release on the basis of a written promise to appear.
A drug court is an example of a(n) _______
Problem solving court
Bob co-signed all of his stock holdings to the court as collateral to ensure he would not abscond before trial. What type of bail did Bob post?
Property bail
A defendant who is NOT indigent and who can afford private attorney fees will have which type of defense attorney ?
Retained counsel
The primary purpose of a criminal trial is to ______
To determine the guilt or innocence of a defendant
Which of the following is the purpose of bail?
To prevent unconvicted suspects from suffering imprisonment unnecessarily
U.S District courts are the ______ for the federal court system
Trial courts
When is a probable cause hearing necessary?
When the arrest is made without a warrant
indeterminate sentencing
When the sentence given is a range of time ( ex: 8-10 years)
What is a hung jury?
a jury that is unable to agree on a verdict
American criminal trial courts operate under a structure known as ______
adversarial system
general deterrence
attempts to discourage potential offenders from committing crime
The ______ keeps order in the courtroom and announces the judges entry to the courtroom.
bailiff
The standard of proof required for conviction in a criminal trial is ______
beyond a reasonable doubt
A(n) ______ provides information about the defendants personality , family life , business acumen, and so on, in an effort to show that the defendant is not the kind of person who would commit the crime with which he or she is charged.
character witness
During jury selection, challenges for cause ______
claim that an individual juror can not be fair or impartial
The role of the _______ is to create a record of all that occurs during a trial.
court reporter
Incapacitation
focuses on separating offenders from society to reduce opportunities for further criminality
A subpoena ________
is a written order requiring an individual to appear in court
An eyewitness who saw a crime being committed is an example of a(n) ________ witness
lay
What type of plea is most similar to a guilty plea?
nolo contendere
Joel has been sworn in as a witness in a criminal trial. When asked about the defendants whereabouts at the time of the crime, Joel deliberately lies to give the defendant an alibi. Joel's action is known as ______
perjury
restorative justice
punishment designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by an offender's criminal act
Weapons, tire tracks, and fingerprints are examples of ________ evidence
real
A ______ jury is isolated from the public and removed from all outside influences
sequestered
The clerk of the court is responsible for _____
summoning members of the public for jury duty
What is the primary purpose of the preliminary hearing?
to give the defendant the opportunity to challenge the legal basis for detention
_______ are often considered the most forgotten people in the courtroom
victims