CJ Test 3

The Secret Service found that school shooters _____.

came from such a wide variety of backgrounds that no accurate or useful profile can be developed

Research has found that close affiliation with a high-status peer crowd ____.

can afford protection against depression and other negative psychological symptoms

One of the more common health risks related to marijuana use is _____.

chronic bronchitis

Which youth are most likely to become delinquent?

chronic underachievers

Of all drugs used by students, grades 6 through 12, the largest decrease from 2000 to 2010 was the use of which drug?

cigarettes

Delinquent acts tend to be committed in small groups rather than alone, a process known as _____.

co-offending

Which drug was first isolated in 1860 and used to relieve fatigue and depression?

cocaine

Persistent offenders and substance abusers typically _____.

come from poor families

It is has been found that the norms of the peer culture at school are often at odds with those of adult society, and that a _____ with a distinct social system develops.

counterculture

which term refers to a loosely organized group who shares interests and activities?

crowd

According to Sherman Dorn in Creating the Dropout, the relatively high dropout rate among minorities can be attributed with legacy?

decades-old disciplinary polices to convince minority students to leave previously all- European American school districts

Between 1992 and 2010, nonfatal victimization against students ages 12 to 18 at school and away from school has _____.

decreased by more than half

Which behavior has been found to be a significant precursor of substance abuse and delinquency?

drinking as an adolescent with an adult present

Schools with a completion rate of 40 percent or less are known as _____.

dropout factories

According to researchers at the Institute of Behavioral Science at the University of Colorado, the difficulty in understanding the relationship between drug use and delinquent behavior is further complicated because _____.

drug use appears to be a type of delinquent behavior

As it concerns bodily and property searches, a key distinction between educators and the police is that _____.

educators are allowed to conduct searches without "probable cause"

According to the anomie/alienation view of gang formation, feelings of alienation may be _____ once kids join gangs.

exacerbated

Which hypothesis argues that gang membership aids deviant behavior because it provides the structure and group support for antisocial activities?

facilitation hypothesis

Which term refers to the practice of one gang baiting a rival gang into a confrontation by using signs of the rival gang?

false flagging

Most youth who drop out of school show danger signs by the _____ grade.

forth

Which term refers to law enforcement efforts in which one or more police officers, usually from youth or detective units, are assigned exclusively to gang-control work?

gang details

Minimizing the harmful effects caused by drug use and some of the more punitive responses to drug use is the goal of _____.

harm-reduction strategies

Although there is little agreement around the most effective measures for delinquency prevention, the key features appear to be _____.

health and developmental interventions

The federal government has spent $1 trillion on its efforts to _____.

implement the War on Drugs

In a national study, the new curriculum of D.A.R.E., "Take Charge of Your Life," was found to _____.

increase the initiation of tobacco and alcohol use among teens

It is generally accepted that drug use _____ juvenile delinquency.

is a type of

Despite history, U.S. education has emerged as the ____.

key to a job that will lead to future success

Which term refers to the youth cliques in gangs who establish unique groups with separate names, identities, and experiences.

klikas

Gangs are thought to have reemerged, at least in part, because of the ____.

lack of stable families and adult supervision

Students with ____ and ____ students are much more likely to be disciplined for school infractions.

learning disabilities; minority

The National Youth Survey found _____ between drug use and social class.

little association

The National Longitudinal Survey of Youth found that youth who used marijuana in the past month are _____.

more likely to vandalize property than youth who did not

By definition, a gang _____.

must have at least three members

The term _____ is used to describe most gangs because they tend to maintain a small core of committed members and a much larger group of affiliated youth, who participate in gang activity only when the mood suits them.

near-group

A review of more than 300 international studies on police crackdowns on drugs users and dealers found _____.

no impact on court and corrections caseloads

The "saturation" effect examining the causes of drugs as identified by Zimmerman and Vasquez refers to the ______.

nonlinear relationship between peer associations and adolescent substance use

Frederick Thrasher identified an interstitial area as an area ____.

of the city that forms when there is a crack in the social fabric and in which deviant groups form

Which benchmark is an indicator for determining risk of dropout based on course performance?

one failed course in the first year of high school

About _____ of all children whose mothers have less than a high school education suffer educational deficiencies compared to only 8 percent of children whose mothers have a college degree or higher.

one-third

Which type of gang concentrates on drug and sales but forgoes most delinquent bahvior?

part gang

which factor may be more important that parental nurturance in the development of long-term behavior?

peer influence

What is most likely to affect participation in antisocial behavior from adolescence into young adulthood?

peer rejection

What are drug-involved "losers?"

people who earn a living by steering customers to a drug dealer

Although there are numerous programs implemented into schools to make delinquency prevention more effective, one recommendation is to focus on _____.

personalized student-teacher relationships

Which substance is a central nervous system depressant?

phencyclidine (PCP)

Albert Cohen argued that working-class students were more likely to fail in school and turn to delinquency because they _____.

poorly equipped to function in middle-class schools

The most effective tactic in controlling gang activity is _____.

prevention

Job Corps, YouthBuild, and Peace-Builders are all examples of _____.

programs that prevent delinquency in teenagers

Which view of gang formation proposes that kids join gangs for protection, fun, and survival?

rational choice

Researchers have found that the majority of youths who deal crack cocaine _____.

regularly use the drug

The Nurse-Family Partnership is an evidence-based program that _____.

requires skilled nurses to conduct home visits for at-risk families

The crimes that juveniles are most likely to get involved in, such as simple assault offenses, take place at _____.

school

On average, students who earn a 2.0 GPA or less in their freshman year have _____ graduation rates compared to students who earn a 2.5 or higher (on a 4-point scale).

significantly lower

Which view of gang formation argues that gangs form because of the destructive sociocultural forces in problematic inner-city areas?

social disorganization view

Which research finding is evidence that school failure is a direct caused of delinquent behavior?

some youth seek out like-minded companions and together engage in antisocial behaviors because they believe they will never achieve success through conventional means.

Cutting off supplies of drugs by destroying overseas crops and arresting members of drug cartels is known as ______.

source control

Which approach attempts to control drug supply by apprehending large-volume drug dealers, destroying overseas crops, and providing alternative crop solutions for poor farmers?

source control

A comprehensive review of school-based programs reveals that the main difference between programs that work and those that do not is that _____.

successful programs target an array of important risk factors

Klein argues that which factor stands out in all definitions of gangs?

the group is committed to criminal activity, although most activities are noncriminal.

What is the most common reason for gangs to migrate?

the presence of various social factors such as relocation of famlies

Which youth gang was found to roam places in New York, Boston, and Philadelphia in the 1820s?

the roach guards

In Safford Unified School District v. Redding (2009), the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in the appeal that _____.

the strip search was unconstitutional and that the school should be held personally liable fir damages

What was the purpose of Operation Webslinger?

tracking down the suppliers of gamma-butyrolactone, who bring it into the United States from Canada

During the adjudicatory hearing, juveniles are in the _____ stage of the juvenile justice process.

trial

Approximately _____ of all high, middle, and primary public schools use _____.

two-thirds; security cameras

The U.S. states with comprehensive juvenile justice strategies _____.

utilize innovative programs like drug court and teen courts

In which court case did the court allow drug testing of student athletes who are going off campus to engage in school events?

vernonia school district 47J v. Acton

The Improving America's Schools Act allows educational systems to disclose education records _____.

when state law authorizes the disclosure

During the 1950s, detached street workers ____.

worked on the gang's turf in order to provide them with positive role models

Which law enforcement effort involves traditional police personnel, usually from the youth unit, who are given responsibility for gang control?

youth services programs

For their first year of drug dealing, the estimated hourly wage for a "foot soldier" is _____, whereas a gang leaded tends to yield an hourly wage of _____.

$2.50; $32.50

The Rochester Youth development Study found that young gang members were _____ more likely to carry handguns that were non-gang juvenile offenders,

10 times

What percent of students with disabilities suffer corporal punishment as school annually?

19 percent

What percent of public schools nationally report that bullying occurred among students on a daily or weekly basis?

25 percent

The 2 percent of teenage drug dealers commit _____ of all robberies and assaults.

40 percent

Today, more than 90 percent of school-age children attend school as compared to _____ in 1890.

7 percent

A 2012 U.S. Department of Education report revealed that over _____ of the students involved in school-related arrests or referred to law enforcement were Hispanic or black.

70 percent

Based on law enforcement reports, there are an estimated ____ gang members throughout the United States.

730,000

Only _____ percent of the chronic offenders in Marvin Wolfgang's Philadelphia Delinquency in a Birth Cohort study graduated from high school, compared with _____ percent of nonoffenders.

9; 74

In which court case did the court uphold the school system's right to discipline a student who uses obscene or profane language and gestures?

Bethal School District No. 403 v. Fraser

Which drug did the Elliot research find is a gateway for multiple drug use?

Marijuana

Gangs are more frequently found in which region of the United States?

Midwest

Within common gang slang, the number 14 refers to allegiance to ____ gangs.

Northern California

Which program targets the specific pressures that young people face to try drugs and alcohol and provides education to parents and the community at large to assist youths in learning about the dangers of substance abuse and strategies for resisting the pressures to use drugs and alcohol?

SMART moves

Drug abusers are believed to exhibit psychopathic or sociopath behavior characteristics, forming what is called a(n) _____.

addiction-prone personality

Which school-based prevention strategy works toward improving students' psychological assets and self-image by giving them the resources to resist antisocial behavior?

affective

The abuse of _____ seems to be a cause of marijuana and other drug abuse, because most drug users start with it, whereas youth who abstain from it almost never use drugs.

alcohol

What substance remains the drug of choice for most teens?

alcohol

What does the most recent MTF survey (2014) indicate about general trends in drug use among American adolescents in 2014 as compared to the mid-to-late 1990s?

alcohol consumption and narcotics use has delined

Which term refers to the inability of students to recognize the connections and relevance of what they are learning in school and their day-to-day lives and futures- leading to the perspective that school does not pay off?

alienation

Youth who fail to form a bond to school tend to gravitate toward delinquency-producing influences or situations, such as antisocial peers, a phenomenon known as _____.

alienation

Drug abusers are believed to exhibit psychopathic or sociopath behavior characteristics, forming what is called _____.

an addiction-prone personality

Which group of drugs has a black market sales profit of close to $1 billion annually?

anabolic steroids

Which view proposes that juveniles join gangs because youths long for ancestral tribal practices that sustained their people?

anthropological

Controversial status youths are those who _____.

are either highly liked or intensely disliked by their peers

The Crips gang was created in Los Angeles in 1969 with the original name of ____.

baby avenues