Clinical Kinesiology and Anatomy Chapter 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17 (Lecture and Lab 2.0)

Gomphosis

"Bolting together". Joint that occurs between a tooth and the wall of its dental socket in the mandible and maxilla. Often referred to as peg and socket.

Another name for medial epicondylitis

"Golfer's elbow."

Main peripheral nerves of brachial plexus

"MARMU" 1. Musculocutaneous 2. Axillary 3. Radial 4. Median 5. Ulnar

Another name for lateral epicondylitis

"Tennis elbow."

Hydrocephalus

"Water on the brain." Can be congenital or acquired. Its a defect involving the production, flow, or absorption or cerebrospinal fluid. This excess fluid puts potenially harmful pressure on brain tissue.

Elbow complex

- 3 bones - 3 ligaments - 2 joints - 1 capsule

In all levers, with longer force arm (FA)

- It is easy to move the resistance. - The resistance is moved only a short distance. - The force has to be applied a long distance.

In all levers, with longer resistance arm (RA)

- It is harder to move the resistance. - The resistance moves a longer distance. - The force is applied a short distance.

Neuron is made of

- cell body - dendrites - axons - myelin - node of Ranvier

Muscles roles change depending on

- the motion being performed. - the direction of the motion. - amount of resistance muscle has to overcome.

Parts of the temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

-2 bones -Disk -Joint capsule -4 ligaments -4 muscles

5 shoulder muscles and location on trunk

-3 posterior (trapezius, levator scapula, rhomboids) -1 lateral (serratus anterior) -1 anterior (pectoralis minor)

CNS structures

-Brainstem -Parietal lobe -Anterior horn -Corticospinal tract

Vertebral curves

-Cervical lordosis -Thoracic kyphosis -Lumbar lordosis -Sacral kyphosis

Articulations of articular disk of temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

-Concave and convex superior surface to accommodate the fossa. -Concave inferior surface to accommodate the convex condyle.

Articular portions of temporal bone

-Concave articular fossa in the middle -Convex articular tubercle anteriorly -Convex postglenoid tubercle posteriorly

Benefits of pursed lip breathing

-Improves ventilation -Releases trapped air from lungs -Keeps airways open longer and decreases work for breathing -Prolongs exhalation, slowing breathing rate -Improves breathing patterns, allowing new air in lungs -Relieves shortness of breath -Causes relaxation

PNS structures

-Median nerve -Nerve roots -Femoral nerve

Sesamoid bone example

-Patella

Functions of the sketetal system

-Rigid framework of human body. -Supports of shapes body. -Protects vital organs (brain, spinal cord, and heart). -Helps movement by providing structure for muscle attachment and leverage. -Manufactures blood cells in ilium, ribs, vertebra, and sternum. -Stores minerals like calcium.

Atria and ventricles differences

-atria are thin walled, ventricles are thick walled -atria have low pumping force, ventricles have a great pumping force. -atria only pump to ventricles, ventricles pump to outside body.

Atria and ventricles similarities

-both pump blood -both make up the heart -both contain valves between them -both have two of them.

Chambers of the heart

1. 2 atria (top) 2. 2 ventricles (bottom)

Function of larynx

1. Acts as a passageway for air between pharynx and trachea 2. Prevents food or liquid from passing into trachea by closing epiglottis 3. Generates speech sounds

Types of muscle roles

1. Agonist 2. Antagonist 3. Stabilizer 4. Neutralizer

Torque depends on:

1. Amount of force exerted. 2. Distance it is from the axis.

Parts of annular ligament

1. Annular ligament anterior 2. Annular ligament posterior

Components of intervertebral disc

1. Annulus fibrosus 2. Nucleus pulposus

Parts of the deltoid muscle

1. Anterior deltoid 2. Middle deltoid 3. Posterior deltoid

Ligaments of the vertebral column

1. Anterior longitudinal ligament 2. Posterior longitudinal ligament 3. Supraspinal ligament 4. Interspinal ligament 5. Ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament) 6. Ligamentum flavum

Divisions of sternoclavicular ligament

1. Anterior sternoclavicular ligament 2. Posterior sternoclavicular ligament

Types of pelvic girdle motion

1. Anterior tilt 2. Posterior tilt 3. Lateral pelvic tilt 4. Pelvic rotation forward 5. Pelvic rotation backward

Types of blood vessels

1. Arteries 2. Capillaries 3. Veins

Joints of cervical spine

1. Atlanto-occipital joint 2. Atlantoaxial joint

Muscles innervated by musculocutaneous nerve

1. Biceps brachii 2. Brachialis

Types of abnormal end feels

1. Boggy end feel 2. Empty end feel 3. Springy block 4. Muscle guarding

Synovial joint structures

1. Bones 2. Ligaments 3. Capsule 4. Synovial fluid 5. Cartilage 6. Tendons 7. Aponeurosis 8. Bursae

Brain protection layers

1. Bony 2. Membranous 3. Fluid

Muscles of the elbow and forearm

1. Brachialis 2. Brachioradialis 3. Biceps brachii 4. Supinator 5. Triceps brachii 6. Anconeus 7. Pronator teres 8. Pronator quadratus

Muscles innervated by radial nerve

1. Brachioradialis 2. Triceps brachii 3. Supinator 4. Anconeus 5. Extensor carpi ulnaris 6. Extensor carpi radialis longus 7. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 8. Extensor pollicis longus 9. Extensor pollicis brevis 10. Extensor digitorum 11. Extensor indicis 12. Extensor digiti minimi 13. Abductor pollicis longus

Central nervous system (CNS)

1. Brain 2. Spinal cord

Where are lymph capillaries not found?

1. CNS 2. Bones 3. Teeth 4. Epidermis 5. Certain cartilage 6. Avascular tissue

Lymphatic system linked to

1. Cardiovascular system 2. Immune system

Circulatory system

1. Cardiovascular system 2. Lymphatic system

Joints of the 1st digit (thumb)

1. Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) 2. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) 3. Interphalangeal joint (IP)

Joints of the 2nd-5th digits (fingers)

1. Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) 2. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) 3. Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) 4. Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP)

Components of nervous system

1. Central nervous system (CNS) 2. Peripheral nervous system (PNS) 3. Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

Brain portions

1. Cerebrum 2. Brainstem 3. Cerebellum

Major plexuses

1. Cervical 2. Brachial 3. Lumbosacral

Vertebrae of the vertebral column

1. Cervical 2. Thoracic 3. Lumbar 4. Sacral

Main groups of lymph nodes

1. Cervical 2. Axillary 3. Inguinal

Motions of atlanto-occipital joint

1. Cervical flexion 2. Cervical extension 3. Some cervical lateral flexion

Motions of atlantoaxial joint

1. Cervical rotation

Portions of pectoralis major

1. Clavicular portion 2. Sternal portion

Lymphatic vessel functions

1. Collecting lymph from body's interstitial space. 2. Filtering lymph through nodes. 3. Detecting and fighting infection in lymph nodes. 4. Returning lymph to bloodstream.

Tendons of the wrist

1. Common flexor tendon 2. Common extensor tendon

Types of accessory movement

1. Component movements 2. Joint play movements

Types of isotonic contraction

1. Concentric 2. Eccentric

Types of forces

1. Concurrent forces 2. Resultant force 3. Force couple

Bone end types

1. Convex 2. Concave

Ligaments of the Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

1. Coracoclavicular ligament 2. Coracoacromial ligament 3. Superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

Joints of the thorax

1. Costovertebral joint 2. Costotransverse joint 3. Costosternal joint

Parts of the skull

1. Cranium 2. Face

Components of the skull

1. Cranium bones 2. Facial bones

Muscles of the shoulder joint

1. Deltoid 2. Pectoralis major 3. Latissimus dorsi 4. Teres major 5. Supraspinatus 6. Infraspinatus 7. Teres minor 8. Subscapularis 9. Coracobrachialis 10. Biceps brachii 11. Triceps brachii, long head

Muscles of respiration

1. Diaphragm 2. External intercostals 3. Internal intercostals

Three layers of brain meninges

1. Dura mater- thick, tough, outer layer. Means "hard mother." 2. Arachnoid- spider-like middle layer. 3. Pia mater- thin delicate layer that carries blood vessels to the brain. Means "tender mother."

Three layers of spinal cord meninges

1. Dura mater- thick, tough, outer layer. Means "hard mother." 2. Arachnoid- spider-like middle layer. 3. Pia mater- thin delicate layer that carries blood vessels to the brain. Means "tender mother."

Joints of elbow complex

1. Elbow joint 2. Radioulnar joints

Movements of the thorax

1. Elevation 2. Depression

Shoulder girdle/scapular motions

1. Elevation 2. Depression 3. Protraction 4. Retraction 5. Upward rotation 6. Downward rotation 7. Scapular tilt

Muscles that arise from common extensor tendon

1. Extensor carpi radialis longus 2. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 3. Extensor carpi ulnaris 4. Extensor digitorum 5. Extensor digiti minimi

Types of joints

1. Fibrous 2. Cartilaginous 3. Synovial

Lever classes

1. First class lever 2. Second class lever 3. Third class lever

Elbow muscle general rules: 1. Muscles crossing the anterior aspect of elbow 2. Muscles crossing the posterior aspect of elbow 3. Muscles that originate medially and cross the anterior aspect of joint to insert on the radius 4. Muscles that originate posteriorly and cross the lateral aspect of joint to insert on the radius

1. Flex the elbow. 2. Extend the elbow. 3. Pull forearm into pronation. 4. Pull forearm into supination.

Hand muscle general rules: 1. Muscles spanning anterior aspect of fingers or anteromedial aspect of thumb 2. Muscles spanning posterior aspect of fingers or posterolateral aspect of thumb

1. Flex the fingers or thumb. 2. Extend the fingers or thumb.

Shoulder muscle general rules: 1. Anterior muscles with vertical line of pull 2. Posterior muscles with vertical line of pull 3. Anterior muscles with a horizontal line of pull 4. Posterior muscles with a horizontal line of pull 5. Superior/lateral muscles 6. Inferior/medial muscles

1. Flex the shoulder. 2. Extend the shoulder. 3. Internally rotate or horizontally adduct the shoulder. 4. Externally rotate or horizontally abduct the shoulder. 5. Abduct the shoulder. 6. Adduct the shoulder.

Wrist muscle general rules: 1. Muscles crossing the anterior aspect of wrist 2. Muscles crossing the posterior aspect of wrist 3. Muscles crossing the medial aspect of wrist 4. Muscles crossing the lateral aspect of wrist

1. Flex the wrist. 2. Extend the wrist. 3. Create wrist ulnar deviation. 4. Create wrist radial deviation.

Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) motions of fingers

1. Flexion 2. Extension

Elbow joint motions

1. Flexion 2. Extension

Interphalangeal joint (IP) motions of thumb

1. Flexion 2. Extension

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) motions of thumb

1. Flexion 2. Extension

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) motions of fingers

1. Flexion 2. Extension

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) motions of thumb

1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Opposition 6. Reposition

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) motions of fingers

1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Hyperextension 4. Abduction 5. Adduction

Wrist joint motions

1. Flexion 2. Extension 3. Radial deviation 4. Ulnar deviation

Shoulder joint motions

1. Flexion 2. Extension/hyperextension 3. Abduction 4. Adduction 5. Internal rotation 6. External rotation 7. Horizontal abduction 8. Horizontal adduction

Muscles innervated by ulnar nerve

1. Flexor carpi ulnaris

Muscles of the wrist

1. Flexor carpi ulnaris 2. Flexor carpi radialis 3. Palmaris longus 4. Extensor carpi radialis longus 5. Extensor carpi radialis brevis 6. Extensor carpi ulnaris

Muscles innervated by median and ulnar nerve

1. Flexor digitorum profundus

Extrinsic muscles of the thumb and fingers

1. Flexor digitorum superficialis 2. Flexor digitorum profundus 3. Flexor pollicis longus 4. Abductor pollicis longus 5. Extensor pollicis brevis 6. Extensor pollicis longus 7. Extensor digitorum 8. Extensor indicis 9. Extensor digiti minimi

Forearm joint motions

1. Forearm pronation 2. Forearm supination

Lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

1. Frontal lobe 2. Occipital lobe 3. Parietal lobe 4. Temporal lobe

Bones of elbow complex

1. Humerus 2. Radius 3. Ulna

Types of cartilaginous joints

1. Hyaline 2. Fibrocartilage 3. Elastic

Erector spinae muscles

1. Iliocostalis 2. Longissimus 3. Spinalis

Ligaments of lumbosacral joint

1. Iliolumbar ligament 2. Lumbosacral ligament

Ligaments of Sacroiliac joint (SI joint)

1. Interosseous sacroiliac ligament 2. Anterior sacroiliac ligament 3. Posterior sacroiliac ligament

Characteristics of muscle tissue

1. Irritability 2. Contractility 3. Extensibility 4. Elasticity Muscle is the only tissue in the body that has all these characteristics.

Types of muscle contractions

1. Isometric contraction 2. Isotonic contraction 3. Isokinetic contraction

Structures of the shoulder joint

1. Joint capsule 2. Ligaments 3. Glenoid labrum 4. Bursa 5. Rotator cuff 6. Thoracolumbar fascia

Arthrokinematics of shoulder joint 1. If convex portion is fixed 2. If concave portion is fixed

1. Joint surface motion moves in the same direction as the bony segment that is moving. 2. Joint surface motion moves in the opposite direction as the bony segment that is moving.

Branches of dynamics

1. Kinetics 2. Kinematics

Bicipital ridges of humerus

1. Lateral lip of bicipital groove/crest of greater tubercle 2. Medial lip of bicipital groove/crest of lesser tubercle

Ligaments and other structures of the wrist

1. Ligaments 2. Joint capsule 3. Articular disk 4. Palmar aponeurosis

Ligaments and other structures of the elbow

1. Ligaments 2. Joint capsule 3. Interosseous membrane

Muscle name categories

1. Location 2. Shape 3. Action 4. Number of heads/divisions 5. Attachment points (origin/insertion) 6. Fiber orientation 7. Size

Abnormal curves of vertebra

1. Lordosis (swayback) 2. Flatback 3. Kyphosis

Spinal facet joints

1. Lumbar area 2. Thoracic area 3. Cervical area

Divisions of the bronchial tree

1. Main stem bronchi 2. Lobar bronchi 3. Bronchioles 4. Alveoli

Bones of the temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

1. Mandible 2. Temporal bone

Temporamandibular joint (TMJ) motions

1. Mandibular depression 2. Mandibular elevation 3. Mandibular lateral deviation 4. Mandibular protraction 5. Mandibular retraction

Parts of sternum

1. Manubrium 2. Body 3. Xiphoid process

Ligaments of elbow complex

1. Medial collateral ligament 2. Lateral collateral ligament 3. Annular ligament

Atlantoaxial joint articulations

1. Median atlantoaxial joint 2. Two lateral atlantoaxial joints

Bones of the hand

1. Metacarpals 2. Proximal phalanges 3. Middle phalanges 4. Distal phalanges

Brainstem components

1. Midbrain 2. Pons 3. Medulla

Observations needed for concave-convex rule

1. Motion occurring at joint surface of the moving bone (arthrokinematics). 2. Distal opposite end of the moving bone (osteokinematics).

Nerve fiber types in peripheral nerves

1. Motor (efferent) neurons 2. Sensory (afferent) neurons

Upper respiratory tract

1. Nasal cavity 2. Oral cavity 3. Pharynx 4. Larynx

Parts of the pharynx

1. Nasopharynx 2. Oropharynx 3. Laryngopharynx

Types of bursae

1. Natural- found within the body 2. Acquired- develops in area that normally does not have bursa due to high friction (student's bursa).

Vertebral column motions

1. Neck and trunk flexion 2. Neck and trunk extension 3. Neck and trunk hyperextension 4. Neck and trunk lateral flexion 5. Neck and trunk rotation

Law's of motion

1. Newton's 1st law of motion: law of inertia. 2. Newton's 2nd law of motion: law of acceleration. 3. Newton's 3rd law of motion: law of action-reaction.

Types of end feel

1. Normal 2. Abnormal

Sacroiliac joint (SI joint) motions

1. Nutation 2. Counternutation

Muscle attachment points

1. Origin 2. Insertion

Joint surface types

1. Oviod 2. Sellar

Parts of flexor retinaculum

1. Palmar carpal ligament 2. Transverse carpal ligament

Muscle fiber arrangement

1. Parallel muscle fibers 2. Oblique muscle fibers

Types of agonist roles

1. Prime mover 2. Assisting mover

Muscles that arise from common flexor tendon

1. Pronator teres 2. Flexor carpi radialis 3. Palmaris longus 4. Flexor digitorum superficialis 5. Flexor carpi ulnaris

Muscles innervated by median nerve

1. Pronator teres 2. Pronator quadratus 3. Palmaris longus 4. Flexor carpi radialis 5. Flexor pollicis longus 6. Flexor digitorum superficialis

Parts of radioulnar joint

1. Proximal radioulnar joint 2. Distal radioulnar joint

Arches of the hand

1. Proximal transverse arch 2. Distal transverse arch 3. Longitudinal arch

Circuits of cardiovascular system

1. Pulmonary circuit 2. Systemic circuit

Phases of expiration

1. Quiet expiration 2. Forced expiration

Phases of respiration

1. Quiet inspiration 2. Deep inspiration 3. Forced inspiration

Ligaments of the wrist joint

1. Radial collateral ligament 2. Ulnar collateral ligament 3. Palmar radiocarpal ligament 4. Dorsal radiocarpal ligament

Joints of wrist

1. Radiocarpal joint 2. Midcarpal joint

Bones of the wrist

1. Radius 2. Ulna 3. Carpals

Bones of the thoracic cage

1. Rib cage 2. Sternum 3. Thoracic vertebra

Joints of the pelvic girdle

1. Right/left sacroiliac joints 2. Pubic symphysis 3. Lumbosacral joint

Types of arthrokinematic motion

1. Roll 2. Glide 3. Spin Most joints involve a combination of all 3 of these.

Brachial plexus root

1. Roots- 5 roots (C5 - T1) 2. Trunks- 3 trunks 3. Divisions- anterior and posterior division 4. Cords- 3 cords 5. Peripheral nerves- 5 peripheral nerves

Organization of brachial plexus

1. Roots- 5 roots (C5 - T1) 2. Trunks- 3 trunks 3. Divisions- anterior and posterior division 4. Cords- 3 cords 5. Peripheral nerves- 5 peripheral nerves

What 2 ligaments convert the greater sciatic notch into a foramen through which the sciatic nerve passes?

1. Sacrotuberous ligament 2. Sacrospinous ligament

Accessory ligaments that further reinforce the sacroiliac joint

1. Sacrotuberous ligament 2. Sacrospinous ligament 3. Iliolumbar ligament

Bones of the pelvic girdle

1. Sacrum 2. Coccyx 3. 2 innominate bones (hip)

Bones of the Sacroiliac joint (SI joint)

1. Sacrum 2. Ileum

Number of planes

1. Sagittal 2. Frontal 3. Transverse

Number of axis'

1. Sagittal 2. Frontal 3. Vertical

Carpals (proximal row)

1. Scaphoid 2. Lunate 3. Triquetrum 4. Pisiform

Shoulder complex components bones

1. Scapula 2. Clavicle 3. Sternum 4. Humerus 5. Rib cage.

Shoulder girdle bones

1. Scapula 2. Clavicle 3. Sternum 4. Ribs

Bones relating to elbow joint and arm muscles

1. Scapula 2. Humerus 3. Ulna 4. Radius

Shoulder joint bones

1. Scapula 2. Humerus.

Function of intervertebral disc

1. Shock absorption and transmission 2. Maintain flexibility of the vertebral column

Functions of elbow

1. Shorten or lengthen upper extremity. 2. Place hand in space. 3. Allows forearm to move hand closer or farther from body.

Common capsular patterns

1. Shoulder- severe loss of external rotation, moderate loss of abduction, slight loss of internal rotation. 2. Wrist- equal loss of flexion and entension. 3. Knee- loss of flexion greater than loss of extension.

What factors determines what role a muscle plays

1. Size, bigger the muscle, the bigger role it play. 2. Line of pull, most have diagonal pull, result of horizontal and vertical force. 3. Joint motions possible. 4. Location of muscle in relation to joint axis.

Types of normal end feels

1. Soft end feel 2. Firm end feel 3. Hard end feel

Types of spinal bifida

1. Spina bifida occulta- bony defect present but cord and nerves usually normal 2. Meningocele- bony defect and meninges protrude, usually little or no nerve damage. 3. Myelomeningocele- meninges and spinal nerves protrude, nerve damage and severe disability.

Divisions of mechanics

1. Statics 2. Dynamics

Shoulder girdle joints

1. Sternoclavicular (SC) joint 2. Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

Shoulder complex components joints

1. Sternoclavicular (SC) joint 2. Acromioclavicular (AC) joint 3. Glenohumeral joint 4. "Scapulothoracic articulation"

Ligaments of the sternoclavicular (SC) joint

1. Sternoclavicular ligament 2. Costoclavicular ligament 3. Interclavicular ligament

Thoracic cage components

1. Sternum 2. Ribs & costal cartilages 3. Thoracic vertebrae

Types of parallel muscle fibers

1. Strap muscles 2. Fusiform muscles 3. Rhomboidal muscles 4. Triangular muscles

Blood flow through the heart

1. Superior & inferior vena cava 2. Right atrium 3. Tricuspid valve 4. Right ventricle 5. Pulmonary valve 6. Pulmonary artery 7. Lungs 8. Pulmonary veins 9. Left atrium 10. Mitral Valve (bicuspid) 11. Left ventricle 12. Aortic valve 13. Aorta 14. Body

Ligaments of pubic symphysis joint

1. Superior pubic ligament 2. Inferior pubic ligament

Pelvic girdle functions

1. Supports weight of the body through vertebral column and passes that force to innominate bones via the sacrum. 2. Transmits ground forces upward towards vertebral column. 3. Supports and protects pelvic viscera, provides attachment for muscles, and makes up bony portions of birth canal.

Muscles of the rotator cuff

1. Supraspinatus 2. Infraspinatus 3. Teres minor 4. Subscapularis "SITS"

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

1. Sympathetic nervous system- stress and stimulation. 2. Parasympathetic nervous system- conserving energy.

Types of fibrous joints

1. Synarthrosis 2. Syndesmosis 3. Gomphosis

Muscles of the temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

1. Temporalis 2. Masseter 3. Medial pterygoid 4. Lateral pterygoid

Principles of relationship between balance, stability, and motion

1. The lower the COG, the more stable the object. 2. The COG and LOG must remain within the BOS for an object to remain stable; wider the BOS, the more stable the object. 3. Stability increases as BOS is widened in direction of the force. 4. Greater mass of object, greater its stability. 5. Greater the friction between supporting surface and BOS, the more stable the object. 6. People will have greater balance while moving if they focus on a stationary object, rather than a moving one.

Lower respiratory tract

1. Trachea 2. Bronchial tree

Types of forces used in joint mobilization

1. Traction 2. Compression 3. Shearing

Carpals (distal row)

1. Trapezium 2. Trapezoid 3. Capitate 4. Hamate

Muscles of the shoulder girdle

1. Trapezius 2. Levator scapula 3. Rhomboids 4. Serratus anterior 5. Pectoralis minor

Valve names

1. Tricuspid valve 2. Mitral valve (bicuspid) 3. Pulmonary valve 4. Aortic valve

Types of ribs

1. True ribs 2. False ribs 3. Floating ribs

Types of oblique muscle fibers

1. Unipennate 2. Bipennate 3. Multipennate

Divisions of the respiratory tract

1. Upper respiratory tract 2. Lower respiratory tract

Parts of trapezius

1. Upper trapezius 2. Middle trapezius 3. Lower trapezius

Ways lymph is moved through system

1. Valves keeping fluid flowing in right direction. 2. Smooth muscle tissue in walls of vessels that stretch and contract to keep lymph moving. 3. Movement of skeletal muscles. 4. Movement of diaphragm during breathing. 5. Maintenance of good posture.

Where do ribs mainly articulate with vertebrae?

1. Vertebral bodies 2. Transverse processes

Floating ribs

11th and 12th ribs that have not anterior attachment, only posterior on vertebral column. Have no costal cartilage.

Cranial nerves

12 pair that are named and numbered. Have their origin in the brain and are a mix of sensory, motor, or both.

Number of ribs

12 pairs, 24 total ribs

Thoracic vertebrae

12 vertebrae of the neck/upper back.

Atlas (C1)

1st cervical vertebra where the cranium rests. Is ring shaped with no body or spinous processes. Named after greek god Atlas.

Two joint vs. one joint muscles

2 joint muscles will have greater contractile force through a wider ROM compared to 1 joint muscles. Example: hamstrings.

Lateral atlantoaxial joints

2 joints located between articular processes of C1 and C2 vertebrae.

Number of bones in the body

206 but some people can have extra sesamoid bones in flexor tendons of toe or thumb.

Vertebrae

26 small bones that differ in size and shape but have same layout.

Scapulohumeral rhythm

2:1 ratio that describes the movement relationship between the shoulder girdle and the shoulder joint. The first 30 degrees of shoulder joint motion is pure shoulder joint motion. After that, for every 2 degrees of shoulder flexion or abduction that occurs, the scapula must upwardly rotate 1 degree.

Axis (C2)

2nd cervical vertebra that forms a pivot that allows rotation of atlas (C1). Also has no body.

Optimum angle for the lumbosacral joint

30 degrees.

Spinal nerves

31 pairs, including: -8 cervical -12 thoracic -5 lumbar -5 sacral -1 coccygeal

Interneuron

3rd type found within the CNS. It transmits or integrates signals from one or more sensory neurons and relays impulses to motor neurons.

Foramina of sacrum

4 pairs located on the anterior (pelvic) and dorsal surfaces, which serve as exit for anterior and posterior divisions of sacral nerves. Anterior are larger.

Metacarpals

5 bones of the hand between carpals and phalanges, numbered starting medially 1-5. *palpate*

Sacral vertebrae

5 fused vertebrae in the pelvis.

Lumbar vertebrae

5 vertebrae of the lower back.

Number of lymph nodes in body

500 - 1000 nodes.

Cervical vertebrae

7 vertebrae of the neck.

Ganglion cyst

A benign, fluid filled cyst/bundle of nerve fibers that is commonly seen as a bump on the dorsal surface of the wrist. Can appear, disappear, and change size quickly. Treatment only necessary if painful or interferes with wrist function.

Pursed lip breathing

A breathing technique of exhaling against pursed lips to help slow breathing and control shortness of breath.

Aponeurosis

A broad, flat tendinous sheet of tissue. They are found in several places where muscles attach to bones or where there is no bone to attach to (linea alba abdominal).

Muscle

A bundle of elastic tissue that can contract to create movement and is attached to bone by a tendon.

Wrist sprains

A common injury that happens due to a fall on an outstretched hand (wrist hyperextended). Most commonly injured is the scapholunate ligament.

1st component of concave-convex rule

A concave joint surface moves in the same direction as the distal end of body segment when the convex surface is fixed. Ex. MCP joint where distal metacarpal is convex, proximal phalange is concave.

Osteoporosis

A condition characterized by loss of normal bone density, or bone mass because bone is removed faster than body can replace. Causes weakened bone more susceptible to fracture. Most common fracture sites are hip, wrist, and thoracic vertebrae. Means "porous bone."

2nd component of concave-convex rule

A convexe joint surface moves in the opposite direction as the distal end of body segment when the concave surface is fixed. Ex. Glenohumeral joint where glenoid fossa of scapula is concave and head of humerus is convex.

Cartilage

A dense, fibrous connective tissue that can withstand great amounts of pressure and tension.

Friction

A force developed by two surfaces, which tends to prevent motion of one surface across another. Example: concrete has more of this compared to ice.

Tract

A group of myelinated nerve fibers within the CNS that carries a specific type of information from one area to another. Depending on location in CNS or PNS, they have different names.

Cerebral Palsy

A group of non-progressive disorders of the brain resulting from damage in utero, at birth, or soon after. Signs and symptoms depend on area of brain damaged.

Muscular dystrophy

A hereditary and progressive disease of muscle tissue that starts in proximal muscles and progresses to involve distal muscles.

Wrist drop

A high radial nerve injury that can be a complication of a mid-humeral fracture. Results in loss of wrist extension and weakened ability for finger extension.

Swimmer's shoulder

A kind of impingement seen in swimmers who do freestyle, butterfly, or backstroke.

Axillary border of scapula

A lateral side between the glenoid fossa and inferior angle. Providing attachment for the teres major and teres minor muscles. *palpate*

Isokinetic contraction

A less common contraction that can only be done with special equipment that regulates the speed of motion so it stays the same for duration of contraction, while the resistance varies.

Pelvic outlet

A line from the tip of the coccyx to the inferior surface of the pubic symphysis.

Stitch

A localized sharp pain usually felt below the rib cage due to a temporary cramp in the diaphragm. Common in runners.

Sternal notch of sternum

A medial notch at the superior end of the sternum. *palpate*

Heart

A muscle that pumps blood through the system but does not have a role in O2/CO2 exchange. Primarily involuntary. Fist sized and located in middle portion of thoracic cavity, 2/3 of it to the left of the midline.

Synergist

A muscle that works with one or more other muscles to enhance a particular motion.

Anastomosis

A network of vessels at their ends (artery to artery/vein to vein). Provides alternative circulation to intended destination if one vessel becomes blocked. Body has them placed in areas of importance like brain, joints, etc.

Pleurisy

A painful condition caused by inflammation of the pleura lining around lungs.

Subluxation

A partial dislocation of a joint usually occurs over a period of time. Stretched rather than torn.

Lateral corticospinal tract

A pathway for muscle control located in posterior column and posterior horn. Runs from motor area of the cerebral cortex to the spinal crossing over at the lower part of the brain stem. Corticospinal pathways synapse in the anterior horn just before leaving the spinal cord.

Sagittal axis

A point that runs through a joint from front to back.

Trigger finger

A problem with the sliding mechanism of a tendon in its sheath because of a nodule/swelling of the sheath lining or tendon. Finger can flex but tendon gets caught when trying to extend and finger becomes stuck in flexion. Most common for middle and ring fingers.

Alzheimer's Disease

A progressive and irreversible brain disorder causing loss of cognitive functioning. Fatal.

Nursemaid's elbow

A pulled elbow, that occurs when there is a sudden traction force on a child's arm that causes the radial head to sublux out from the annular ligament.

Force

A push (compression) or a pull (traction) action that can be represented as a vector. One object has to act upon another in order to create. Movement occurs if one opposing pushes or pulls harder than the other or when two or more are working together.

Vector

A quantity having BOTH magnitude and direction.

Muscle spasm/guarding

A reflexive muscle guarding during motion, or a protective response to palpation. Ex. Acute injuries such as whiplash, etc.

Lever

A rigid bar that can rotate about a fixed point when a force is applied to overcome resistance. Example: a bone in the human body.

Fusiform muscles

A shape similar to a spindle. Wider in the middle and tapers at both ends where it attaches to tendons. Most fibers run the length of the muscle and the muscle may be any length or size. Examples: elbow flexors like biceps, brachialis, and brachioradialis.

Abdominal aponeurosis

A sheet-like tendon connecting the oblique and transverse abdominis muscles to their attachments to the linea alba.

Common extensor tendon

A single tendon that originates on the lateral epicondyle of the humerus. Gives rise to many muscles that are prime movers for wrist or hand extension, the "extensors."

Common flexor tendon

A single tendon that originates on the medial epicondyle of the humerus. Gives rise to many muscles that are prime movers for wrist or hand flexion, the "flexors."

Styloid process of temporal bone

A slender projection positioned down and forward from the temporal bone on the inferior, slightly interior surface. Serves as attachment for various muscles and ligaments.

Anatomical Position

A starting point by which movement or location of structures is described. Body standing in an upright position eyes facing forward, feet parallel and close together, and arms at the sides of the body with the palms facing forward.

Burner or stinger

A stretch or compression injury to the brachial plexus from a blow to the head or shoulder that's common in football players. Symptoms include burning pain, prickling, numbness and even arm paralysis. These are temporary though.

Annular ligament

A strong ligament that encircles the head of the radius.

Joint mobilization

A technique that applies an external force to a patient's joint to generate a passive oscillatory motion or sustained stretch between the joint surfaces. Applied at a slow speed. Can be used to restore joint mobility or decrease pain originating from joint structures.

Joint manipulation (HVLA thrust)

A technique to restore joint mobility that involves moving the joint with high speed through a very slight and calculated range that is just passed where the joint play ends.

Synovial membrane

A thick vascular connective tissue that secretes synovial fluid. The inner layer of joint capsule that provides nutrition.

Synovial fluid

A thick, clear fluid that lubricates the articular cartilage; this reduces friction and helps the joint move freely. Provides shock absorption and nutrition.

Palmar fascia/aponeurosis

A thick, triangular fascia located superficially in the palm of the hand.

Fibrous joint

A thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones, as in the sutures of the skull.

Pulse

A throbbing caused by contraction and expansion of a superficial artery as a wave of blood passes by. Can be felt at many spots in the body, such as wrist and neck.

Atherosclerosis

A type of arteriosclerosis, when an artery gets narrowed or blocked from fatty deposits (such as cholesterol).

Osteoarthritis

A type of arthritis that is caused by the breakdown and eventual loss of cartilage of one or more joints, degenerative.

Velocity

A vector that describes speed, measured in units such as feet per second or miles per hour.

Spondylolysis

A vertebral defect in the pars interarticularis part of the lamina, most commonly seen in L5, then L4.

Sacrotuberous ligament

A very strong, triangular ligament running from between the PSIS and PIIS of the ilium, from the posterior and lateral side of the sacrum inferior to the auricular surface, and from the coccyx. These fibers come together to attach on the ischial tuberosity and it serves as an attachment for the gluteus maximus. Prevents forward rotation of the sacrum.

Boggy end feel

A wet, spongy feel because of too much fluid in the joint (edema). Ex. After a severely sprained ankle or joints with synovitis.

Action: palmaris longus

A: Assists in wrist flexion

Action: lateral pterygoid

A: Bilaterally- TMJ depression and protraction Unilaterally- Contralateral lateral deviation of TMJ

Action: masseter

A: Bilaterally- TMJ elevation Unilaterally- Ipsilateral lateral deviation of TMJ

Action: medial pterygoid

A: Bilaterally- TMJ elevation and protraction Unilaterally- Contralateral lateral deviation of TMJ

Action: temporalis

A: Bilaterally- TMJ elevation and retraction Unilaterally- Ipsilateral lateral deviation of TMJ

Action: scalenes

A: Bilaterally- assists in neck flexion Unilaterally- neck lateral flexion

Action: sternocleidomastoid

A: Bilaterally- flexes neck and hyperextends head Unilaterally- laterally flexes the neck and rotates head to the opposite side

Action: iliocostalis

A: Bilaterally- neck and trunk extension Unilaterally- neck and trunk lateral flexion

Action: spinalis

A: Bilaterally- neck and trunk extension Unilaterally- neck and trunk lateral flexion

Action: external oblique

A: Bilaterally- trunk flexion and compression of abdomen Unilaterally- trunk lateral flexion and rotation to opposite side

Action: internal oblique

A: Bilaterally- trunk flexion and compression of abdomen Unilaterally- trunk lateral flexion and rotation to same side

Action: transverse abdominis

A: Compression of abdomen

Action: internal intercostals

A: Depresses ribs in expiration

Action: triceps brachii

A: Elbow extension

Action: brachialis

A: Elbow flexion

Action: brachioradialis

A: Elbow flexion

Action: biceps brachii

A: Elbow flexion and forearm supination

Action: external intercostals

A: Elevates ribs in inspiration

Action: extensor pollicis brevis

A: Extension of CMC and MCP joints of thumb

Action: extensor digiti minimi

A: Extension of MCP, PIP, and DIP joints of fifth finger

Action: extensor indicis

A: Extension of MCP, PIP, and DIP joints of second finger

Action: extensor digitorum

A: Finger extension of MCP, PIP, and DIP joints

Action: flexor digitorum profundus

A: Finger flexion of MCP, PIP, and DIP joints

Action: flexor digitorum superficialis

A: Flexion of the PIP and MCP joints of the fingers

Action: pronator quadratus

A: Forearm pronation

Action: pronator teres

A: Forearm pronation and assists in elbow flexion

Action: supinator

A: Forearm supination

Action: diaphragm

A: Inspiration

Action: anconeus

A: Not a prime mover in any joint action; assists in elbow extension

Action: longissimus

A: Rotates head to same side and Bilaterally- neck and trunk extension Unilaterally- neck and trunk lateral flexion

Action: lower trapezius

A: Scapular depression & upward rotation

Action: pectoralis minor

A: Scapular depression, protraction, downward rotation, and tilt

Action: levator scapula

A: Scapular elevation and downward rotation

Action: upper trapezius

A: Scapular elevation and upward rotation

Action: serratus anterior

A: Scapular protraction and upward rotation

Action: middle trapezius

A: Scapular retraction

Action: rhomboids

A: Scapular retraction, elevation, and downward rotation

Action: middle deltoid

A: Shoulder abduction

Action: supraspinatus

A: Shoulder abduction

Action: posterior deltoid

A: Shoulder abduction, extension, hyperextension, external rotation, and horizontal abduction

Action: anterior deltoid

A: Shoulder abduction, flexion (entire range), internal rotation, and horizontal adduction

Action: whole pectoralis major

A: Shoulder adduction, internal rotation, and horizontal adduction

Action: teres major

A: Shoulder extension, adduction, and internal rotation

Action: latissimus dorsi

A: Shoulder extension, adduction, internal rotation, and hyperextension

Action: sternal portion of pectoralis major

A: Shoulder extension- first 60 degrees (from 180 to 120 degrees)

Action: infraspinatus

A: Shoulder external rotation, horizontal abduction

Action: teres minor

A: Shoulder external rotation, horizontal abduction

Action: clavicular portion of pectoralis major

A: Shoulder flexion- first 60 degrees

Action: subscapularis

A: Shoulder internal rotation

Action: coracobrachialis

A: Stabilizes the shoulder joint

Action: abductor pollicis longus

A: Thumb abduction of CMC joint

Action: extensor pollicis longus

A: Thumb extension of CMC, MCP, and IP joints

Action: flexor pollicis longus

A: Thumb flexion of CMC, MCP, and IP joints

Action: rectus abdominis

A: Trunk flexion and compression of abdomen

Action: quadratus lumborum

A: Trunk lateral flexion

Action: extensor carpi radialis brevis

A: Wrist extension

Action: extensor carpi radialis longus

A: Wrist extension and radial deviation

Action: extensor carpi ulnaris

A: Wrist extension and ulnar deviation

Action: flexor carpi radialis

A: Wrist flexion and radial deviation

Action: flexor carpi ulnaris

A: Wrist flexion and ulnar deviation

Irritability

Ability for muscle to respond to a stimulus and contract. A stimulus can be natural (motor nerve) or artificial (electrical current).

Flatback

Abnormally decreased lumbar lordosis.

Lordosis (swayback)

Abnormally increased lumbar lordosis.

Kyphosis (hunchback)

Abnormally increased thoracic kyphosis.

Supraspinous fossa of scapula

Above the spine, provides attachment for the supraspinatus muscle. *palpate* Skeleton: appendicular Bone type: flat bone

If patient was positioned in anterior pelvic tilt, which muscles would you check for weakness?

Abs, hamstrings, glut max.

If patient was positioned in posterior pelvic tilt, which muscles would you check for tightness?

Abs, hamstrings, glut max.

How shoulder girdle motion is described

According to what the scapula is doing, with inferior angle or glenoid fossa being used as a reference point. Called shoulder girdle or scapular motion.

Lymphedema

Accumulation of excess lymph in body causing swelling. Occurs when lymphatic tissue or nodes are damaged, destroyed, or removed.

Joint positions for insufficiency of the triceps

Active: Elbow extension and shoulder extension. Passive: Elbow flexion and shoulder flexion.

Joint positions for insufficiency of the biceps

Active: Elbow flexion, forearm supination, and shoulder flexion. Passive: Elbow extension, forearm pronation, and shoulder extension.

Function of articular disk

Acts as a shock absorber and filler between the distal ulna and its adjacent carpal bones (triquetrum and lunate) because the ulna and its styloid does not extend as far distally as the radius and it's styloid.

Fibrocartilage

Acts as a shock absorber. This is especially important in weight-bearing joints such as the knee in vertebrae. Located in the menisci of knee, vertebral discs and labrum in shoulder.

Skier's thumb

Acute tear of the ulnar collateral ligament of the thumb. Common hand injury among athletes.

How many planes does pelvic girdle move?

All 3 planes. Allows for smooth motion for walking.

Muscles of the wrist general information

All prime movers of wrist have origins on the humerus (medial and lateral epicondyles), so can be classified as two-joint muscles that cross the elbow and wrist.

Cartilaginous respiratory structures

All structures down to the smallest bronchi. Allows the airways to remain open.

Purpose of shoulder and upper extremity

Allows hand to be placed in various positions to accomplish tasks.

Mobility of carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of thumb

Allows more mobility than the CMC joints of other four fingers, but also provides as much stability.

Cervical spine

Allows movement and positioning of the head.

Hyaline cartilage

Also called articular cartilage, covers the ends of opposing bones and provides a smooth articulating surface in synovial joints. No blood or nerve supply, but gets nutrition from synovial fluid. Can't repair itself once damaged.

Shaft of humerus

Also called body, the area between the surgical neck proximally and the epicondyles distally. *palpate*

Condyloid joints

Also called ellipsoidal joints, because of their shape.

Vertical axis

Also called the longitudinal axis, runs through a joint from top to bottom.

Pubic symphysis joint type

Amphiarthrodial joint so allows little movement, except for during childbirth in women when it becomes more moveable.

Aneurysm

An abnormal bulge or balloon in a vessel. Rupture can cause significant hemorrhage.

Osteomyelitis

An infection of the bones usually caused by bacteria.

Bursitis

An inflammation of the bursa.

Capsulitis

An inflammation of the joint capsule. If exists for a long time can loss range of motion (ROM), which the joint restrictions follow a capsular pattern.

Tenosynovitis

An inflammation of the tendon sheath and is often caused by repetitive use.

Scapular winging

An injury to the long thoracic nerve that produces weakness or paralysis of the serratus anterior, resulting in "winged" scapula.

Erb's Palsy

An traction injury to the upper brachial plexus that can happen to babies during difficult deliveries. The arm will hang with the shoulder in extension and internal rotation, elbow extended, forearm pronated and wrist flexed. "Waiter's tip."

Effect on lumbosacral angle with posterior pelvic tilt

Angle decreases from 30 degrees. Decreased lordosis.

Carrying angle

Angle formed by the longitudinal axes of the humerus and forearm while in anatomical position. Functional for getting your hand to your mouth.

Effect on lumbosacral angle with anterior pelvic tilt

Angle increases from 30 degrees. Increased lordosis. Indicates shearing stress of L5 on S1 which can cause pain.

What strengthens joint capsule anteriorly/posteriorly?

Annular ligament.

Where are spinal cord motor impulses transmitted

Anterior horn (lower part of the "H").

Anterior arch of Atlas (C1)

Anterior portion of C1.

Frontal lobe

Anterior portion of skull. Controls personality, motor movement, and expressive speech.

Tubercle of pubis

Anterior projection on the superior ramus near the midline; superior pubic ligament and inguinal ligament attaches here.

Attachments of palmar radiocarpal ligament

Anterior surface of the distal radius and ulna to the anterior surface of the proximal carpal bones and to the capitate.

Borders of thoracic cage

Anterior: sternum Posterior: bodies of 12 thoracic vertebrae Superior: clavicle Inferior: diaphragm

Scoliosis

Any abnormal lateral curvature of the spine.

Acceleration

Any change in velocity of an object.

Upper respiratory infection (URI)

Any infection confined to the nose, throat, or larynx. Most common is common cold, but also can be influenza, laryngitis, rhinitis, or hay fever.

Sprain

Are a partial or complete tearing of ligament fibers. Can be mild, moderate, or severe.

In general, wrist flexors:

Are relatively superficial, located on anterior surface of forearm, and originate on medial epicondyle of humerus.

In general, wrist extensors:

Are relatively superficial, located on posterior surface of forearm, and originate on lateral epicondyle of humerus.

Body of clavicle

Area between the sternal and acromial ends. *palpate*

Dermatomes

Area of skin supplied with sensory fibers of a spinal nerve. These often overlap and thus complete loss of sensation to an area won't happen unless more than 2 spinal nerves lose function. If injury to one spinal nerve, sensation will be decreased or changed but not lost.

Pharynx

Area past the oral cavity, also known as the throat. Divided into 3 parts.

Fibrous joint capsule

Area that surrounds and encases the joint and protects the articular surfaces of the bones. Outer layer made of fibrous tissue to provide support and protection.

White matter

Areas that contain mostly myelinated fibers. Includes major tracts within the spinal cord and fiber systems.

Gray matter

Areas that contain mostly unmyelinated fibers. Includes the cerebral cortex and central portion of the spinal cord.

Lymph collection

Arterial blood enters blood capillaries, and 90% returns to blood circulation as plasma. Remaining 10% is lymph that gets filtered and later returned to the bloodsteam. Helps to maintain normal blood volume and pressure.

Component movements

Arthrokinematic joint motions that accompany active osteokinematic motion but are not under voluntary control. Ex. The head of the humerus must glide inferiorly in order for the shoulder to perform full flexion.

Joint play movements

Arthrokinematic motions that happen between joint surfaces when an external force creates passive motion at the joint. Not under voluntary control, rather created by the therapist.

Saddle joint

Articular surface of each bone is concave in one direction and convex in another. The bones fit together like a horseback rider in a saddle. Ex. CMC of thumn

Trochlear notch of ulna

Articulates with the trochlea of humerus; makes up anterior surface of proximal end.

Head of rib

Articulates with the vertebral body.

Atlantoaxial joint

Articulation between C1 and C2 (atlas and axis).

Sternoclavicular (SC) joint

Articulation between manubrium of sternum and sternal end of the clavicle. Provides the shoulder girdle with its only direct attachment to the trunk. *palpate*

Lumbosacral joint

Articulation between the L5 (last lumbar vertebrae) and S1 of the sacrum. Joint has an intervertebral disc. Held together by 2 ligaments.

Radioulnar joint

Articulation between the radius and ulna at both ends of the forearm.

Atlanto-occipital joint

Articulation between the right/left occipital condyles and the superior articular processes of the atlas. Strong union that supports the weight of the head.

Proximal radioulnar joint

Articulation of the head of radius and radial notch of ulna.

Distal radioulnar joint

Articulation of the head of ulna and ulnar notch of radius.

Elbow joint

Articulation of the humerus with the ulna and radius.

Assisting mover

Assists the agonist in providing motion but not as effective as agonist.

Head of ulna

At the distal end on the lateral surface; the ulnar notch of the radius pivots around it during pronation and supination. *palpate*

Styloid process of ulna

At the distal end on the posterior medial surface. Provides attachments collateral ligaments of the wrist. *palpate* Skeleton: appendicular Bone type: long bone

Mitral valve (bicuspid)

Atrioventricular valve between the left atrium and left ventricle. Has two flaps.

Tricuspid valve

Atrioventricular valve between the right atrium and right ventricle. Has three flaps.

Attachments of the annular ligament

Attaches anteriorly and posteriorly to the radial notch of the ulna.

Attachments of the elbow joint capsule

Attaches around distal end of the humerus and surrounds the trochlea and capitulum as well as fossa above them. Attaches around proximal end of ulna under radial notch and coronoid process, as well as trochlear notch. Attaches around radius just under the head.

Inferior pubic ligament

Attaches between the two inferior pubic rami and strengthens the inferior portion of the joint.

Coracohumeral ligament

Attaches from the lateral side of the coracoid process and spans the joint anteriorly to the medial side of the greater tubercle.

Lumbosacral ligament

Attaches on the transverse process of L5. It runs inferiorly and laterally to attach on the ala of the sacrum, where its fibers intermingle with the fibers of the anterior sacroiliac ligament.

Joint capsule of temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

Attaches superiorly to articular tubercle and borders of fossa of temporal bone. Inferiorly attaches to neck of the condyle of the mandible.

Attachments of extensor retinaculum ligament

Attaches to styloid process of ulna medially and to the triquetrum, pisiform, and lateral side of the radius.

Appendicular Skeleton

Attaches to the axial skeletion and contains the 126 bones of the extremeties.

Attachments of transverse carpal ligament

Attaches to the pisiform and hook of hamate on the medial side and to the scaphoid and trapezium bones laterally.

Superior pubic ligament

Attaches to the pubic tubercles on each side of the body and strengthens the superior and anterior portions of the joint.

Radial collateral ligament

Attaches to the styloid process of the radius and to the scaphoid and trapezium bones.

Ulnar collateral ligament

Attaches to the styloid process of the ulna and to the pisiform and triquetrum.

Attachments of palmar carpal ligament

Attaches to the styloid processes of the radius and ulna and crosses over the flexor muscles.

Rib cage

Attaches to the vertebral column posteriorly and the sternum anteriorly. Houses and protects internal organs (heart, lungs, aorta, etc.)

Insertion

Attachment to a more movable bone. Tends to be at a more distal portion and moves towards the origin.

Origin

Attachment to a more stable bone. Tends to be closer to the trunk and the insertion moves towards it.

Types of skeletons

Axial and appendicular.

First class lever

Axis (A) located in the CENTER between the force (F) and resistance (R). "FAR", or "RAF" --> axis always in the middle.

Center of gravity (COG)

Balance point of an object at which torque on all sides is equal. Also the point where all planes of the body intersect. Located slightly anterior to S2.

Ligaments

Bands of fibrous connective tissue that hold two bones together in synovial joint. Provide attachment for cartilage, fascia, and sometimes muscle. Are flexible but not elastic and prevent excessive motion in the joint.

Concave-convex rule proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) motions of fingers

Base of more distal segment glides anteriorly during flexion and posteriorly during extension.

Concave-convex rule distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) motion of fingers

Base of proximal phalanx glides medially while distal end of proximal phalanx glides the same direction.

How is sternoclavicular (SC) joint motion described?

Based on the direction the clavicle is moving.

Sphenoid bone

Batwing-shaped cranial bone located at the lateral base of the skull, anterior to the temporal bone.

Importance of knowing loose and close packed positions for temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

Because joint mobs for TMJ issues need to be performed in loose-packed position, which is also a position of rest.

Concave-convex rule interphalangeal joint (IP) flexion/extension of thumb

Because of concave on convex articulation, the concave joint surface glides in the same direction as the distal end of the bony segment during movement.

Concave-convex rule metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flexion/extension of thumb

Because of concave on convex articulation, the concave joint surface glides in the same direction as the distal end of the bony segment during movement.

Why do we shrink as we age?

Because our nucleus pulposus goes from 80% water at birth to about 70% at 60 years old. This equates to 1- 1.5 inches lost.

Why are injuries more common in lumbar region?

Because posterior longitudinal ligament is thinner and more narrow inferiorly and therefore more unstable so increased disk injury.

Why does the carrying angle occur?

Because the distal end of the humerus is not level, and the medial side (trochlea) is lower than the lateral side (capitulum). As the ulna and radius rotate around the trochlea and capitulum of the humerus, they do not rotate in a straight line like a typical hinge joint.

Longitudinal arch

Begins at the wrist and runs the length of the metacarpal and phalanges for each digit. Perpendicular to the other two arches.

Lymph transport

Begins in small lymph capillaries, which become lymph vessels which contain small sacs called lymph nodes. It's propelled through the system by 5 different methods, but no "pump" like the cardiovascular system.

Infraspinous fossa of scapula

Below the spine, providing attachment for the infraspinatus muscle. *palpate*

Wrist flexion

Bending at the wrist. Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Vertebral border of scapula

Between superior and inferior angles medially. Attachment of the rhomboid and serratus anterior muscles. *palpate*

Open kinetic chain activity for biceps/triceps

Biceps curl and triceps extension.

Systemic circuit

Blood goes through left side of heart to the rest of the body via the aorta, bringing oxygen to capillary beds. Deoxygenated blood get sent back to heart through veins.

Cardiovascular system

Blood vessels and heart. A closed system that transports blood throughout the body. Blood doesn't leave network unless pathology. Includes two circuits.

Parts of the mandible

Body and two upwardly projecting rami, which form two identical joints on either side of face.

Vertebral column

Bony components housing the spinal cord. Also called spinal column.

End feel of elbow extension

Bony end feel (hard) due to bone-on-bone contact as the olecranon process of ulna moves into olecranon fossa of humerus, limiting further motion.

End feel of forearm pronation

Bony end feel (hard) due to the bony contact between radius and ulna.

Mastoid process of temporal bone

Bony prominence posterior and inferior to the ear. Attachment for digastric and sternocleidomastoid muscles. *palpate* Skeleton: axial Bone type: flat bone

Mechanics

Branch of physics dealing with the study of forces and the motion produced by their actions.

Bronchial tree

Branched airways that lead from the trachea to the alveoli.

Node of Ranvier

Break in the myelin that occurs approximately every half-millimeter.

Thoracolumbar fascia

Broad fascial structure that provides attachment for the erector spinae and latissimus dorsi muscles. Also called lumbar aponeurosis.

Acromion process of scapula

Broad, flat area on the superior lateral aspect of the scapula. Provides attachment for the upper trapezius and middle deltoid muscles. *palpate* Skeleton: appendicular Bone type: flat bone

Interosseous membrane

Broad, flat membrane that is located between the radius and ulna for most of their length.

Anterior sacroiliac ligament

Broad, flat, ligament on anterior pelvic surface that connects ala and pelvic surface of sacrum to auricular surface of the ilium. Holds together anterior portion of the joint.

Latissimus dorsi

Broad, sheetlike, mostly superficial muscle located on the back.

Fracture

Broken or cracked bone. Break in continuity of bony cortex by force.

Cervical plexus

C1 - C4 spinal nerves. Innervates muscles of the neck.

Spinal nerve arrangement

C1-C7 nerves exit the vertebral column ABOVE the corresponding vertebrae. C8 nerve exits under C7 vertebra and over T1 vertebra. T1 and below, nerve exits under corresponding vertebra.

Brachial plexus

C5 - T1 spinal nerves. It splits and joins several times before ending in five main peripheral nerves. Innervates muscles of the upper extremities.

Tract- general names and locations

CNS- Fasciculus, peduncle, brachium, column, or lemniscus. PNS- Spinal nerve, nerve root, plexus, or peripheral nerve.

Spinal cord injuries

Can be complete or incomplete. Injury is named to the level of the highest intact nerve.

Bicipital tendon rupture

Can happen during repetitive or forceful overhead positions.

Determining lumbosacral angle

Can only be determined by x-ray Angle is drawn by drawing one line parallel to the ground and another line to the base of the sacrum.

Generally, how much is a muscle capable of shortening?

Can shorten to approximately 1/2 of its normal length. Example: 6 inches at rest, can shorten to about 3 inches when contracted.

Generally, how much is a muscle capable of stretching?

Can stretch to about 1 1/2 times its resting length. Example: 6 inches at rest, can be stretched beyond resting length to 9 inches.

Hamate

Carpal bone that is located on the pinky side of the distal row, between the fourth and fifth metacarpals. Has a hook-shaped projection on the palmar side to which muscles of the little finger are attached.

Capitate

Carpal bone that is located on the pinky side of the distal row, between the third metacarpal. *palpate*

Triquetrum

Carpal bone that is located on the pinky side of the proximal row, between the fourth and fifth metacarpals. *palpate*

Trapezium

Carpal bone that is located on the thumb side of the distal row, next to the first metacarpal. *palpate*

Trapezoid

Carpal bone that is located on the thumb side of the distal row, next to the second metacarpal. *palpate*

Scaphoid

Carpal bone that is located on the thumb side of the proximal row, between the second and third metacarpals. *palpate*

Lunate

Carpal bone that is located on the thumb side of the proximal row, between the third and fourth metacarpals. *palpate*

Arteries

Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body tissue. Walls are strong, muscular, and elastic because withstand significant pressure. Tends to be oxygen rich, except pulmonary arteries. Largest is aorta, smallest are arterioles.

Veins

Carry deoxygenated blood toward the heart (except pulmonary veins). Larger in diameter than arteries, have thinner walls, and less elastic. Have valves to control backflow. Largest are superior and inferior vena cava. Smallest are venules. Veins are more common in extremities.

Pubic symphysis joint

Cartilaginous joint located in midline of body, where left and right pubic bones are joined by a fibrocartilaginous disc. Held together by 2 ligaments.

Intervertebral joint type

Cartilaginous joint that allows very little motion.

Costochondral joint

Cartilaginous joint where the rib attaches to the costal cartilage.

Shearing forces

Cause a gliding motion in which the joint surfaces move parallel to one another. Used to restore joint mobility. Ex. Grabbing finger and move joint up and down.

Compression forces

Cause joint approximation in which the joint surfaces are pushed closer together. Used to help promote joint stability. Ex. Doing a chair or floor pushup (shoulders, elbow and wrist joints)

Traction forces

Cause joint distraction in which the joint surfaces pull apart or separated. Used to restore joint mobility. Be careful! Ex. Hanging from an overhead bar (shoulders, elbow and wrist joints) or grab finger and pull joint in opposite directions.

De Quervain's disease

Caused by an inflammation and thickening of the sheath containing the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus, resulting in pain on the radial side of the wrist. Also called tenosynovitis. Making a fist with thumb inside and moving wrist into ulnar deviation can cause a lot of pain. I had this and the surgery to fix in December 2016.

Concave bone end surface

Caved in, much like a cave.

Circle of Willis

Cerebral arterial circle at the base of the skull. Its so interconnected that failure of one of its major arteries doesn't seriously stop blood flow to the brain.

Hard end feel

Characterized by a hard and abrupt limit to passive joint motion with no give on over pressure. Also called bony end feel. Happens when bone contacts bone at end of ROM. Ex. elbow entension (when olecranon process hits olecranon fossa). Ex. elbow entension (when olecranon process hits olecranon fossa). Also ankle dorsiflexion when knee flexed because gastrocnmemius was relaxed and movement continued until bone hit bone.

Calcific tendonitis

Chronic inflammation of the supraspinatus tendon that can lead to an accumulation of mineral depositis. Can be asymptomatic or painful.

Anatomical neck of humerus

Circumferential groove separating the head from the tubercle.

Types of synovial joints

Classified by number of axes, shape of joint. and type of motion allowed by joint. 1. Nonaxial 2. Uniaxial 3. Biaxial 4. Triaxial

Movement of clavicle during shoulder girdle protraction and retraction

Clavicle glides anteriorly and posteriorly. Motion happens between concave sternum and disc.

Movement of clavicle during shoulder elevation and depression

Clavicle glides inferiorly and superiorly. Motion happens between convex clavicle and concave disk.

Which bone is more moveable in sternoclavicular (SC) joint?

Clavicle moves while sternum stays stationary.

Close-packed position temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

Clenched teeth.

Function of soft palate of oral cavity

Closes off the opening between the nasal and oral pharynx during activities such as swallowing, blowing, and speech sounds.

Mandibular elevation

Closing the mouth.

Cauda equina

Collection of nerve roots that look like a horse's tail and run down from the spinal cord. Made of nerve roots L2 through S5.

Wrist circumduction

Combination of all four wrist motions (flexion, extension, radial deviation, & ulnar deviation). Creates a cone shaped pattern.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome (TOS)

Compression of neurovascular structures (brachial plexus, subclavian artery and vein) between the first rib, clavicle, and scalenes. Symptoms depend on structures involved.

Temporamandibular joint (TMJ) articulation

Concave articular fossa of the temporal bone with the convex condyle of the mandible.

Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) of fingers articulation

Concave bases of 2nd-5th distal phalanges with convex rounded heads of middle phalanges.

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) of fingers articulation

Concave bases of 2nd-5th middle phalanges with convex rounded heads of proximal phalanges.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of fingers articulation

Concave bases of 2nd-5th proximal phalanges with convex rounded heads of metacarpals.

Articulated shape of carpals

Concave on anterior side, convex on posterior. Arched shape contributes to ability of thumb to oppose.

Radiocarpal joint articulation

Concave radius and radioulnar disk with convex scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.

Contraction of the biceps

Concentric- Raising the weight during a biceps curl. Eccentric- Lowering the weight during a biceps curl.

Contraction of the triceps

Concentric- Raising the weight during a tricep extension. Eccentric- Lowering the weight during a tricep extension.

Carpal tunnel syndrome

Condition caused by compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel. Symptoms include numbness, tingling, pain, and weakness in hand. Fibers of transverse carpal ligament are surgically cut to relieve the symptoms.

Nerve fiber

Conductor of impulses from the neuron.

Spina bifida

Congenital defect in which the posterior vertebrae fail to fuse in the embryo and spinal tissue can protrude. 3 types.

Joint

Connection between two or more bones of the skeleton, which allows motion, bear weight and provide stability.

Function of coracoclavicular ligament

Connects scapula to the clavicle and prevents backward motion and rotation of the scapula.

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint

Connects the acromion process of the scapula with the lateral acromial end of the clavicle. *palpate*

Sternoclavicular ligament

Connects the clavicle to the sternum on both the anterior and posterior surfaces.

Ligamentum flavum

Connects the laminae of adjacent vertebrae.

Iliolumbar ligament

Connects the transverse process of L5 with the ilium (along a portion of the iliac crest). Limits the rotation of L5 on S1 and helps prevent L5 from moving anterior on S1.

Radiocarpal joint

Consists of the distal end of the radius and the radioulnar disk proximally and the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum distally.

Tectorial membrane

Continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament that serves as a sling to support the spinal cord as it enters the column.

Anterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of thumb articulation

Convex head of first metacarpal with the concave base of the proximal phalange.

Interphalangeal joint (IP) of thumb articulation

Convex head of first proximal phalange with the concave base of the distal phalange.

Shoulder joint articulation

Convex humeral head and concave glenoid fossa of scapula.

Elbow joint articulation

Convex trochlea of humerus with concave trochlear notch of the ulna. Convex capitulum of humerus with concave radial head.

Spinal cord

Cord of nervous tissue that runs up the spine. Approximately 17 inches long and enclosed in same three protective layers as the brain and also cerebrospinal fluid also flows to protect.

Function of palmar fascia

Covers the tendons of the extrinsic muscles and provides some protection to the structures in the palm. Also serves as distal attachment of the palmaris longus.

Temporal bone

Cranial bone located on the side of the skull posterior to the zygomatic bone, inferior to parietal bone. Forms part of the base and lateral inferior sides of the cranium.

Foot drop

Damage to the common peroneal nerve.

Labral tear

Damage to the glenoid labrum, resulting in pain and limited motion in shoulder joint. Can be caused by degenerative or traumatic etiology.

Avascular necrosis

Death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply.

Function of bursa

Decreases friction between structures in the joint.

Extensor indicis

Deep muscle of the posterior forearm.

Flexor pollicis longus

Deep muscle that arises from mid-forearm to thumb.

Supinator

Deep muscle that wraps around the elbow joint laterally from the posterior surface to the anterior surface.

Internal intercostals

Deeper muscles that occupy the intercostal spaces. Runs in a diagonal direction superiorly and medially from lower border of rib above to superior border of rib below.

Transverse abdominis

Deepest of the abdominal muscles that lies deep to the internal obliques.

Interosseous sacroiliac ligament

Deepest, shortest, strongest of sacroiliac ligaments. Fills the roughened area immediately above and behind the auricular surfaces and anterior sacroiliac ligament. Connects the tuberosities of the ilium to the sacrum.

Torticollis

Deformity of the neck where a person's head is laterally flexed to one side and rotated toward the other side. Sternocleidomastoid is usually the issue.

Spondylosis

Degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function. It may result from bone spurs, thickening ligaments, or loss of disk height. Can lead to nerve root and spinal cord compression. Also called spinal osteoarthritis.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)

Degenerative motor disease involving upper and lower motor neurons. No cure and you eventually die. Also called Lou Gehrig's disease.

What is in the anterior compartment of atlas

Dens.

Anatomical snuff box

Depression formed by the tendons of abductor pollicic longus, extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis. Where people would put "snuff" on hand to sniff.

Costal facet

Depression located superiorly and inferiorly on the sides of the bodies and on the transverse processes of the thoracic vertebrae. Place where ribs articulate.

Vertebral notch of vertebra

Depressions located on the superior and inferior surfaces of the pedicle.

Concave-convex rule

Describes how the differences in shapes of bone ends require joint surfaces to move in a specific way during joint movement. Is the relationship between osteokinematics and arthrokinematics for any given movement. A concave joint surface will glide on a fixed convex surface in the same direction as the distal end of the moving bone.

Sliding filament theory

Describes interaction between actin & myosin & explains how force is produced during muscle contraction & how sarcomere shortens. During muscle stimulus, the myosin head reaches out and binds to the actin, which pulls them closer and causes the sarcomere to shorten.

Acromioclavicular separation

Describes various amounts ligament injury at AC joint. First degree- AC ligament is stretched. Second degree- AC ligament is ruptured and the coracoclavicular ligament is stretched. Third degree- AC ligament and the coracoclavicular ligament are ruptured.

Elastic cartilage

Designed to maintain a structure's shape, and is found in the external ear, auditory tubes, nose, and larnyx.

Spinal facet joint function

Determines the type and amount of motion that takes place based on the direction the facet joint faces.

Asthma

Difficulty breathing due to a spasm of the bronchial wall. Inability to exhale causes wheezing sound.

Articular disk of temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

Disk that divides the joint space into upper and lower joint space compartments. Attached more firmly to mandible than temporal bone. Similar to the disk in the sternoclavicular joint.

Rib separation

Dislocation between the rib and its costal cartilage.

Rib dislocation

Dislocation of costal cartilage from sternum.

Mallet finger

Disruption of the extensor mechanism of the DIP joint, causing the joint to be unable to extend. Happens because tendon was severed or portion of bone has avulsed from distal phalanx.

Head of metacarpal

Distal end of metacarpal. Convex.

Head of phalanges

Distal end of phalanges. Convex.

Hand

Distal end of the upper extremity that us made up of the thumb and four fingers.

Excursion

Distance from maximum lengthening to maximum shortening of a muscle. Example: 6 inches at rest, can shorten to about 3 inches when contracted and can be stretched beyond resting length to 9 inches. The excursion is 6 inches.

Coracoacromial ligament

Does not cross the acromioclavicular joint, but rather forms a roof over the head of the humerus.

Companion motions of shoulder joint and shoulder girdle angular movement

During angular upward/downward rotation and scapular tilt, shoulder joint motions must accompany shoulder girdle motion.

Companion motions of shoulder joint and shoulder girdle linear movement

During linear elevation/depression and protraction/retraction, shoulder girdle can move without moving the humerus.

Sellar/saddle joint

Each joint surface is concave and one direction and convex and another. Shape of joint similar to that of two Pringles stacked on each other. Ex. CMC joint of thumb.

Concentric vs. eccentric contraction

Eccentric contractions can produce much greater force than concentric contractions.

Uniaxial joint example

Elbow, knee, PIP, forearm, C1-C2.

Joint capsule of the wrist

Encloses the radiocarpal joint and is reinforced by the radial and ulnar collateral ligaments and be the palmar and dorsal radiocarpal ligaments.

Sternal end of rib

End that articulates with the costal cartilage.

Acromial end of clavicle

End that attaches laterally to scapula. Provides attachment for the upper trapezius muscle. *palpate*

Sternal end of clavicle

End that attaches medially to the sternum. *palpate*

Function of vertebral column

Establishes and maintains the longitudinal axis of the body. Provides pivot point for motion and support of the head at the cervical region. Encases and protects the spinal cord.

Normal end feel

Exists when there is full PROM at a joint, and the motion is limited by the expected anatomical structure for that particular joint (ligaments, bone, muscle, etc.)

Cervical protraction

Extending the head on C1, flexing the neck C2-C7. Linear movement.

Supraspinal ligament

Extends from C7 vertebra distally to the sacrum posteriorly along the tips of the spinous processes.

Boutonniere deformity

Extension of the MCP joint, flexion of the PIP joint, and extension of the DIP joint.

Elastic cartilage examples

External ear, auditory tubes, nose, and larnyx.

Heart murmur

Extra heart sound heard besides the lub-dub (whoosh). Can indicate an issue with valve that allows blood flow in wrong direction. Normal or pathological.

Maxilla

Facial bone located in the middle part of the face that houses the upper teeth. Connects to the nasal bone superiorly and zygomatic bone laterally. *palpate*

Mandible

Facial bone shaped like a horseshoe that articulates with temporal bone on each side of the face.

Zygomatic bone

Facial bone that forms the prominence of the cheek and contributes to the lateral wall and floor of the eye orbit. *palpate*

Statics

Factors associated with non-moving or nearly non-moving objects.

Ilium

Fan shaped piece that makes up the superior portion of the innominate bone.

Axon

Fiber branch coming out of the cell body that transmits impulses away from the cell body. A single branch located on the side opposite the dendrite.

Dendrites

Fiber branches coming into the cell body that receive impulses and brings them into the cell body.

Oblique muscle fibers

Fibers tend to be shorter but more numerous per area. Have a feather-like arrangement. Greater strength but smaller ROM potential. Have 3 types of subfibers.

Glenoid labrum of scapula

Fibrocartilginous ring attached to the rim of the glenoid fossa, which deepens the articular cavity.

Flexor retinaculum

Fibrous band of connective tissue that spans anterior surface of wrist in horizontal direction, composed of 2 parts. Is part of the carpal tunnel.

Extensor retinaculum ligament

Fibrous band on posterior side of wrist that runs in horizontal direction.

Linea alba

Fibrous band that runs vertical from the xiphoid process of the sternum to the pubic symphysis.

Glenoid labrum

Fibrous ring that surrounds the rim of the glenoid fossa and deepens the articular cavity.

Joint capsule of the elbow

Fibrous tissue that encloses bone ends and other joint surfaces.

End feel of forearm supination

Firm because of muscle and ligament tension.

End feel for wrist flexion, extension, and ulnar deviation

Firm end feel due to the tension of ligaments and the joint capsule.

Normal end feel of shoulder joint

Firm end feel for all shoulder motions because of tension due to ligaments, muscle, and the joint capsule.

Best lever for balance

First class lever.

Sentinel node

First line of defense and node in chain which filters out bacteria, debris, and foreign stuff. These particles are then intercepted and destroyed by white blood cells.

Planes

Fixed lines of reference along which the body is divided.

Triangular muscles

Flat and fan shaped, with fibers radiating from a narrow attachment at one end to a broad attachment at the other. Examples: pectoralis major, trapezius.

Swan neck deformity

Flexion of the MCP joint, hyperextension of the PIP joint, and flexion of the DIP joint.

Arthrokinematics of metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) motions of fingers

Flexion- Base of proximal phalanx glides anteriorly while distal end of proximal phalanx glides the same direction. Extension- Base of proximal phalanx glides posteriorly while distal end of proximal phalanx glides the same direction. Abduction- Base of proximal phalanx glides laterally while distal end of proximal phalanx glides the same direction. Adduction- Base of proximal phalanx glides medially while distal end of proximal phalanx glides the same direction.

Arthrokinematics of carpometacarpal (CMC) motions of thumb

Flexion- Concave base and distal end of first metacarpal glides medially. They glide same direction as each other. Extension- Concave base and distal end of first metacarpal glides laterally. They glide same direction as each other. Abduction- Distal end of metacarpal moves anteriorly on concave trapezium while base of metacarpal glides posteriorly. They glide in opposite direction of each other. Adduction- Distal end of metacarpal moves posteriorly on concave trapezium while base of metacarpal glides anteriorly. They glide in opposite direction of each other

Arthrokinematics for elbow motions

Flexion- Trochlear notch and radial head glide anteriorly. Extension- Trochlear notch and radial head glide posteriorly.

Arthrokinematics of shoulder joint motions

Flexion- humeral head glides posteriorly. Extension- humeral head glides anteriorly. Abduction- humeral head glides inferiorly. Adduction- humeral head glides superiorly. Internal rotation- humeral head glides posteriorly. External rotation- humeral head glides anteriorly.

An increase in posterior tilt of the pelvis is associated with which of the following motions of the vertebral column?

Flexion.

Arthrokinematics of wrist motions

Flexion: Carpals glide posteriorly on the radius and disk. Extension: Carpals glide anteriorly on the radius and disk. Radial deviation: Carpals glide medially on the radius and disk. Ulnar deviation: Carpals glide laterally on the radius and disk

Cerebospinal fluid

Fluid that surrounds the brain and fills the four ventricles within the brain. Main function is shock absorption.

Temporamandibular joint (TMJ) uses

For chewing, swallowing, yawning, talking, or any other activity involving jaw motion.

Third class lever

Force (F) located in CENTER with Resistance (R) at one end and Axis (A) at the other end. "RFA" or "AFR" --> force is always in the middle.

Tension

Force built up within a muscle. Total tension includes combination of passive and active tension. Stretching involves passive tension and uses the non-contractile units of the muscle. Active tension generated from contractile units and is like released the end of a stretched rubber band.

Kinetics

Forces causing movement in a system. A system of dynamic (moving) biomechanics.

Radius

Forearm bone located lateral to the ulna. Articulates with carpals at distal end.

Thrombosis

Formation of a blood clot that may partially or fully block a vessel.

Greater sciatic notch of ilium

Formed by the ilium superiorly and the ilium and ischium inferiorly.

Proximal transverse arch

Formed by the proximal end of the metacarpals and carpals. Maintained by the flexor retinaculum.

Greater sciatic foramen of ilium

Formed from the greater sciatic notch by ligamentous attachments. The sacrotuberous ligament forms the posterior medial border of the foramen, and the sacrospinous ligament forms the inferior border. The sciatic nerve passes through this opening.

Function of the skull

Forms a protective cavity for the brain and supports the facial bones.

Function of transverse carpal ligament

Forms arch over the carpal tunnel which houses the median nerve and 9 extrinsic muscle tendons. Also helps maintain proximal carpal arch.

Pubis

Forms the anterior portion of the innominate bone. Can divide into 3 parts, body and two rami.

Occipital bone

Forms the posterior inferior part of the cranium. Also called occiput.

Axial Skeleton

Forms the upright part of the body. Consists of 80 bones of the head, thorax and trunk.

Rhomboidal muscles

Four sided, usually flat, with broad attachments at each end. Examples: pronator quadratus, rhomboids, and gluteus maximus.

Colles fracture

Fracture at the distal radius due to a fall on outstretched hand, which results in posterior displacement of the distal fragment. Common in the elderly.

Smith's fracture

Fracture at the distal radius due to a fall on the back of the hand, which results in anterior displacement of the distal fragment.

Scaphoid fracture

Fracture carpal usually as the result of a fall on the outstretched hand. Difficult to heal because of poor blood flow. Can be associated with damage to the blood vessel that supplies the scaphoid, leading to loss of blood supply to the bone, developing avascular necrosis.

Flail chest

Fracture of 4 or more ribs in two places that causes the chest wall to expand with expiration and collapse during inspiration.

Plane and axis of shoulder girdle elevation/depression

Frontal plane, sagittal axis.

Plane and axis of shoulder girdle upward/downward rotation

Frontal plane, sagittal axis.

Axis (A)

Fulcrum. The fixed point around which a lever rotates. Example: a joint in the human body.

Neuron (nerve cell)

Fundamental unit of the nervous tissue.

Pairing of vessels

Generally arteries and veins are paired, travel side by side and labeled with same name.

Serratus anterior

Gets its name from its saw-tooth pattern of attachment on the anterior, lateral side of the thorax. Runs posteriorly between the scapula and rib cage and can be palpated when the arm is overhead. Has a nearly horizontal line of pull.

Another name for shoulder joint

Glenohumeral joint.

Arthrokinematics motions of shoulder joint

Glide, spin, roll.

Midcarpal joint motions

Gliding motion which contributes to wrist joint motion.

Intercarpal joint motion.

Gliding motion.

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) motions of fingers

Gliding/sliding.

Gray and white matter in spinal cord

Gray matter in center/middle of cord in "H" or "butterfly" shape. Contains cell bodies and synapses. White matter fills the outsides and edges. Contains ascending (sensory) and descending (motor) pathways.

4th principle between balance, stability, and motion

Greater mass of object, greater its stability. Example: football linebackers are usually heavier and thus harder to push over compared to a smaller halfback.

5th principle between balance, stability, and motion

Greater the friction between supporting surface and BOS, the more stable the object. Example: walking on icy sidewalk is slippery because very little friction between ice and shoe. Sanding sidewalk increases friction to improve traction.

Spiral groove of humerus

Groove that the radial nerve runs through as it spirals around the midhumerus. WON'T BE TESTED ON LAB EXAM!

Erector spinae

Group of superficial layer of back extensors along each side of the vertebral column and connects spinous processes, transverse processes, and ribs.

Valsalva's maneuver

Happens when people hold their breath and attempt to exhale. Can cause increase in intrathoracic pressure, trapping blood in the veins away from the heart. When breath released, blood rushes back into the heart and increases blood pressure, causing tachycardia and then bradycardia. Can lead to cardiac arrest.

End feel for wrist radial deviation

Hard end feel due to bony contact between the radial styloid process and scaphoid carpal bone.

Arteriosclerosis

Hardening of the arteries. Vessels lose elasticity and can't dilate and bring in more blood when needed.

Posterior sacroiliac ligament

Has 2 parts. 1. Short posterior sacroiliac ligament 2. Long posterior sacroiliac ligament

Sensory (afferent) neuron

Has a dendrite in sensory receptors located in skin, muscles, and joints that runs all the way to its cell body in the dorsal root ganglion (located in intervertebral foramen). Also called afferent neuron. Axon travels through dorsal root of spinal nerve and into spinal cord through posterior horn. It then may enter white matter and ascend to different level of spinal cord or brainstem.

Irregular Bones

Has a variety of mixed shapes but fulfill a certain function. Composed of cancellous bone and marrow with thin layer of compact bone.

Uniaxial joint

Has angular motion occurring in one plane around one axis, much like a hinge. Flexion and extension are only motions possible, and occur in sagittal plane around frontal axis. Also called pivot or hinge joints.

Cartilaginous joint (amphiarthrodial)

Has either hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage between the two bones. Allow a small amount of movement (bending and twisting) and compression, also provide stability. Ex. Vertebral joints with fibrocartilage disks connecting bones, first sternal costal joint connected by hyaline cartilage.

Multipennate muscles

Has many tendons with oblique fibers in between. Examples: deltoid, subscapularis.

Ovoid joint

Has two bones forming a concave - convex relationship. One articulating surface is concave and the other is convex. One bone end is usually longer than the adjacent to allow for greater ROM and reduce joint size. Most synovial joints are this way. Ex. MCP digits of the fingers.

Flat Bones

Have a very broad surface but are not very thick. Tend to have have a curved surface rather than a flat one. Two layers of compact bone with cancellous bone and marrow between.

Uniaxial joints

Have motion in one plane around one axis and one degree of motion.

Triaxial joints

Have three degrees of freedom, maximum number of degrees of freedom a joint can have.

Biaxial joints

Have two degrees of freedom.

Epidural bleeds

Hemorrhage that happens between skull and dura mater. Occurs in arteries so symptoms develop quickly because of the high pressure.

Subdural bleeds

Hemorrhage that happens under dura mater. Occurs in veins so symptoms develop more slowly because of lower pressure.

Nervous system

Highly complex mechanism in our bodies that controls, stimulates, and coordinates all other body systems.

Muscles for lateral tilt movement

Hip abductors pull down on the pelvis, while the trunk lateral benders pull up to keep pelvis level. This is considered a reversal of muscle action.

If patient was positioned in anterior pelvic tilt, which muscles would you check for tightness?

Hip flexors, back extensors.

If patient was positioned in posterior pelvic tilt, which muscles would you check for weakness?

Hip flexors, back extensors.

Function of palmar carpal ligament

Hold tendons close to the wrist and prevent them from pulling away (bowstringing) during wrist flexion. Also helps maintain proximal carpal arch.

Function of flexor retinaculum

Hold tendons close to the wrist and prevent them from pulling away (bowstringing) during wrist flexion. Also prevents two sides of carpal bones from spreading apart.

Function of extensor retinaculum ligament

Holds extensor tendons close to the wrist, especially during wrist extension.

Function of annular ligament anterior

Holds radius against ulna and reinforces joint capsule anteriorly.

Function of the annular ligament posterior

Holds radius against ulna and reinforces joint capsule posteriorly.

Transverse foramen

Holes or openings in the transverse process of each of the cervical vertebra through which the vertebral artery passes.

Medullary canal

Hollow center down the diaphysis that decreases the weight of bone and contains marrow, which provides passage for nutrient arteries.

Nasal cavity

Hollow space behind the nostrils that is divided into 2 fairly equal chambers.

Hyoid bone

Horseshoe-shaped bone lying just superior to the thyroid cartilage at level of C3.

Arthrokinematics

How adjoining joint surfaces move in relation to each other. Example: glide, spin, roll. Joint surface movement relationship with osteokinematic motion. DELETE? FI The relationship of joint surface movement (spin, glide, roll). Joint surface movement relationship with osteokinematic motion. FIX Need arthrokinematic motion to be able to have osteokinematics. The manner in which adjoining joint surfaces move on each other during osteokinematic joint movement. "Joint surface motion." FIX DELETE

Joint congruency

How well joint surfaces match or fit; surfaces of a joint are congruent in one position & incongruent in all other positions.

Costal cartilage of ribs

Hyaline cartilage that connects the ribs to the sternum. Provides elasticity allowing rib cage mobility needed for respiration.

Trigger points

Hyperirritable points within a tight band of muscle that refer pain to other areas of the body when they are active or when they are palpated. Often in an overworked muscle.

Innominate bone

Ilium, ischium, and pubis, which are fused together.

Line of gravity (LOG)

Imaginary vertical line passing through the COG toward the center of the earth. If you drew an imaginary line through the midline of the body, which passes the COG.

Basal ganglia

In same area as thalamus ad hypothalamus. It is important in coordination of motor movement.

Subscapular fossa of scapula

Includes most of the area on the anterior surface, providing attachment for the subscapularis muscle.

Greenstick fracture

Incomplete fracture, usually of the radius which is located more proximal than a Colles fracture. More common in children than adults.

Movement of vertebral column

Individual segment motion is small but because of number of segments, overall motion is a lot.

Lower respiratory infection (LRI)

Infection of structures from trachea to alveoli. Most common is pneumonia, but also bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.

Basilar area of occipital bone

Inferior portion of the occiput.

Inferior ramus of pubis

Inferior projection of the pubic body that provides attachment for the inferior pubic ligament. Also where adductor magnus, adductor brevis, and gracilis muscles attach.

Posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS) of ilium

Inferior to PSIS where the sacrotuberous ligament attaches.

Adhesive capsulitis

Inflammation and fibrosis of the shoulder joint capsule, which leads to pain and loss of shoulder range of motion. Also called "frozen shoulder."

Tendonitis

Inflammation of a tendon that can occur anywhere in tendon (musculotendinous junction, tenoperiosteal junction or body).

Phlebitis

Inflammation of a vein.

Bronchitis

Inflammation of the bronchi and its subdivisions.

Medial epicondylitis

Inflammation of the common flexor tendon that inserts into the medial epicondyle. An overuse condition that results in tenderness over the medial epicondyle and pain on resisted wrist flexion.

Bicipital tendonitis

Inflammation that usually involves the long head of the biceps proximally as it crosses the humeral head, changes direction, and descends into the bicipital groove.

Midhumeral fractures

Injury caused by a direct blow or twisting force. Having a spiral fractures in this region increases the risk of a radial nerve injury, as the nerve passes next to the bone.

Humeral neck fracture

Injury caused by a fall on the outstretched hand, usually is an impacted fracture. Common in elderly.

Non-axial joint example

Intercarpals

Longissimus

Intermediate group of the erector spinae muscles located lateral to the spinalis.

Lymph

Interstitial fluid once inside the _______ capillary. Originates as plasma, the fluid portion of blood.

Hiccups

Involuntary contractions of the diaphragm that produces rapid inspiratory sounds

Myasthenia gravis

Involves a defect where the terminal axon synapses with the receptor site at the muscle. Produces weakness and fatigue of muscles.

Dynamics

Involves factors associated with moving systems. 2 branches.

Biomechanics

Involves taking the principles and methods of mechanics and applying them to the structure and function of the human body. Includes static (nonmoving) and dynamic (moving) systems associated with different activities.

Rotator cuff tear

Involves the distal tendinous insertion of the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis on the greater/lesser tubercle area of the humerus. Can be from acute trauma or gradual degeneration.

Intercarpal joints

Irregular joints located in between the carpal bones of each individual row.

Midcarpal joint

Irregularly shaped joint located between the two rows of carpal bones.

Synovitis

Is an inflammation of the synovial membrane.

Stretching

Is used in PT to maintain or regain the normal resting length of a muscle. Should be performed on relaxed muscles only and in order to be effective, the muscle needs to simultaneously be stretched over all the joints it crosses. Do this until feel discomfort but not until the point of pain.

Volkmann's ischemic contracture

Ischemic necrosis of the forearm muscles caused by trauma to the brachial artery. Can be a complication of supracondylar fractures and dislocations of the elbow because of close proximity to the artery.

What makes articular disc in sternoclavicular (SC) joint special?

It has a double attachment that allows joint to work like a double hinge door so.

Why is nutation important in childbirth?

It increases the anterior-posterior (A-P) diameter of the pelvic outlet allowing the baby to pass through.

Difficulty with brachial plexus

It is a mess if injured because fairly superficial. Even "leaning" weight a lot on crutches can cause problems.

What happens to shoulder motion if no scapulohumeral rhythm?

It would be limited because you can't get full shoulder joint range of motion without scapular/shoulder girdle motion.

First describer of end feel

James Cyriax in 1983 to describe identify what tissue was responsible for limiting further motion at end range of joint.

Closed pack position

Joint is congruent. The ligaments and capsule holding the joint together are taut. Usually occurs at one extreme of the ROM. When ligaments and capsular structures are tested for stability and integrity, the joint is usually placed in this position. Position joint is in when it gets injured, also swollen joints can't be moved into this position.

Open/loose packed position

Joint is incongruent. Parts of the capsule and supporting ligaments are lax and distraction can occur. Joint is immobilized and mobilization techniques are usually done in this position.

Temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

Joint located anterior to the ear at the posterior superior end of the jaw that is one of the most frequently used joints in the body.

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of fingers

Joint located between carpals and 2nd-5th fingers. *palpate*

Hyaline cartilage examples

Joint surfaces in synovial joints.

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of thumb articulation

Joint surfaces of trapezium and base of first metacarpal are concave in one direction and convex in the other. Shape and relationship can be compared to two Pringle chips stacked on each other.

Non-axial joint

Joint type in which movement tends to be linear instead of angular. Joint surfaces are relatively flat and glide over one another instead of one moving around other. Also called plane joint.

Valves

Keep blow flow in only one direction. There are 4 of them, 2 atrioventricular and 2 semilunar.

Function of interosseous membrane

Keeps radius and ulna from separating and provides more surface area for attachment of the forearm and wrist muscles.

Importance of hand

Key point of function for upper extremity. Helps humans accomplish a number of activities both complex and simple.

Closed pack position examples

Knee flexion, ankle dorsiflexion, MCP flexion, elbow extension, wrist extension, hip extension, knee extension, interphalangeal joints extension. Shoulder- abduction and external rotation Elbow- extension Wrist- extension with ulnar deviation Fingers- full flexion Hip- full extension and internal rotation Knee- full extension and external rotation of tibia Ankle- maximum dorsiflexion Toes- full extension

Lumbosacral plexus

L1 - S3 spinal nerves. Innervates muscles of the lower extremities.

Subdeltoid bursa

Large and located between the deltoid muscle and the joint capsule.

Pectoralis major

Large muscle of the chest that is superficial except for its distal attachment lying under the deltoid. Separated into 2 portions because of proximal attachments and different lines of pull.

Greater tubercle of humerus

Large projection lateral to head and lesser tubercle. Provides attachment for the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and teres minor muscles. *palpate* Skeleton: appendicular Bone type: long bone

Dens

Large vertical projection located anteriorly on the axis that articulates with atlas and is where cervical rotation occurs. Also called odontoid process.

External oblique

Large, broad, flat muscle that lies superficially on the anterolateral abdomen.

Motor (efferent) neuron

Large, multipolar cell body with multibranched dendrites and a long axon. Also called efferent neuron. Cell body and dendrites located within anterior horn of spinal cord. Axon leaves anterior horn through white matter and continues down the peripheral nerve to its termination in an axon terminal (motor end plate).

Iliac tuberosity of ilium

Large, roughened area between the posterior portion of the iliac crest and the auricular surface. It serves as an attachment for the interosseous ligament.

Diaphragm

Large, sheetlike, dome-shaped muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity.

Trapezius

Large, superficial muscle that is diamond-shaped. Divided into 3 different parts because there are different lines of pull resulting in different muscle actions.

Cerebrum

Largest and main portion of the brain. Located above cerebellum and brainstem. Responsible for the highest mental functions. Made up of right and left cerebral hemispheres joined across the midline by the corpus callosum.

Long Bones

Largest bones in the body and make most of the appendicular skeleton. Length is greater than width and are tube shaped. The articular surface is on epiphysis and is covered in layer of hyaline cartilage. Have thin layer of compact bone covering cancellous bone with marrow in cavity.

Thyroid cartilage

Largest of the nine cartilages of the larynx located just inferior to hyoid bone that is more prominent in males. Also called Adam's apple. Attachment for infrahyoid muscles.

Cell body

Largest part of a typical neuron; contains the nucleus and much of the cytoplasm.

Trapezoid portion of coracoclavicular ligament

Lateral and more superficial.

Ala of sacrum

Lateral flared wings that are actually fused transverse processes.

Capitulum of humerus

Lateral side of humerus next to the trochlea; articulates with head of radius.

Borders of the cubital fossa

Lateral- brachioradialis Medial- pronator teres Superior- imaginary line between medial and lateral epicondyles Inferior- brachialis and supinator

Newton's 2nd law of motion

Law of acceleration. The amount of acceleration depends on the strength of the force applied to the object. Example: rolling a soccer ball vs. rolling a bowling ball, the heavier bowling ball will not travel as far.

Newton's 3rd law of motion

Law of action-reaction. For every action, there is an opposite and equal reaction. Example: jumping on a trampoline, the reaction is the trampoline pushing back with same amount of force, causing rebound of person in opposite direction than jumped.

Newton's 1st law of motion

Law of inertia. An object at rest tends to stay at rest and an object in motion stays in motion. Example: body when riding in a car. Was a rest and stays at rest once car moving. Was in motion and continues motion once car stops. Can result in whiplash.

Upper motor neuron lesion

Lesion that occurs proximal to the anterior horn. Examples: spinal cord injuries (SCI), multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's, cerebrovascular accidents (CVA), and various head injuries.

Lower motor neuron lesion

Lesion that to the cell bodies or axons of lower motor neurons. Examples: muscular dystrophy (MD), poliomyelitis, myasthenia gravis, and peripheral nerve injuries.

Chest breathing

Less efficient method of breathing that requires greater effort and energy. A much smaller amount of air is taken in through shorter breaths so person needs to breathe more often. The abdomen doesn't move out.

Medial pterygoid

Less powerful, similar muscle to the masseter located on the medial side of the mandibular ramus.

Articular fossa of temporal bone

Lies anterior to the external auditory meatus and articulates with the condyle of the mandible. Also called articular fossa of temporal bone.

Subacromial bursa

Lies below the acromion and coracoacromial ligaments, between them and the joint capsule. Frequently continuous with the subdeltoid bursa.

Parietal lobe

Lies between the frontal and occipital lobes. Controls gross sensation such as touch and pressure. It also controls fine sensation such as texture, weight, size, and shape. Also reading skills.

True pelvis

Lies between the pelvic inlet and the pelvic outlet. Also called the lesser or minor pelvis. Makes up the pelvic cavity and contains portions of the GI tract, urinary tract, and some reproductive organs. Forms the birth canal in females.

Flexor digitorum profundus

Lies deep to the flexor digitorum superficialis and traverses the forearm and hand.

Transverse carpal ligament

Lies deeper and more distal than palmar carpal ligament. Is part of the carpal tunnel.

Temporal lobe

Lies just under the frontal and parietal lobes, just above the ear. Responsible for behavior, hearing, language reception, and understanding.

Extensor carpi radialis brevis

Lies next to the extensor carpi radialis longus muscle on the posterior side of the wrist, named for its length.

Syndesmosis

Ligamentous joint with a great deal of fibrous tissue, such as ligaments and interosseous membranes, holding the joint together. Small amount of twisting or stretching movement can occur in this type of joint. Ex. distal tibiofibular joint and distal radioulnar joint

Function of costoclavicular ligament

Limit the amount of clavicular elevation.

Function of sternoclavicular ligament

Limits anterior and posterior movement of the clavicle's medial end and provides reinforcement to the joint capsule.

Function of interclavicular ligament

Limits the amount of clavicular depression.

Function of palmar radiocarpal ligament

Limits wrist extension by becoming taut in extension and reinforces joint capsule anteriorly.

Function of dorsal radiocarpal ligament

Limits wrist flexion by becoming taut in flex and reinforces joint capsule posteriorly.

Glide/slide

Linear movement of a joint surface parallel to the plane of the adjoining surface. One point contacts new points on adjacent surface. Ex. An ice skater's blade gliding across the ice surface.

Capillaries

Link between arterioles and venules. Microscopic vessels that exchange O2 and CO2.

Loose-packed position temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

Lips closed, with teeth a few millimeters apart. This is also resting position for mandible.

Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus

Located above the lateral epicondyle. Provides attachment for the brachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus muscle.

Coronoid process of mandible

Located anterior to the condyle on the ramus. Attachment for the masseter muscle.

Pressure Epiphysis

Located at the ends of long bones, where they recieve pressure from the opposing bone making up that joint.

Olecranon process of ulna

Located at the proximal end of the ulna, on the posterior surface; forms the prominent point of the elbow. Provides attachment for the triceps muscle. *palpate* Skeleton: appendicular Bone type: long bone

Radial notch of ulna

Located at the proximal end on the lateral side just distal to the trochlear notch. Articulation point for the head of the radius.

Brainstem

Located below the cerebrum. It is where most of the cranial nerves come from and all fiber tracts from the spinal cord and peripheral nerves to and from higher centers of the brain go through here. 3 parts

Ulnar tuberosity of ulna

Located below the coronoid process. Provides an attachment for the brachialis muscle.

Thalamus

Located beneath the cortex. It is a mass of nerve cells that serve as a relay station for body sensations and is where pain is perceived.

Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) of fingers

Located between the 2nd-5th middle and distal phalanges. *palpate*

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) of fingers

Located between the 2nd-5th proximal and middle phalanges. *palpate*

Angle of mandible

Located between the body and the ramus, the joining point of the two landmarks. Also called angle of the ramus. *palpate*

Notch of mandible

Located between the condyle and coronoid process on the ramus. *palpate*

Pons

Located between the midbrain and medulla. Means "bridge."

Abductor pollicis longus

Located deep in posterior forearm.

Hypothalamus

Located deep inside the brain. It is important for hormone function and behavior.

Extensor pollicis brevis

Located deep on posterior forearm and spans the wrist just medial to abductor pollicis longus muscle.

Extensor pollicis longus

Located deep on the forearm near abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis muscles.

Cervical area facet

Located diagonally between sagittal and frontal planes. Allows a great deal of all 3 motions, flexion/extension, lateral flexion and rotation.

Cerebellum

Located in posterior portion of brain behind pons and medulla. Control of muscle coordination, tone and posture.

Posterior (dorsal) column

Located in the posterior medial portions of the spinal cord. Transmits the sensations of proprioception, pressure, and vibration.

Coronoid process of ulna

Located just below the trochlear notch; with the ulnar tuberosity. Provides attachment for the brachialis muscle.

Neck of mandible

Located just inferior to the condyle.

Anterior root

Located just outside the spinal cord in the area of the intervertebral foramen. Where axon gets organized with other axons after leaving the anterior horn.

Anterior sternoclavicular ligament

Located on anterior side. Limits posterior motion of the clavicle on sternum and supports joint capsule.

Styloid process of radius

Located on posterior lateral side of the radius at distal end. Provides attachment for brachioradialis muscle and collateral ligaments of the wrist. *palpate*

Posterior sternoclavicular ligament

Located on posterior side. Limits anterior motion of the clavicle on sternum and supports joint capsule.

Articular disk

Located on the distal end of the ulna and articulates with the triquetrum and lunate bones.

Mental spine of mandible

Located on the interior side near the midline.

Lateral epicondyle of humerus

Located on the lateral side of the distal end above the capitulum. Provides attachment for the anconeus and supinator muscles and common extensor tendon. *palpate*

Radial tuberosity of radius

Located on the medial side near the proximal end. Provides attachment for the biceps muscle.

Medial epicondyle of humerus

Located on the medial side of the distal end, above the trochlea. Larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle. Provides attachment for the pronator teres muscle and common flexor tendon. *palpate*

Trochlea of humerus

Located on the medial side of the distal end; articulates with the ulna.

Ischial spine of ischium

Located on the posterior body and between the greater sciatic and lesser sciatic notches. Where sacrospinous ligament attaches.

Olecranon fossa of humerus

Located on the posterior surface between the medial and lateral epicondyles. Articulates with the olecranon process of the ulna.

Interclavicular ligament

Located on top of the manubrium of sternum and connects the superior sternal ends of the clavicles.

Superior articular process of sacrum

Located posteriorly on the base, it articulates with the inferior articular process of L5.

Traction Epiphysis

Located where tendons aattach to bones are subjected to a pulling, or traction, force.

Sternum

Long, flat dagger-shaped bone in the midline of the anterior chest wall. Has 3 parts.

Extensor digiti minimi

Long, narrow muscle that is deep to the extensor digitorum and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles.

Sternocleidomastoid

Long, superficial straplike muscle that originates as two heads.

Left main stem bronchi

Longer and narrower. Subdivides into 2 lobar bronchi (upper and lower) that serve lobes of the lungs.

Humerus

Longest and largest bone of the upper extremity.

Unipennate muscles

Look like one side of a feather; a series of short fibers attaching diagonally along the length of a central tendon. Examples: tibialis posterior, semimembranosus, and flexor pollicis longus.

Bipennate muscles

Looks like a full feather; with fibers that are obliquely attached diagonally to both sides of a central tendon. Examples: rectus femoris, interossei muscles of the hand.

Thoracic vertebrae features

Looks like a giraffe. No transverse foramen. Intermediate and heart shaped body. Deep vertebral notches. Facets in frontal plane.

Lumbar vertebrae features

Looks like a moose. No transverse foramen. Largest and bodies shaped like a large oval. Deep vertebral notches. Facets in sagittal plane.

"Ape hand"

Loss of thumb opposition due to median nerve damage.

Lower trapezius

Lowest part of the trapezius in the more middle back. Has a more downward line of pull.

Muscles for anterior pelvic tilt movement

Lumbar trunk extensors pull pelvis up posteriorly, while hip flexors pull pelvis down anteriorly.

Muscles for posterior tilt movement

Lumbar trunk flexors pull pelvis up anteriorly, while hip extensors pull pelvis down posteriorly.

Incorrect name for lymph nodes

Lymph glands. Inaccurate because glands secrete and lymph nodes do not secrete.

Lymph node arrangement

Lymph nodes arranged in groups.

How does the lymph system help the body fight infection?

Lymph nodes filter out bacteria, debris or foreign particles. Bacteria are attacked by cells that break them down once filtered.

Structure of trachea

Made up of c-shaped cartilage on front and sides that helps to keep the airway open.

PNS

Made up of nervous tissue outside vertebral canal and brainstem. Begins at anterior horn of the spinal cord. Sends motor impulses out to muscles and receives sensory impulses from the skin.

Zygomatic arch

Made up of temporal process of zygomatic bone and zygomatic process of temporal bone.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of fingers

Made up of the 2nd-5th metacarpals with the 2nd-5th proximal phalanges. The "knuckles." *palpate*

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of thumb

Made up of the first metacarpal and proximal phalanx. *palpate*

Interphalangeal joint (IP) of thumb

Made up of the first proximal phalanx and distal phalanx. Thumb only has two phalanges therefore only one IP joint. *palpate*

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of thumb

Made up of the trapezium bone and base of first metacarpal. *palpate*

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of fingers articulation

Made up of the trapezoid with base of second metacarpal, capitate with base of third metacarpal, and hamate with base of fourth and fifth metacarpals.

Body of pubis

Main portion of the pubic bone, bExternally forms 1/5 of acetabulum. Main portion of the pubic bone, between the two projections (rami) superior and inferior. Internally where obturator internus muscle attaches.

Main stem bronchi

Main stem bronchi Right and left bronchi branches off the trachea that further divide into lobar bronchi.

Compact bone

Makes up a hard, dense outer shell that completely covers bone. Tends to be thick along the shaft and thin at the ends of long bones, and thick in the plates of the flat bones of skull.

Ischial body of ischium

Makes up all of the ischium superior to the tuberosity.

Articular tubercle of temporal bone

Makes up the anterior portion of the articulating surface of the temporal bone. When the mandible is depressed, the condyle of the mandible rests under this.

Zygomatic process of temporal bone

Makes up the posterior portion of the zygomatic arch. Attachment for the masseter muscle.

Postglenoid tubercle of temporal bone

Makes up the posterior wall of the fossa and is located just anterior to the external auditory meatus.

Normal carrying angle

Males, 5 degrees. Females, 10-15 degrees.

Anatomical example of third class lever

Many in body. Elbow flexor. A is the elbow joint, the biceps muscle (point of insertion) exerts the F, and the R is the weight of the forearm and hand (pulling downward).

Bursa

Many located in shoulder area. 1. Subdeltoid bursa 2. Subacromial bursa

Intervertebral disc

Mass of cartilage that articulates with the bodies of the vertebrae. 23 of them which makes up 25% of the length of vertebral column.

Pathological fractures of humerus

May be caused by benign tumors or metastatic carcinoma from primary sites such as lung, breast, kidney, and prostate.

Abnormal end feel

May be present when pain, muscle guarding, swelling, or abnormal anatomy stops the joint movement. When noted can help to identify tissue creating problem.

Conoid portion of coracoclavicular ligament

Medial and deep.

What reinforces joint capsule on its sides?

Medial and lateral collateral ligaments.

Ulna

Medial bone of the forearm lying parallel to the radius.

Attachments of medial collateral ligament

Medial epicondyle of the humerus and medial sides of the coronoid process and olecranon process of the ulna.

Borders of anatomical snuff box

Medial- extensor pollicis longus Lateral border- extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus

Learning center diagram: nerve distribution

Median nerve- Yellow area Radial nerve- Red area Ulnar nerve- Blue area

Endosteum

Membrane that lines the medullary canal. It contains osteoclasts which are responsible for bone re-absorption (breaking down old bone into new).

Fibrocartilage examples

Menisci of knee, vertebral discs and labrum in shoulder.

Body of sternum

Middle two-thirds of the sternum. Provides attachment for the remaining ribs. *palpate*

Wrist neutral position

Midway between flexion and extension, which puts the hand in a straight line with the forearm. The position of the joint in anatomical position.

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint motions

Minimal motion to create subtle movement of scapula. 1. Upward rotation 2. Downward rotation

Injury of palmar radiocarpal ligament

More apt to be stretched or sprained because most hand activities occur with the wrist in extension.

Palmar carpal ligament

More proximal and superficial than the transverse carpal ligament.

Diaphragmatic breathing

Most efficient method of breathing that requires the least amount of energy. Diaphragm contracts and lowers, which causes the abdomen to move out and lungs to fill up with air. Opposite for expiration.

Clavicular fracture

Most frequent broken bone in children, usually resulting from a fall on the lateral aspect of shoulder or on outstretched hand. Usually broken in mid-portion.

Inferior angle of scapula

Most inferior point & where the vertebral and axillary border meet, point that determines scapular rotation. *palpate*

Medulla

Most inferior portion. Continuous with the spinal cord. Center for autonomic control of respiration and heart rate.

Iliocostalis

Most lateral group of the erector spinae muscles.

Spinalis

Most medial group of the erector spinae muscles.

Spinous process of vertebra

Most posterior projection on the neural arch located at the junction of the two lamina. Many muscles and ligaments attach here. *palpate*

Thoracic area facet

Most rotation and lateral flexion takes place here but also small amount of flexion/extension. Located in frontal plane.

Lumbar area facet

Most spinal flexion/extension takes place here but also has small amount of other motions. Located in sagittal plane.

Brachioradialis

Most superficial muscle of the radial side of the forearm that gets it's name from it's two attachments. The most effective (strongest) elbow flexion when the forearm is in the neutral position.

External intercostals

Most superficial muscles that occupy the intercostal spaces. Runs in a diagonal direction inferiorly and medially from lower border of rib above to superior border of rib below.

Quiet expiration phase

Mostly passive action that happens by relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals. No real muscle action takes place.

Extensor carpi radialis longus

Mostly superficial muscle on the posterior side of the wrist, named for its length.

Triaxial joint

Motion occurs actively in all three axes; frontal: flexion/extension, sagittal: abduction/adduction, and vertical: rotation. Allows more motion than any others but has less stability so can be injured more. Also referred to as a ball and socket joint.

Pelvic girdle motion

Motion occurs in all 3 planes; sagittal, frontal, and transverse. In upright position, pelvis should be level.

Biaxial joint

Motion occurs in two different directions/axes. Flexion and extension happen around frontal axis and radial/ulnar deviation around sagittal axis. Also called condyloid or saddle joints.

Linear motion

Motion that occurs more or less in a straight line from one location to another. All parts move same distance, same direction, at the same time. Includes rectilinear and curvilinear motion. Most movement outside the body this way.

Anterior pelvic tilt

Motion when press arching back off table. If can't; abdominals and hamstrings are tight. If can't; hip flexors and erector spinae are weak/stretched.

Posterior pelvic tilt

Motion when press low back into table. If can't; hip flexors and erector spinae are tight. If can't; abdominals and hamstrings are weak/stretched.

Sternoclavicular (SC) joint motions

Motions occur in 3 planes, and therefore has 3 degrees of freedom. 1. Elevation 2. Depression 3. Protraction 4. Retraction 5. Upward rotation 6. Downward rotation

Accessory movement

Motions that accompany kinematic and are essential to achieving full ROM and painless function. Occurs secondary to a involuntary motion. Reduced accessory movement usually results in reduced joint motion.

Directions of motor neurons

Motor (efferent) neurons travel from the CNS to the periphery.

Upper motor neurons

Motor neurons who synapse above lateral corticospinal tract. Their cell bodies are located in the cerebral cortex, brainstem and cerebellum.

Lower motor neurons

Motor neurons who synapse below lower part of brain stem. Their cell bodies are located in the anterior horn.

Thorax depression

Movement associated with expiration. Happens because of gliding at the three thorax joints.

Thorax elevation

Movement associated with inspiration. Happens because of gliding at the three thorax joints.

Angular motion

Movement of an object around a fixed point. All parts move through the same angle, in the same direction, at the same time but DO NOT move the same distance. Most movement within the body this way.

Osteokinematics

Movement of bones around a joint axis. Example: flexion and extension. Joint movement of one bone moving on another around a joint axis, causing joint motion (flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, or rotation). Voluntary control movements that can occur actively or passively as we move our joints throughout the day. FIX The relationship of joint surface movement (spin, glide, roll). Joint surface movement relationship with osteokinematic motion. FIX Need arthrokinematic motion to be able to have osteokinematics

Wrist radial deviation

Movement of the hand laterally towards the thumb side. Occurs in frontal plane, sagittal axis.

Wrist ulnar deviation

Movement of the hand medially towards the little finger side. Occurs in frontal plane, sagittal axis.

Curvilinear motion

Movement that occurs in a curved path. One of the kinds of linear motion.

Rectilinear motion

Movement that occurs in a straight line. One of the kinds of linear motion.

Movement of articular disk of temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

Moves forward with condyle of mandible when mouth opens and returns posterior when mouth closes.

Non-anatomical example of third class lever

Moving a boat tied to a dock. A is the point where the boat is held against the dock, F is where the person push (or pulls) the boat away (or toward) the dock, and R is the weight of the boat.

Mandibular protraction

Moving the jaw forward.

Mandibular retraction

Moving the jaw posteriorly to return to anatomical position.

Levator scapula

Muscle covered entirely by the trapezius muscle that is named for its function in scapular elevation. Has a diagonal line of pull that is mostly vertical.

Muscle function and nerves

Muscle function lost with spinal cord injuries depends on level of injury. Most muscles are innervated from more than one spinal level so injury might weaken but some function remains. Spinal cord injuries are named according to the highest intact level. In general, an injury at C3 or above would lose ability to breathe without assistance and would likely die before getting to hospital.

Brachialis

Muscle in upper arm named for it location that lies deep to the biceps. Sometimes called the "workhorse of the elbow joint."

Internal oblique

Muscle located deep to and running at right angles to the external oblique.

Agonist

Muscle or muscle group that causes the motion. Can be a prime or assisting mover. Ex. bicep during elbow flexion.

Stabilizer

Muscle or muscle group that supports a part, allowing the agonist to work more efficiently. Ex. abs stabilize body while doing pushup.

Flexor digitorum superficialis

Muscle that lies deep to the wrist flexors and palmaris longus muscle and traverses the forearm and hand. Important muscle in the power grip.

Antagonist

Muscle that performs the opposite motion of the agonist. It can oppose agonist but just usually is relaxed so agonist can work. Ex. triceps during elbow flexion.

Rectus abdominis

Muscle that spans the anterior trunk in the midline, separated by the linea alba.

Muscle composition

Muscle → bundles of muscle fibers → smaller bundles of myofibrils → functional divisions called sarcomeres. Sarcomeres are divided by z-lines → contractile proteins called actin filaments (thinner) and myosin (thicker with heads).

Elasticity

Muscle's ability to recoil or return to normal resting length when the stretching or shortening force is removed.

Contractility

Muscle's ability to shorten or contract when it receives adequate stimulation. End result may be shortening, staying the same, or lengthening.

Extensibility

Muscle's ability to stretch or lengthen when a force is applied.

Strap muscles

Muscles that are long and thin with fibers running the entire length of the muscle. Examples: sartorius, rectus abdominus, sternocleidomastoid

Intrinsic muscles of the thumb and fingers general information

Muscles that have their proximal attachment at or distal to the carpal bones and function at thumb or fingers. Responsible for hand's fine motor control and activities that require precision movement.

Extrinsic muscles of the thumb and fingers general information

Muscles that span the wrist and cross joints in the hand with proximal attachment above the carpals. Primary function at the thumb or finger, but also assist at the wrist. Used for gross motor movement.

Muscle control in pelvis

Muscles work in force couples, where opposing muscles groups work together.

Plane motion takes place in and axis for motion of: Protraction Retraction

N/A, this is a linear movement, nonaxial movements.

Nerve: quadratus lumborum

N: 12th thoracic and 1st lumbar nerves

Nerve: rectus abdominis

N: 7th-12th intercostal nerves

Nerve: transverse abdominis

N: 7th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Nerve: external oblique

N: 8th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Nerve: internal oblique

N: 8th-12th intercostal, iliohypogastric, and ilioinguinal nerves

Nerve: anterior deltoid

N: Axillary nerve

Nerve: middle deltoid

N: Axillary nerve

Nerve: posterior deltoid

N: Axillary nerve

Nerve: teres minor

N: Axillary nerve

Nerve: rhomboids

N: Dorsal scapular nerve

Nerve: external intercostals

N: Intercostal nerve (T2-T6)

Nerve: internal intercostals

N: Intercostal nerve (T2-T6)

Nerve: whole pectoralis major

N: Lateral and medial pectoral nerve

Nerve: serratus anterior

N: Long thoracic nerve

Nerve: scalenes

N: Lower cervical nerves (C3-C8)

Nerve: teres major

N: Lower subscapular nerve

Nerve: pectoralis minor

N: Medial pectoral nerve

Nerve: flexor digitorum profundus

N: Median and ulnar nerve

Nerve: flexor carpi radialis

N: Median nerve

Nerve: flexor digitorum superficialis

N: Median nerve

Nerve: flexor pollicis longus

N: Median nerve

Nerve: palmaris longus

N: Median nerve

Nerve: pronator quadratus

N: Median nerve

Nerve: pronator teres

N: Median nerve

Nerve: biceps brachii

N: Musculocutaneous nerve

Nerve: brachialis

N: Musculocutaneous nerve

Nerve: coracobrachialis

N: Musculocutaneous nerve

Nerve: diaphragm

N: Phrenic nerve

Nerve: abductor pollicis longus

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: anconeus

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: brachioradialis

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor carpi radialis brevis

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor carpi radialis longus

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor carpi ulnaris

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor digiti minimi

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor digitorum

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor indicis

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor pollicis brevis

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: extensor pollicis longus

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: supinator

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: triceps brachii

N: Radial nerve

Nerve: lower trapezius

N: Spinal accessory (cranial nerve XI)

Nerve: middle trapezius

N: Spinal accessory (cranial nerve XI)

Nerve: upper trapezius

N: Spinal accessory (cranial nerve XI)

Nerve: sternocleidomastoid

N: Spinal accessory nerve, second and third cervical nerves

Nerve: iliocostalis

N: Spinal nerves

Nerve: longissimus

N: Spinal nerves

Nerve: spinalis

N: Spinal nerves

Nerve: infraspinatus

N: Suprascapular nerve

Nerve: supraspinatus

N: Suprascapular nerve

Nerve: levator scapula

N: Third and fourth cervical nerves and dorsal scapular nerve

Nerve: latissimus dorsi

N: Thoracodorsal nerve

Nerve: lateral pterygoid

N: Trigeminal nerve

Nerve: masseter

N: Trigeminal nerve

Nerve: medial pterygoid

N: Trigeminal nerve

Nerve: temporalis

N: Trigeminal nerve

Nerve: flexor carpi ulnaris

N: Ulnar nerve

Nerve: subscapularis

N: Upper and lower subscapular nerve

Auricular surface of sacrum

Named for it's shape (ear); the lateral surface of sacrum which articulates with the ilium. An irregular surface that helps it lock the joint.

Auricular surface of ilium

Named for its earlike shape; the surface where ilium and sacrum articulate. Located inferior and anterior to iliac tuberosity.

Teres minor

Narrow, elongated muscle of the rotator cuff.

Neck of rib

Narrowed portion between the head and tubercle.

Spinal stenosis

Narrowing of the vertebral canal that houses the spinal cord. Can also happen at the intervertebral foramen.

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Nerves outside the spinal cord (includes cranial nerves, brachial plexus, spinal nerves, and lumbosacral plexus).

Resultant forces

Net effect of two divergent forces that lies in between the two concurrent forces. If unequal, will move towards stronger force.

Elbow hyperextension

No active hyperextension, as it's limited by the olecranon process of ulna. Any hyperextension that occurs is because of laxity in ligaments.

Articulation of hyoid bone

No bony articulation, rather suspended from the styloid processes of temporal bones by the stylohyoid ligaments.

Synovial joint (diarthrodial)

No direct union between the bone ends, instead, has a cavity filled with synovial fluid contained within a sleeve like capsule. Outer layer is made of strong fibrous tissue to hold joint together, inner layer lined with membrane that secretes fluid. Smooth articular surface that is lined with hyaline cartilage. Joint that allows free motion but not as stable.

Are glenohumeral ligaments well defined?

No, they are actually pleated folds of the capsule.

Scapulothoracic articulation

Not a true joint; scapula is anchored to the axial skeleton (ribs) only by the sternoclavicular joint and inserting muscles. No direct union between scapula and rib bones and no joint capsule. Provides increased motion to the shoulder complex.

Coracoclavicular ligament

Not directly located at joint, but provides stability to the joint and allows scapula to be suspended from the clavicle.

Origin/insertion: middle deltoid

O: Acromion process I: Deltoid tuberosity

Origin/insertion: pectoralis minor

O: Anterior surface, third through fifth ribs I: Coracoid process of the scapula

Origin/insertion: teres minor

O: Axillary border of scapula I: Greater tubercle of humerus

Origin/insertion: flexor digitorum superficialis

O: Common flexor tendon on the medial epicondyle of the humerus, coronoid process and radius I: Sides of the middle phalanx of the four fingers

Origin/insertion: coracobrachialis

O: Coracoid process of the scapula I: Medial surface of the humerus near the midpoint

Origin/insertion: brachialis

O: Distal half of humerus, anterior surface I: Coronoid process and ulnar tuberosity of the ulna

Origin/insertion: pronator quadratus

O: Distal one-fourth of ulna I: Distal one-fourth of radius

Origin/insertion: extensor indicis

O: Distal ulna I: Base of distal phalanx of the second finger

Origin/insertion: quadratus lumborum

O: Iliac crest I: 12th rib and transverse processes of all 5 lumbar vertebrae

Origin/insertion: iliocostalis

O: Iliac crest, lower ribs I: Angles of upper ribs and transverse processes of cervical vertebrae

Origin/insertion: external oblique

O: Iliac crest, pubic tubercle and linea alba I: Lower 8 ribs laterally

Origin/insertion: teres major

O: Inferior axillary border of scapula near the inferior angle I: Medial lip of bicipital groove on the anterior surface of the humerus

Origin/insertion: infraspinatus

O: Infraspinous fossa of the scapula I: Greater tubercle of the humerus

Origin/insertion: internal oblique

O: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia I: 8th-12th ribs, linea alba

Origin/insertion: transverse abdominis

O: Inguinal ligament, iliac crest, thoracolumbar fascia, and costal cartilages of the last 6 ribs I: Pubic crest, abdominal aponeurosis, and linea alba

Origin/insertion: extensor digiti minimi

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of distal phalanx of fifth finger

Origin/insertion: extensor carpi ulnaris

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of fifth metacarpal

Origin/insertion: extensor carpi radialis brevis

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Base of third metacarpal

Origin/insertion: anconeus

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus I: Lateral and inferior to olecranon process of ulna

Origin/insertion: supinator

O: Lateral epicondyle of humerus and adjacent ulna I: Anterior surface of the proximal radius

Origin/insertion: extensor digitorum

O: Lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: Base of distal phalanx of the second through fifth fingers

Origin/insertion: brachioradialis

O: Lateral supracondylar ridge on the humerus I: Styloid process of the radius

Origin/insertion: serratus anterior

O: Lateral surface of the upper eight ribs I: Vertebral border of the scapula, anterior surface

Origin/insertion: anterior deltoid

O: Lateral third of the clavicle I: Deltoid tuberosity

Origin/insertion: triceps brachii

O: Long head: infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, Lateral head: inferior to greater tubercle on posterior humerus Medial head: posterior surface of humerus I: Olecranon process of ulna

Origin/insertion: biceps brachii

O: Long head: supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Short head: coracoid process of scapula I: Radial tuberosity of radius

Origin/insertion: palmaris longus

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Palmar aponeurosis

Origin/insertion: flexor carpi ulnaris

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus I: Pisiform and base of fifth metacarpal

Origin/insertion: pronator teres

O: Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna I: Lateral aspect of radius at its midpoint

Origin/insertion: flexor carpi radialis

O: Medial epicondyle of the humerus I: Base of second and third metacarpals

Origin/insertion: clavicular portion of pectoralis major

O: Medial third of clavicle I: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus

Origin/insertion: whole pectoralis major

O: Medial third of clavicle, sternum, and costal cartilages of first six ribs I: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus

Origin/insertion: extensor pollicis longus

O: Middle posterior ulna and interosseous membrane I: Base of distal phalanx of thumb

Origin/insertion: upper trapezius

O: Occipital bone & nuchal ligament on upper cervical spinous processes I: Outer third of clavicle & acromion process

Origin/insertion: extensor pollicis brevis

O: Posterior distal radius I: Base of proximal phalanx of thumb

Origin/insertion: abductor pollicis longus

O: Posterior radius, interosseous membrane, and middle ulna I: Base of the first metacarpal

Origin/insertion: rectus abdominis

O: Pubic crest I: Xiphoid process and costal cartilages of 5th-7th ribs

Origin/insertion: flexor pollicis longus

O: Radius, anterior surface I: Distal phalanx of thumb

Origin/insertion: external intercostals

O: Rib above I: Rib below

Origin/insertion: internal intercostals

O: Rib below I: Rib above

Origin/insertion: posterior deltoid

O: Spine of scapula I: Deltoid tuberosity

Origin/insertion: spinalis

O: Spinous processes below I: Spinous processes above

Origin/insertion: middle trapezius

O: Spinous processes of C7 through T3 I: Scapular spine

Origin/insertion: rhomboids

O: Spinous processes of C7 through T5 I: Vertebral border of scapula between the spine and inferior angle

Origin/insertion: latissimus dorsi

O: Spinous processes of T7 through L5 (via thoracolumbar fascia), posterior surface of sacrum, iliac crest, and lower three ribs I: Medial floor of bicipital groove of humerus

Origin/insertion: lower trapezius

O: Spinous processes of middle and lower thoracic vertebrae I: Base of the scapular spine

Origin/insertion: erector spinae

O: Spinous processes, transverse processes, and posterior ribs from the occiput to the sacrum and ilium I: Spinous processes, transverse processes and posterior ribs from the occiput to the sacrum and ilium

Origin/insertion: sternocleidomastoid

O: Sternum and clavicle I: Mastoid process

Origin/insertion: sternal portion of pectoralis major

O: Sternum, coastal cartilage of first six ribs I: Lateral lip of bicipital groove of humerus

Origin/insertion: subscapularis

O: Subscapular fossa of the scapula I: Lesser tubercle of the humerus

Origin/insertion: extensor carpi radialis longus

O: Supracondylar ridge of humerus I: Base of second metacarpal

Origin/insertion: supraspinatus

O: Supraspinous fossa of the scapula I: Greater tubercle of the humerus

Origin/insertion: longissimus

O: Transverse processes at lower levels I: Transverse processes at upper levels and mastoid process

Origin/insertion: scalenes

O: Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae I: First and second rib

Origin/insertion: levator scapula

O: Transverse processes of first four cervical vertebrae I: Vertebral border of scapula between the superior angle and spine

Origin/insertion: flexor digitorum profundus

O: Upper three-fourths of ulna I: Distal phalanx of the four fingers

Origin/insertion: diaphragm

O: Xiphoid process, ribs, and lumbar vertebrae I: Central tendon

Quiet inspiration phase

Occurs during rest or when sitting. The diaphragm is responsible for 70% of this and external intercostals are the prime movers.

Neck and trunk lateral flexion

Occurs in frontal plane, sagittal axis.

Shoulder abduction

Occurs in frontal plane, sagittal axis.

Shoulder adduction

Occurs in frontal plane, sagittal axis.

Elbow extension

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Elbow flexion

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) extension of fingers

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) flexion of fingers

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) hyperextension of fingers

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Neck and trunk extension

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Neck and trunk flexion

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Neck and trunk hyperextension

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Shoulder extension/hyperextension

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Shoulder flexion

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Wrist extension

Occurs in sagittal plane, frontal axis.

Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) extension of fingers

Occurs in the sagittal plane.

Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) flexion of fingers

Occurs in the sagittal plane.

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) extension of fingers

Occurs in the sagittal plane.

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) flexion of fingers

Occurs in the sagittal plane.

Pelvic rotation forward/backward

Occurs in the transverse plane around a vertical axis when one side of the pelvis moves forward or backward in relation to the other side. When one ASIS is forward of the other.

Neck and trunk rotation

Occurs in transverse plane, vertical axis.

Shoulder external rotation

Occurs in transverse plane, vertical axis.

Shoulder internal rotation

Occurs in transverse plane, vertical axis.

Isometric contraction

Occurs when a muscle contracts and produces a force without changing the length of a muscle. Example: holding a weight at bottom of bicep curl position, muscle is contracting, but no change in joint angle or muscle length.

Isotonic contraction

Occurs when a muscle contracts and the muscle length and joint angle changes. Has two types.

Passive Range Of Motion (PROM)

Occurs when a person's joint is moved passively through its range of motion (ROM). Usually done by PT to maintain or restore ROM or to determine the nature of resistance felt at the end of the range.

Thrombophlebitis

Occurs when clot causes inflammation.

Empty end feel

Occurs when movement produces considerable pain and the patient stops the clinician from moving the joint beyond the painful point. Can't bring joint to end of ROM so don't know if limitation beyond the point of pain or determine type of tissue causing issue.

Active Range Of Motion (AROM)

Occurs when muscles contract to move joints through their ranges of motion (ROM).

Forced inspiration phase

Occurs when the body is working hard and needs more O2 such as during exercise. All muscles from quiet and deep inspiration plus levator scapula, upper trap, rhomboids, and pec minor involved.

Heart sounds

Occurs when the heart valves close. Lub- occurs with the closing of the heart valves when the ventricles are contracted. Dub- occurs with the closing of the semilunar valves to prevent backflow into ventricles when they relax.

Dupuytren's contracture

Occurs when the palmar aponeurosis undergoes a nodular thickening and causes fingers to develop flexion contractures. Usually involves the 4th or 5th finger.

Posterior tilt

Occurs when the pelvis tilts backward, moving the ASIS posterior to the pubic symphysis.

Anterior tilt

Occurs when the pelvis tilts forward, moving the ASIS anterior to the pubic symphysis.

Lateral pelvic tilt

Occurs when the two ASIS's are not level. The pelvis moves as a unit with one side up as the other down. Weight is removed and placed on each side of the pelvis as you walk causing the pelvic to dip side to side.

Eccentric contraction

Occurs when there is joint movement, the muscles lengthen to normal resting position, and the muscle attachments separate. Movement usually occurs with gravity (lowering). Example: doing a bicep curl and bringing weight down from shoulder. Muscle is lengthening and there is change in joint angle.

Concentric contraction

Occurs when there is joint movement, the muscles shorten, and the muscle attachments move toward each other. Movement usually occurs against gravity (raising). Example: doing a bicep curl and bringing weight up towards shoulder. Muscle is contracting, there is change in joint angle and muscle length shortens.

Pump handle effect

Occurs with inspiration/expiration when the thorax also increases/decreases anteroposteriorly.

Bucket handle effect

Occurs with inspiration/expiration when the thorax increases/decreases mediolaterally.

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

On the lateral side near the midpoint of the shaft; not usually a well defined landmark.

Capillary layers

One layer endothelial tubes.

Anterior shoulder dislocations

One of most common joint dislocations. Usually happens from forced shoulder abduction and external rotation, causing the humeral head to slide anteriorly out of the glenoid fossa.

Pectoralis minor

Only shoulder girdle muscle located on anterior surface of the body. Lies deep to the pectoralis major muscle. Has a downward diagonal pull that is mostly vertical.

Bony respiratory structures

Only the bridge of the nose.

Cervical vertebrae features

Only vertebrae to have a transverse foramen. Smallest and body shaped like small oval. Shallow vertebral notches. Diagonal facets.

Vertebral foramen of vertebra

Opening formed by the joining of the vertebral body and neural arch through which the spinal cord passes.

Intervertebral foramen of vertebra

Opening formed by the superior vertebral notch of the vertebra below and inferior vertebral notch of the vertebra above.

Mandibular depression

Opening the mouth.

Foramen magnum of occipital bone

Opening through which the spinal cord enters the cranium.

Composition of bone

Organs made up of fibrous, cartilaginous, osseous, nervous, and vascular tissues. 1/3 organic (living) material that gives elasticity. 2/3 inorganic (nonliving) material that provides hardness and strength

Shoulder joint muscles

Originate on the scapula or trunk and insert on the humerus or forearm to cause movement of the shoulder joint.

Shoulder girdle muscles

Originate on the trunk and insert on the scapula, causing movement or stabilization of the scapula.

Cerebral cortex

Outer coating of cerebral hemispheres that is many cell layers deep.

What forms the joint capsule?

Outer fibrous membrane and an inner synovial membrane.

Annulus fibrosus

Outer portion of intervertebral disc that consists of several concentric fibrocartilaginous rings. Contain the nucleus pulposus.

Strain

Overstretching of muscle fibers.

Impingement syndrome

Overuse condition that involves compression between the acromial arch, humeral head, and soft tissue structures such as the coracoacromial ligament, rotator cuff muscles, long head of the biceps, and subacromial bursa.

Little league elbow

Overuse injury of the medial epicondyle, usually caused by a repetitive throwing motion. Throwing motion causes a lateral (valgus) stress on the elbow causing lateral compression and medial distraction. Usually seen in young baseball players who have not reached skeletal maturity.

Lateral epicondylitis

Overuse injury that involves the common wrist extensor tendon where it inserts into the lateral epicondyle of humerus. Particularly affects the extensor carpi radialis brevis. Common in racquet sports or activities that involve repetitive wrist extension.

Sciatica

Pain that runs down posterior thigh and leg due to pressure on the sciatic nerve. Usually is the sign of another problem like a herniated lumbar disk.

Ulnar nerve compression

Pain, numbness, or tingling resulting from hitting the "funny bone," which is actually the ulnar nerve that is very superficial where it crosses the medial elbow between the bony olecranon process and medial epicondyle.

Anterior deltoid

Part of the deltoid muscle located on the anterior portion of the shoulder joint.

Middle deltoid

Part of the deltoid muscle located on the lateral portion of the shoulder joint.

Posterior deltoid

Part of the deltoid muscle located on the posterior portion of the shoulder joint.

Oral cavity

Part of the mouth that consists of a hard bony palate and a fibrous soft palate on the roof.

Oropharynx

Part of the pharynx behind the mouth which receives food from the mouth.

Nasopharynx

Part of the pharynx behind the nose that has primarily a respiratory function.

Laryngopharynx

Part of the pharynx located between the base of the tongue and the entrance to the esophagus.

Upper trapezius

Part of the trapezius that goes across neck and uppermost back and shoulders area. Has a more vertical/upward line of pull.

Middle trapezius

Part of the trapezius that is located between the upper parts of the scapulas. Has a more horizontal line of pull.

Sagittal plane

Passes through the body from front to back and divides the body into right and left parts. Motions occurring in this plane our flexion and extension.

Frontal plane

Passes through the body from side to side and divides the body into front and back parts. Motions occurring in this plane are abduction and adduction.

Transverse plane

Passes through the body horizontally and divides the body into top and bottom parts.s Rotation occurs in this plane.

Movement at carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of thumb

Passive rotation happens during opposition as a result of the joint's shape and not by any muscle action. Movement is called accessory movement.

Lung's role during breathing process

Passive.

Bell's Palsy

Pathology of the facial nerve that is usually temporary and affects one side of the face.

Spinal cord crossing of pathways

Pathways carry specific impulses from and to specific areas and these cross over eachother in different parts of the body. This is why a CVA on left side of brain affects the right side of the body.

Pisiform

Pea-shaped carpal bone that is located on the pinky side of the proximal row, along edge of fifth metacarpal. *palpate*

What happens to pelvic outlet during counternutation?

Pelvic inlet becomes larger.

What happens to pelvic outlet during nutation?

Pelvic outlet becomes larger.

6th principle between balance, stability, and motion

People will have greater balance while moving if they focus on a stationary object, rather than a moving one. Example: someone with crutches will have an easier time learning to walk if look at object down the hall rather than looking down at their moving feet or crutches.

Prone

Person is laying flat, with the face, or anterior surface pointed downward. "Face down"

Supine

Person lying flat with the face or anterior surface pointed upward. "Face up"

Plane motion takes place in and axis for motion of: Abduction Adduction Radial deviation Ulnar deviation Inversion Eversion

Plane motion takes place in: Frontal Axis for motion: Sagittal

Plane motion takes place in and axis for motion of: Flexion Extension Plantarflexion Dorsiflexion

Plane motion takes place in: Sagittal Axis for motion: Frontal

Plane motion takes place in and axis for motion of: Internal rotation External rotation Horizontal abduction Horizontal adduction

Plane motion takes place in: Transverse Axis for motion: Vertical

Acromioclavicular (AC) joint type

Plane-shaped synovial joint (has capsule) with three planes of motion. Capsule surrounds articular borders of joint.

Musculotendinous junction

Point where muscle meets tendon.

Tenoperiosteal junction

Point where tendon meets bone by attaching to the periosteum.

Axis

Points that run through the center of a joint around which a part rotates.

Cancellous bone

Porous and spongy inside portion made of thin columns and plates called trabeculae, which means "little beams" in Latin. Usually filled with marrow to make bones lighter. Network helps to resist local stresses and strains and located on articular (joint surface) ends of bones.

Pedicle of vertebra

Portion of the neural arch just posterior to the body and anterior to the lamina. Makes up anterior portion of the neural arch.

Clavicular portion of pectoralis major

Portion of the pectoralis major that attaches to the clavicle.

Sternal portion of pectoralis major

Portion of the pectoralis major that attaches to the sternum.

Angle of rib

Portion where the greatest curve is.

Ischium

Posterior and inferior portion of the innominate bone.

Where are spinal cord sensory impulses transmitted

Posterior horn (top part of the "H").

Shoulder girdle/scapular winging

Posterior lateral movement of the vertebral border of the scapula in the transverse plane, when it moves away from the ribcage. Primarily at AC joint or scapulothoracic articulation. Excessive amounts of this is considered abnormal and a pathology.

Dorsal radiocarpal ligament

Posterior ligament of the wrist that is not as strong as palmar radiocarpal ligament.

Posterior arch of Atlas (C1)

Posterior portion of C1.

Occipital lobe

Posterior portion of skull. Responsible for vision and recognition of size, shape, and color.

Lamina of vertebra

Posterior portion of the neural arch that unites from each side in the midline.

Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) of ilium

Posterior projection of the iliac crest where the posterior sacroiliac ligaments attach. *palpate* Skeleton: appendicular Bone type: flat bone

Condyle of mandible

Posterior projection on the ramus that articulates with the temporal bone. Also called condylar process.

Attachments of dorsal radiocarpal ligament

Posterior surface of the distal radius to the same surface of the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.

Joint capsule during elbow extension

Posterior- slack Anterior- taut

Joint capsule during elbow flexion

Posterior- taut Anterior- slack

Masseter

Powerful, thick almost quadrilateral shaped muscle that produces fullness of the posterior part of the cheek between the mandibular angle and zygomatic arch. Made up of two parts; larger superficial, and smaller deep portions.

Blood pressure

Pressure of flowing blood. Highest during contraction phase of ventricles (systole). Normal is 120/80 mm Hg.

Mechanics of inspiration

Pressure within the thorax decreases, forcing air into the lungs.

Mechanics of expiration

Pressure within the thorax increases, forcing air out of the lungs.

Function of transverse ligament

Prevents dens from displacing posteriorly in the vertebral foramen and damaging the spinal cord.

Function of superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

Prevents dislocation of the clavicle.

Function of posterior longitudinal ligament

Prevents excessive flexion and acts as a barrier between spinal cord and disk.

Why do you always have client externally rotate the shoulder when moving between 90 and 180 degrees of shoulder abduction?

Prevents the greater tubercle of humerus from hitting the acromion process and compressing soft tissue structures (impingement).

Prime mover

Primary muscle that performs the motion.

Action: shoulder girdle depression

Prime mover: lower trapezius, pectoralis minor

Action: shoulder girdle retraction

Prime mover: middle trapezius, rhomboids

Action: scapular tilt

Prime mover: pectoralis minor

Action: shoulder girdle downward rotation

Prime mover: rhomboids, levator scapula, and pectoralis minor

Action: shoulder girdle protraction

Prime mover: serratus anterior, pectoralis minor

Action: shoulder girdle elevation

Prime mover: upper trapezius, levator scapula, and rhomboids

Action: shoulder girdle upward rotation

Prime mover: upper trapezius, lower trapezius, and serratus anterior

Action: shoulder flexion

Prime movers: anterior deltoid, clavicular portion of pectoralis major

Action: elbow flexion

Prime movers: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

Action: forearm supination

Prime movers: biceps brachii, supinator

Action: shoulder abduction

Prime movers: deltoid, supraspinatus

Action: wrist extension

Prime movers: extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris

Action: wrist radial deviation

Prime movers: flexor carpi radialis, extensor carpi radialis longus

Action: wrist flexion

Prime movers: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris

Action: wrist ulnar deviation

Prime movers: flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi ulnaris

Action: shoulder external rotation

Prime movers: infraspinatus, teres minor, posterior deltoid

Action: mandibular depression

Prime movers: lateral pterygoid (bilaterally)

Action: mandibular protraction

Prime movers: lateral pterygoid (bilaterally), medial pterygoid (bilaterally)

Action: mandibular contralateral lateral deviation

Prime movers: lateral pterygoid (unilaterally), medial pterygoid (unilaterally)

Action: shoulder hyperextension

Prime movers: latissimus dorsi, posterior deltoid

Action: shoulder internal rotation

Prime movers: latissimus dorsi, teres major, subscapularis, pectoralis major, anterior deltoid

Action: shoulder horizontal adduction

Prime movers: pectoralis major, anterior deltoid

Action: shoulder adduction

Prime movers: pectoralis major, teres major, latissimus dorsi

Action: shoulder horizontal abduction

Prime movers: posterior deltoid, infraspinatus, teres minor

Action: shoulder extension

Prime movers: posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, teres major, sternal portion of pectoralis major

Action: forearm pronation

Prime movers: pronator teres, pronator quadratus

Action: mandibular retraction

Prime movers: temporalis (bilaterally)

Action: mandibular elevation

Prime movers: temporalis (bilaterally), masseter (bilaterally), and medial pterygoid (bilaterally)

Action: mandibular ipsilateral lateral deviation

Prime movers: temporalis (unilaterally), masseter (unilaterally)

Action: elbow extension

Prime movers: triceps brachii

Ankylosing spondylitis

Progressive rheumatic disease that causes chronic inflammation of the vertebral column and sacroiliac joints, leading to a fusion of these joints.

Corocoid process of scapula

Projection of the anterior surface of the scapula that provides attachment for the short head of the biceps muscle. *palpate*

Hook of the hamate

Projection on the anterior surface of the hamate, providing attachment for the transverse carpal ligament. *palpate*

Coracoid process of scapula

Projection on the anterior surface of the scapula. Provides attachment for the pectoralis minor muscle. *palpate*

Spine of scapula

Projection on the posterior surface, running from the medial border laterally and the acromion process. Provides attachment for the middle and lower trapezius muscles. *palpate*

Articular process of vertebra

Projects superiorly and inferiorly off the posterior surface of each lamina. Superior articular processes face posteriorly or medially, while inferior processes face anteriorly or laterally.

Tubercle of rib

Prominence at the junction of the neck and shaft that articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra.

Lateral lip of bicipital groove/crest of greater tubercle of humerus

Prominent ridge that provides attachment for the pectoralis major. *palpate*

Which muscles would act on the forearm to neutralize forearm supination?

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus.

Inertia

Property of matter that causes it to resist any change of its motion in either speed or direction. Mass is a measurement of this.

Function of vertebral curves

Provide vertebral column with strength and resilience, 10x more than straight spine.

Function of hyoid bone

Provides attachment for the tongue muscles and suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles.

Function of extensor expansion ligament

Provides attachment of extensor tendons to middle and distal phalanges.

Wrist joint

Provides control and stability required to maintain the hand in a functional position. One of most complex joints in the body.

Function of radial collateral ligament

Provides lateral support to the wrist joint and reinforces joint capsule laterally.

Function of ulnar collateral ligament

Provides medial support to the wrist joint and reinforces joint capsule medially.

Mobility of carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of fingers

Provides more stability than mobility. 2nd and 3rd CMC joints- very little mobility 4th CMC joint- allows slightly more motion 5th CMC joint- most mobile because of condyloid shape that allows for small amount of opposition

Function of scapulothoracic articulation

Provides motion necessary for normal function of scapula.

Function of lateral collateral ligament

Provides significant stability for lateral elbow and reforces joint capsule laterally.

Function of medial collateral ligament

Provides significant stability for medial elbow and reinforces capsule medially.

Base of metacarpal

Proximal end of metacarpal.

Base of phalanges

Proximal end of phalanges. Concave.

Head of radius

Proximal end; has a cylinder shape with a depression in the superior surface where it articulates with the capitulum of the humerus. *palpate*

Attachments of lateral collateral ligament

Proximally at lateral epicondyle of humerus and distally on the annular ligament and lateral side of the ulna.

Nucleus pulposus

Pulpy gelatinous center portion of the intervertebral disc with a high water content.

Right ventricle

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

Left ventricle

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body.

Closed kinetic chain activity for biceps/triceps

Push-ups, pull-ups, or dips.

Quadratus lumborum

Quadrilateral shaped, deepest muscle of the abdominal wall that is often referred to as a back muscle.

Scalar

Quantity having only magnitude such as length, area, volume and mass.

Arthrokinematics of pronation/supination

Radius rotates around the fixed/stationary ulna.

Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Raised portion of the inferior lip of the glenoid fossa that provides attachment of the long head of the triceps muscle.

Supraglenoid tubercle of scapula

Raised portion on the superior lip of the glenoid fossa that provides attachment for the long head of the biceps muscle.

Anatomical example of second class lever

Rare in body. Action of the ankle plantar flexor muscles when a person stands on their tip toes.

Temporalis

Rather broad and fan-shaped muscle that lies in the temporal fossa.

Right atrium

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body.

Left atrium

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs.

Osteopenia

Reduced bone mass but is not as bad as osteoporosis.

Dislocation

Refers to the complete separation of the two articular surfaces of a joint. A portion of the joint capsule surrounding the joint will be torn.

Supraspinatus

Relatively small muscle of the upper back is one of the four rotator cuff muscles.

Flexor carpi radialis

Relatively superficial muscles running from the common flexor tendon across forearm diagonally.

Sesamoid Bones

Resemble the shape of sesame seeds, are small bones located where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the extremities. Help protect tendon from excessive wear and tear of change of angle attachment.

Second class lever

Resistance (R) located in CENTER with Axis (A) at one end and force (F) on the other end. "FRA" or "ARF" --> resistance always in the middle.

Osteoclasts

Responsible for bone resorption.

Lumbosacral angle

Responsible for creating the lumbar lordosis, and indirectly for creating the rest of the spinal curves. An optimal angle gives optimal degree of curvature throughout rest of spine.

Firm end feel

Results from tension in the surrounding ligaments, capsule, and/or muscles and is perceived as a firm stop to the motion with only a "slight give" on over pressure. Most common end feel and labeled by the type of tissue limiting the motion. Ex. shoulder internal and external rotation. Ex. shoulder internal and external rotation when ligaments, etc. stopped further movement. Also ankle dorsiflexion when leg extended because gastrocnmemius stopped further movement.

Shoulder girdle/scapular downward rotation

Return to resting anatomical position from the upwardly rotated position. Scapula does not move past this. Angular movement.

Thorax movement during expiration

Rib cage moves down and in, decreasing medial-lateral diameter of chest. Also decreases anterior-posterior diameter of the chest.

Thorax movement during inspiration

Rib cage moves up and out, increasing medial-lateral diameter of chest. Also increases anterior-posterior diameter of the chest.

False ribs

Ribs 8-10 that attach indirectly to the sternum via the costal cartilage of 7th rib.

Promontory of sacrum

Ridge projecting along the anterior edge of the body of S1.

Nuchal line of occipital bone

Ridge running horizontally along back of head from the occipital protuberance to the mastoid process.

Medial lip of bicipital groove/crest of lesser tubercle of humerus

Ridge that provides attachment for the latissimus dorsi and teres major. *palpate*

Forearm pronation

Rotation of the forearm (and palm) backward. Palms down. Occurs in transverse plane, vertical axis.

Forearm supination

Rotation of the forearm (and palm) forward. "Soup" Palms up. Occurs in transverse plane, vertical axis.

Convex bone end surface

Rounded outward, like a mound.

Occipital condyles of occipital bone

Rounded processes that articulate with the atlas (C1) and are located lateral to the foramen magnum on occiput.

Posterior longitudinal ligament

Runs along the vertebral bodies posteriorly inside the vertebral foramen. Thick superiorly and thin inferiorly.

Interspinal ligament

Runs between successive spinous processes.

Anterior longitudinal ligament

Runs down the vertebral column on the anterior surface of the bodies. Thin superiorly, thick inferiorly.

Transverse ligament

Runs from one side of the atlas to the other and divides it into an anterior and posterior compartment.

Short posterior sacroiliac ligament

Runs more obliquely between the ilium and the upper portion of the sacrum on the dorsal surface. Prevents forward movement of the sacrum.

Long posterior sacroiliac ligament

Runs more vertically between the PSIS and the lower portion of the sacrum. It prevents downward movement of the sacrum.

Frontal axis

Runs through a joint from side to side.

Clavicle

S-shaped bone that connects the upper extremity to the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint.

Alveoli

Saclike clusters at the terminal end of the bronchial tree that perform gas exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.

Phrase to remember carpals (proximal lateral to medial to distal lateral to medial)

Sally- scaphoid Left- lunate The- triquetrum Party- pisiform To- trapezium Take- trapezoid Charlie- capitate Home- hamate

Fundamental position

Same as anatomical position except arms are at the sides and palms facing the body. Used to discuss rotation of the upper extremities.

Bones most commonly fractured in the wrist

Scaphoid and radius.

What bones lies in anatomical snuff box?

Scaphoid.

Shape of scapulothoracic articulation structures

Scapula- slightly concave anterior surface Ribs- convex posterior aspect

Concave-convex rule for shoulder

Scapula-concave and fixed Humeral head- mobile and convex The joint segment and joint surface move in opposite directions. DELETE

Scaption

Scapular plane is approx. 30 degrees forward of frontal plane so neither frontal or sagittal, so its called scapular plane. Use the term regarding exercise which is combination of shoulder flexion and abduction. Not a true shoulder joint or shoulder girdle motion though.

Best lever for power

Second class lever.

Non-anatomical example of first class lever

See-saw. F is the person sitting on one side, the A is the point in which the base and board meet, and the R is the person sitting on the other side.

Pelvis inlet

Seen by drawing a line between the sacral promontory posteriorly and the superior border of the pubic symphysis anteriorly.

Aortic valve

Semilunar valve between the left ventricle and aorta.

Pulmonary valve

Semilunar valve between the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries.

Head of humerus

Semirounded proximal end, articulates with scapula. *palpate*

Directions of sensory neurons

Sensory (afferent) neurons travel from the periphery to the CNS.

Function of coracoacromial ligament

Serves as a protective arch, providing support to the head of humerus during upward force.

Articular disc in sternoclavicular (SC) joint

Serves as a shock absorber, especially for forces generated by falls on an outstretched hand. So effective that dislocation of joint is rare.

Cubital fossa

Shallow triangular depression on the anterior aspect of the elbow that contains the biceps tendon, brachial artery, and median nerve.

Distal transverse arch

Shallower arch made up of the metacarpal heads.

Costoclavicular ligament

Short, flat, rhomboid-shaped ligament that connects the clavicle's inferior surface to the superior surface of the costal cartilage of the 1st rib.

Lateral pterygoid

Short, thick and somewhat cone-shaped muscle with two heads.

Right main stem bronchi

Shorter and wider. Subdivides into 3 lobar bronchi (upper, middle, lower) that serve lobes of the lungs.

Clinical application- mechanics of pushing and pulling

Shoulder flexors and extensors work synergistically with biceps and triceps during pushing and pulling. Shoulder muscles are one joint muscles acting only at shoulder, while biceps and triceps are two joint muscles that exert force at both ends. Biceps and triceps can exert a strong force at elbow because the shoulder muscles are exerting a large force at the shoulders, which lengthens biceps and triceps.

Companion motion of shoulder joint extension

Shoulder girdle downward rotation, retraction.

Companion motion of shoulder joint adduction

Shoulder girdle downward rotation.

Companion motion of shoulder joint horizontal adduction

Shoulder girdle protraction.

Companion motion of shoulder joint internal rotation

Shoulder girdle protraction.

Companion motion of shoulder joint external rotation

Shoulder girdle retraction.

Companion motion of shoulder joint horizontal abduction

Shoulder girdle retraction.

Companion motion of shoulder joint hyperextension

Shoulder girdle scapular tilt.

Companion motion of shoulder joint flexion

Shoulder girdle upward rotation, protraction.

Companion motion of shoulder joint abduction

Shoulder girdle upward rotation.

Shoulder horizontal abduction

Shoulder joint flexed to 90 degrees and then moved away from the midline. Occurs in transverse plane, vertical axis.

Shoulder horizontal adduction

Shoulder joint is returned to the midline in 90 degree flexed position. Occurs in transverse plane, vertical axis.

Triaxial joint examples

Shoulder, hip, trunk/lumbar, cervical.

Open/loose packed position examples

Shoulder- 55 degrees abduction, 30 degrees horizontal adduction Elbow- 70 degrees flexion, 10 degrees supination Wrist- neutral with slight ulnar deviation Fingers- slight flexion Hip- 30 degrees flexion, 30 degrees abduction, and slight external rotation Knee- 25 degrees flexion Ankle- 10 degrees plantarflexion, midway between maximum inversion and eversion Toes- neutral

Mandibular lateral deviation

Side to side jaw movement (either direction).

Skull

Sits atop the vertebral column. Made up of 22 separate bones.

Glenoid fossa of scapula

Slightly concave egg-shaped socket that articulates with the humerus on the superior lateral side above the axillary border and below the acromion process.

Surgical neck of humerus

Slightly constricted area just below tubercles where the head meets the body.

Extensor expansion ligament

Small flat triangle-shaped aponeurosis covering posterior and side of proximal phalanx of fingers. Extensor digitorum tendon blends into this. Also called entensor hood.

Occipital protuberance of occipital bone

Small prominence in the center of the occiput. *palpate*

Pronator quadratus

Small, flat, quadrilateral muscle located deep on the anterior surface of the distal forearm.

Bursae

Small, pad like sacs found around most joints. Located in areas of excessive friction and lined with a synovial membrane and filled with clear fluid.

Lesser sciatic notch of ischium

Smaller concavity located on the posterior body between the greater sciatic notch and the ischial tuberosity.

Lesser tubercle of humerus

Smaller projection on the anterior surface, medial to the greater tubercle. Provides attachment for the subscapularis muscle. *palpate*

Bronchioles

Smallest bronchi, and where the airway starts to become non-cartilaginous.

End feel of elbow flexion

Soft because the muscles of the arm and forearm compress together to limit further motion.

What is functional significance between a C3 and C5 spinal cord injury?

Someone will a C3 spinal cord injury would need breathing assistance with a ventilator because phrenic nerve from C3-C5 innervates the diaphragm. A C5 spinal cord injury would like not need breathing assistance.

Intercostal space of ribs

Space between ribs that contains muscles.

What is in the posterior compartment of atlas

Spinal cord, which passes through.

Plexus formation

Spinal nerves join together and/or branch out to form a network. Three major plexuses.

What passes through the intervertebral foramen of vertebra?

Spinal nerves.

Stability and scapulothoracic articulation

Stability comes from scapula's connection to clavicle and surrounding muscles, rather than a true joint structure.*

3rd principle between balance, stability, and motion

Stability increases as BOS is widened in direction of the force. Example: a person standing at a bus stop on windy day would be more stable when facing into wind and placing one foot behind the other, to widen the BOS in direction of the wind.

Function of coracohumeral ligament

Strengthens the superior part of the joint capsule.

Intervertebral joint

Strong, weight bearing joints located anteriorly on each vertebra between the bodies.

Attachments of flexor retinaculum

Styloid processes of radius and ulna and crosses over flexor muscle tendons.

Lobar bronchi

Subdivisions of the main stem bronchi that go to each lobe of the lungs. These continue to divide to form smaller and smaller networks of bronchi.

End feel

Subjective assessment of the resistance of the feel when slight pressure applied to the end of the joint's PROM.

Extensor carpi ulnaris

Superficial muscle arising from the common extensor tendon on the lateral epicondyle and runs down the posterior forearm.

Extensor digitorum

Superficial muscle on the posterior forearm and hand.

Palmaris longus

Superficial muscle running down the anterior aspect of the forearm from the common flexor attachment. It is missing in approximately 21% of individuals, either unilaterally or bilaterally.

Flexor carpi ulnaris

Superficial muscle running from the common flexor tendon along the ulnar, slightly anterior side of the forearm.

Pronator teres

Superficial muscle that crosses the anterior elbow.

Spinal facet joint articulation

Superior articular process of vertebra below with inferior articular process of vertebra above.

Manubrium of sternum

Superior end. Provides attachment for the clavicle & first rib. *palpate*

Superior angle of scapula

Superior medial aspect of the scapula that provides attachment for the levator scapula muscle. *palpate*

Male pelvis

Superior opening into pelvic cavity more heart shaped. Pelvic cavity longer and more funnel shaped. Sacrum longer and more curved. Pelvic walls are more vertical and the acetabula and ischial tubes are closer together. Pelvic arch is narrower and less rounded.

Female pelvis

Superior opening into pelvic cavity more oval shaped. Pelvic cavity shorter and less funnel shaped. Sacrum shorter and less curved. Pelvic walls are not as vertical and the acetabula and ischial tubes are farther apart. Pelvic arch is wider and more rounded.

What do superior and inferior portions do when shoulder is abducted?

Superior portion- slack Inferior portion- taut

What do superior and inferior portions do when arm is at side?

Superior portion- taut Inferior portion- slack

Superior ramus of pubis

Superior projection of the pubic body. Where pectineus muscle attaches.

Iliac crest of ilium

Superior ridge of the ilium, the bony area felt when you place your hands on your hips. It's borders are ASIS and PSIS. *palpate*

Base of sacrum

Superior surface of S1.

Glenohumeral ligaments

Superior, middle, and inferior ligaments that reinforce the anterior portion of capsule.

Respiratory system function

Supply oxygen to the lungs and eliminate CO2 from the lungs.

Superior and inferior acromioclavicular ligaments

Support the joint from above and below by holding the acromion process to the clavicle.

Synarthrosis

Suture joint, has a thin layer of fibrous periosteum between the two bones. Ends of bones are shaped to allow them to interlock. Provides little to no motion but offers shape and strength. Ex. Sutures of the skull.

Shoulder joint type

Synovial ball and socket joint.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of fingers type

Synovial biaxial condyloid joint.

Radiocarpal joint type

Synovial biaxial condyloid joint.

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of thumb type

Synovial biaxial saddle joint.

Atlanto-occipital joint type

Synovial joint.

Temporamandibular joint (TMJ) type

Synovial modified hinge joint (not true hinge joint because it allows some gliding motion).

Intercarpal joint type

Synovial non-axial joint.

Carpometacarpal joint (CMC) of fingers type

Synovial non-axial plane (irregular) joint.

Midcarpal joint type

Synovial non-axial plane joint.

Sternoclavicular (SC) joint type

Synovial plane joint (has capsule) with double gliding motion as well as spin.

Costosternal joint type

Synovial plane joint.

Spinal facet joint type

Synovial plane-shaped joint enclosed in joint capsular ligament.

Distal interphalangeal joint (DIP) of fingers type

Synovial uniaxial hinge joint.

Elbow joint type

Synovial uniaxial hinge joint.

Interphalangeal joint (IP) of thumb type

Synovial uniaxial hinge joint.

Proximal interphalangeal joint (PIP) of fingers type

Synovial uniaxial hinge joint.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) of thumb type

Synovial uniaxial hinge joint. Less mobile than the CMC joint of thumb.

Radioulnar joint type

Synovial uniaxial pivot joint.

Sacroiliac joint (SI joint)

Synovial, non-axial plane joint between the sacrum and ilium. Has irregular articular surfaces that help lock the two surfaces together. Held together by 3 ligaments and reinforced by 3 additional accessory ligaments.

Spinal cord trauma (SCI)

Takes many forms depending on spinal level and area of damage. Includes: 1. Quadriplegia- all 4 extremities, and involves T1 and above. 2. Paraplegia- only lower extremities, involves T2 and below. 3. Autonomic dysreflexia- dangerous complication that can occur with SCI's at or above T10. It's usually triggered by a stimulus below level of injury.

Ligamentum nuchae (nuchal ligament)

Takes place of supraspinal and interspinal ligaments in cervical region.

Parallel muscle fibers

Tend to be longer, with greater potential for shortening and producing more ROM. Have 4 types of subfibers.

Short Bones

Tend to have more equal dimensions of height, lenght, and width, giving them a cube shape. Large articular surface and usually articulate with more than one bone. Similar composition to long bones, have thin layer of compact bone covering cancellous bone with marrow in cavity.

Rotator cuff

Tendinous band formed by the blending together of the tendinous insertions of 4 muscles. Helps keep the head of the humerus rotating (inspiring the name) and stabilized against the glenoid fossa during joint motion. Facilitates arthrokinematic motion of spin.

Function of anterior longitudinal ligament

Tends to prevent excessive hyperextension.

Shoulder complex definition

Term used to include all of the structures involved with motion of the shoulder. Shoulder girdle and shoulder joint combined.

2nd principle between balance, stability, and motion

The COG and LOG must remain within the BOS for an object to remain stable; wider the BOS, the more stable the object. Example: woman standing upright on both feet where COG is near center of BOS. As she leans to the side, her COG moves towards the border of BOS and once passes beyond, she will become unstable.

Torque

The ability of force to produce rotation around an axis. Also the amount of force needed by a muscle contraction to cause rotary joint motion. Example: using a wrench.

Mass

The amount of matter that a body contains.

Epiphysis

The area at each end of the diaphysis (main shaft). Tends to be wider than the shaft. Osseous in adults and cartilaginous in growing bone where length is added in long bones (epiphyseal plate).

What determines the type of lever

The arrangement of the axis (A) in relation to the force (F) and the resistance (R).

Ischial tuberosity of ischium

The blunt, rough, massive posterior corner of the ischium. Your "sits bones." Where hamstrings and adductor magnus muscles attach. *palpate* Skeleton: appendicular Bone type: flat bone

False pelvis

The bony area between the iliac crests and superior to the pelvic inlet. Also called the greater or major pelvis. No pelvic organs within.

Herniated disk

The breaking apart of the intervertebral disk that occurs when there is weakness or degeneration of the annulus fibrosus. The bulge can put pressure on the spinal cord or nerve roots. Most common site for lesions is L4 and L5.

Epiphyseal plate

The cartiliginous material in a growing bone.

Midbrain

The center for visual reflexes.

Proximal phalanges

The closest phalanges that articulate with the metacarpals. Present in all 5 digits. *palpate*

Compression fractures

The collapse of anterior body portion of vertebrae, usually due to trauma in the lumbar spine and osteoporosis in the thoracic spine. Fracture is stable so usually doesn't cause any spinal cord damage.

Force couple example: shoulder girdle downward rotation

The combined effect of the pectoralis minor pulling down, the rhomboids pulling in, and the levator scapular pulling up produces this motion.

Pelvic surface of sacrum

The concave anterior surface.

Convex-concave rule temporamandibular joint (TMJ)

The concave portion is fixed so joint surface motion moves opposite the direction of the joint segment (condyle and neck).

Body of vertebra

The cylindrical mass of bone on the anterior portion of vertebra. It's a major weight bearing structure. Not present in C1 (atlas).

Force arm (FA)

The distance between the force and the axis.

Resistance arm (RA)

The distance between the resistance and the axis.

Force (F)

The effort, what causes the lever to move, usually muscular.

External auditory meatus of temporal bone

The external opening for the ear, located posterior to the temporamandibular joint (TMJ). *palpate*

Tendon

The fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to muscle, can be a round cord (biceps) or flattened band (rotator cuff). Sometimes encased in a fibrous sheath for protection in high friction areas.

Metaphysis

The flared part at each end of the diaphysis in long bones, between the diaphysis and the epiphysis. Made up of mostly cancellous bone and helps supports epiphysis.

Cervical retraction

The head flexing on C1 as well as the neck extending at C2-C7. Linear movement.

Body of mandible

The horizontal portion of the mandible; the superior surface of the body holds the lower teeth. *palpate*

Xiphoid process of sternum

The inferior tip of the sternum, means "sword shaped." *palpate* Skeleton: axial Bone type: flat bone

Congruent joint

The joint surfaces have maximum contact with each other, are tightly compressed, and are difficult to distract (separate). Ligaments are taut (close-packed position). Occurs at extreme end of ROM.

Motor endplate

The junction of final motor neuron and muscle fiber. Also called an axon terminal.

Transverse process of vertebra

The large projections of the arch where the lamina and pedicle come together. Muscles and ligaments attach here.

Lateral pelvic tilt affect on vertebral column

The lateral tilt (unsupported side) results in a lateral bend of the vertebral column to the opposite side.

Normal resting length

The length of a muscle when it is not shortened or lengthened. When there are no forces or stresses placed upon it.

Resistance (R)

The load, what must be overcome for motion to occur. Can include the weight of the part being moved, the pull of the gravity on the part, or external weight being moved on the body part.

Bicipital groove of humerus

The longitudinal groove between the tubercles, containing the tendon of the long head of the biceps. Also called the "intertubercular groove." *palpate*

1st principle between balance, stability, and motion

The lower the COG, the more stable the object. The higher the COG, the less stable the object. Example: both triangles have same BOS, but the taller triangle on left has a higher COG, and thus is more unstable because it would take less force to disturb it.

Diaphysis

The main shaft of bone, made up of mostly compact bone (strong).

Capsular pattern

The movement restricted at that joint is in a pattern that suggests the problem is coming from the capsule.

Gravitational force

The mutual attraction between the earth and an object, its always directed vertically downward toward the center of earth.

Anatomical example of first class lever

The neck. The head sitting on the first cervical vertebra, moving up and down in cervical flexion and hyperextension --> the vertebra is the A, the weight on one side of the head is the R, and the muscle pulling down on the opposite side of the head is the F.

Degrees of freedom

The number of planes in which a joint moves. Includes uniaxial, biaxial, and triaxial joints.

Base of support (BOS)

The part of the body that is in contact with the supporting surface. If you outline the surface of the body in contact with the ground (or a chair), you would have identified this.

Moment arm

The perpendicular distance between the muscle's line of pull and the joint axis.

Middle phalanges

The phalanges that articulate with the proximal and distal phalanges. Present only in the four fingers, not thumb. *palpate*

Passive insufficiency

The point at which a multi-joint muscle cannot be stretched far enough (without causing damage to the fibers) to allow all joints the muscle crosses to move through full ROM. Occurs to the antagonist muscle, which is relaxed and opposite side of joint from agonist. Example: hamstrings. Its long enough to be stretched over joint individually for hip flexion or knee extension but can't lengthen enough to do both at same time.

Active insufficiency

The point at which a multi-joint muscle has insufficient power so it cannot shorten far enough to allow all joints the muscle crosses to move through full ROM. Occurs to the agonist muscle, which is shortening/contracting. Example: hamstrings. Can perform hip extension or knee flexion but can't shorten enough to do both at same time.

Center of gravity

The point where the three cardinal planes intersect each other. Located slightly anterior to S2.

Neural arch of vertebra

The posterior portion of the vertebra that consists of several parts. Also called vertebral arch.

Roll

The rolling of one joint surface on another. New points on each surface come into contact throughout the motion. Ex. The surface of your shoe on the floor during walking, or a ball rolling across the ground.

Spin

The rotation of a movable joint surface on the fixed adjacent surface. The same point on each surface remains in contact with each other. Ex. A top spinning on a table or pure rotational movements in body like humerus rotating in glenoid fossa during shoulder external and internal rotation.

Bony brain protection

The skull, which completely surrounds the brain and is made up of several bones with joints fused together for greater strength.

Tone

The slight tension that is present in a muscle at all times, even when the muscle is resting. The state of readiness that allows muscle to act quickly when needed.

Synapse

The small gap between neurons where transmission of impulses from one neuron to another occurs. These are complex physiological actions. *Orange star*

Coracobrachialis

The smallest of the three muscles that attach to the coracoid process of the scapula.

Distal phalanges

The smallest, furthest phalanges that articulate with middle (in 4 fingers) or proximal (thumb) phalanges. Present in all 5 digits. *palpate*

Kinesiology

The study of movement. Uses anatomy, physiology, physics, and geometry and relates them to human movement. Uses principles of mechanics, musculoskeletal anatomy, and neuromuscular physiology.

Median atlantoaxial joint

The synovial articulation between the dens of axis and the anterior arch of the atlas superiorly, transverse ligament posteriorly.

Tenodesis

The tendon action of muscles which is a functional use of passive insufficiency. Example: wrist flexors and extensors, when your fingers flex after you extend your wrist. Can be used to help someone who is quadriplegic and can't open and close fingers to grab things.

What is not considered part of radiocarpal joint?

The ulna and pisiform because they do not articulate with the disk.

Force couple example: shoulder girdle upward rotation

The upper trapezius pulls up, the lower trapezius pulls down, & the lower fibers of the serratus anterior pulls outward in a horizontal direction to produce this motion.

What would happen if didn't have or have a weak serratus anterior?

The vertebral border would lift away from the rib cage, causing scapular winging.

Lymph node reaction to bacteria presence

They enlarge as bacteria accumulates and lymphocytes come in to attack.

Importance of posture for CVA folks eating and drinking

They will likely need to drink during therapy and often have swallowing issues. Need to make sure they are in good alignment to lessen the chance of aspiration. Sit tall, chin tuck, swallow.

Teres major

Thick and ovoid muscle in the upper arm.

Infraspinatus

Thick triangular muscle that is mostly superficial and one of the four rotator cuff muscles.

Palmar radiocarpal ligament

Thick, tough broad band ligament on the anterior wrist.

Ventricles

Thicker walled bottom chambers that receive blood from atria. Pump blood out to the lungs and body, right to lungs and left to body.

Periosteum

Thin fibrous membrane covering all of the bone except the articular surfaces that are covered with hyaline cartilage. This is where many tendons and ligaments attach. Also contains nerves and blood vessels for nourishment and growth so higher number of pain receptors (sensitive).

Atria

Thin walled top chambers that receive blood from the body. Propel blood to the ventricles below. Left to left and right to right.

Joint capsule

Thin walled, spacious container that attaches around the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the anatomical neck of the humerus, surrounds the joint.

Shaft of rib

Thin, flat and curved portion.

Best lever for range of motion (distance) and speed

Third class lever.

Most common lever class in body

Third class lever.

What lies inside the thorax?

Thoracic or chest cavity, where the lungs. heart, and other vital structures are located.

Membranous brain protection

Three layers of membrane called meninges are within the skull. These cover the brain and provide support and protection.

Scalenes

Three muscles (anterior, middle and posterior) that lie deep to the sternocleidomastoid.

Triceps brachii

Three-headed muscle that makes up the entire bulk of the posterior arm.

Kinematics

Time, space, and mass aspects of a moving system. A system of dynamic (moving) biomechanics.

Interstitial spaces

Tissue spaces between cells where lymph capillaries begin.

Function of Sacroiliac joint (SI joint)

Transmit weight from the upper body through the vertebral column to the hip bones. Has great stability but little mobility.

Pulmonary circuit

Transports oxygen depleted blood through the right side of the heart to the lungs with pulmonary arteries. In the lungs, CO2 removed and O2 added in before blood returns back to the left side of the heart.

Plane and axis of shoulder girdle protraction/retraction

Transverse plane, vertical axis.

Sacrospinous ligament

Triangle shaped and lies deep to the sacrotuberous ligament. Broad attachment from the lower lateral sacrum and coccyx on the posterior side. Narrows to attach to the spine of the ischium.

Lateral collateral ligament

Triangle shaped ligament that spans lateral side of elbow.

Medial collateral ligament

Triangle shaped ligament that spans medial side of elbow.

Subscapularis

Triangle shaped, largest muscle in the rotator cuff.

Deltoid

Triangle-shaped, superficial muscle that covers shoulder joint on 3 sides giving shoulder round shape. Divided into 3 parts.

Scapula

Triangular-shaped bone located superficially on the posterior side of the thorax between 2nd and 7th ribs and spine level T3-T4. Attaches to the trunk indirectly through its ligamentous attachments to the clavicle. Slightly concave anteriorly & glides over the convex posterior rib cage.

Shoulder joint degrees of freedom

Triaxial joint with three degrees of freedom and movement in all three planes and all three axes.

Movement of vertebral column is considered:

Triaxial with movement in all 3 planes.

Spinal facet joint

Two articulations (right/left) on the posterior portion of the vertebrae. Each vertebrae has 4 of these, 2 above and 2 below.

Rhomboids

Two muscles shaped like a rectangle that are considered as one because its difficult to anatomically separate them. Lies underneath the trapezius and can be palpated when the trapezius is relaxed. Has an oblique line of pull with horizontal and vertical components.

Concurrent forces

Two or more forces act from a common point but pull or push in different directions.

Carpals

Two rows of four short bones of the wrist arranged in an arch.

Biceps brachii

Two-headed muscle located on anterior aspect of arm.

Sacroiliac joint (SI joint) mobility

Type and amount of movement is controversial. Has minimal movement that can only occur in association with other joint motions.

Importance of joint surface shape

Type of motion occurring at the joint depends on the shape of articulating surfaces of bones.

Ulnar drift

Ulnar deviation deformity at the MCP joints.

Claw hand

Ulnar nerve damage that causes a loss of intrinsic muscles of the hand.

Terms to describe sides of the body

Unilateral- refers to one side. Bilateral- refers to two or both sides. Contralateral- refers to the opposite side of the body. Ipsilateral- refers to the same side of the body.

Fractures with dislocation

Unstable fractures that usually result in spinal cord injury and paralysis.

True ribs

Upper 7 ribs that attach directly to the anterior sternum via their own costal cartilage.

Bone type examplesUpper appendages long bone examples

Upper appendages long bones- clavicle, humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges Lower appendages long bones- femur, fibula, tibia, metatarsals, phalanges Upper appendages short bones- carpals Lower appendages short bones- tarsals Upper appendages flat bones- scapula Lower appendages flat bones- ilium Axial skeleton flat bone- cranial bones (frontal, parietal), ribs, sternum Upper and lower appendages irregular bones- None Axial skeleton irregular bones- cranial bones (sphenoid, ethmoid), mandible, facial bones, vertebra, sacrum, coccyx

Forced expiration phase

Uses muscles that pull down on the ribs and compress the abdomen, forcing diaphragm upward. Uses the internal intercostals plus accessory muscles.

Bones

Usually two that articulate with each other in synovial joint. Do not have direct contact. Shape of bone ends and articular surface of bone determines amount and direction of motion of joint.

Double hinge of (SC) joint

Usually, a disk is adhered to one bone of the joint and relatively stable. At the SC joint, the disk has an attachment on the clavicle and another on the manubrium and 1st costal cartilage. It's attached to both sides of the joint in a way that allows it to move. With elevation and depression, the clavicle glides up and down. Motion occurs between clavicle and disk. With protraction and retraction the clavicle glides anteriorly and posteriorly and the movement happens between the disk and sternum.

Agonist vs. antagonist insufficiency

Usually, agonist becomes actively insufficient (can't contract more) before antagonist becomes passively insufficient (can't stretch more).

What structure is part of the soft palate?

Uvula, a soft tissue structure that hangs down in the middle at the back of the mouth.

C7

Vertebra prominens that has a long and prominent spinous process that resembles a thoracic vertebra. Easily palpated.

Ramus of mandible

Vertical portion of mandible from angle to condyle. *palpate*

Thoracic spine movement

Very limited due to attachments to vertebral column and sternum.

Anconeus

Very small muscle that attaches next to the much larger triceps on posterior arm.

Lymphatic system functions

Vessels collect fluid and proteins that leak out of the capillaries and return them to the venous system as lymph. Also plays a role in defending the body against infection. Lymph system will launch immune attack if foreign bodies detected in lymph fluid.

Larynx

Voicebox, a passageway located between the pharynx and the trachea and anterior to C4-C6 vertebrae. Made up of cartilages, ligaments, muscles, and vocal cords.

Arteries and vein layers

Walls have 3 layers. -Tunica adventitia- connective tissue -Tunica media- smooth muscle elastic fibers -Tunica intima- endothelium

Function of nasal cavity

Warms, filters, and moistens air breathed in.

Sacrum

Wedge shaped and consists of 5 fused sacral vertebra. Located between 2 innominate bones and is posterior border of bony pelvis.

Non-anatomical example of second class lever

Wheelbarrow. The wheel at the front is the A, the wheelbarrow contents is the R, and the person pushing the wheelbarrow is the F.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) abduction of fingers

When 2nd, 4th and 5th fingers move away from the middle finger.

Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) adduction of fingers

When 2nd, 4th and 5th fingers return from abduction back toward the middle finger.

Embolism

When a blood clot or other foreign matter becomes dislodged and travels to another part of the body until it becomes stuck.

Hemorrhage

When a break in a blood vessel allows blood to leak out of the closed system. Ex. Cerebral hemorrhage within skull, usually bad!

Neutralizer

When a muscle can do two or more actions but only one is wanted, this helps to prevent unwanted motion. Ex. biceps can both flex elbow and supinate forearm, but if want just elbow flexion, the supination part must be cancelled out.

Adaptive lengthening

When a muscle is chronically overstretched, so it adopts an abnormally long resting length. This muscle is also considered weak because the overlap of actin and myosin decreases so it can't generate as much force. Poor posture often contributes to this (forward head, rounded shoulders) because it causes upper back muscles to become overstretched and weak. Needs strengthening exercises.

Adaptive shortening

When a muscle is left in a shortened position for a long period of time without going through its full ROM. The resting length and amount of extensibility decrease, so this would be called a "tight" muscle. Poor posture can contribute to this (forward head, rounded shoulders) because it causes the pectorals to become short and tight from rounded shoulders. Needs stretching exercises.

Optimal length

When a muscle is on a slight stretch but not over-stretched. This is the range where muscle will contract most effectively and increases its force generating capabilities. This is because it maximizes the number of myosin heads bound to actin and also because there is passive tension built up.

Deep inspiration phase

When a person needs more oxygen and is breathing harder. Accessory muscles that lift the ribs are now being recruited.

Springy block

When a rebound movement is felt at the end of the ROM. Ex. Usually occurs with internal derangement of a joint such as torn cartilage.

Contracture

When adaptive shortening becomes permanent. Example: old person in wheelchair.

Stability

When an object is balanced, all torques acting upon are even, and it is in a state of equilibrium.

When is torque the greatest?

When angle of pull is at 90 degrees. It decreases as the angle of pull either increases or decreases.

Palmar concavity

When hand is relaxed, assumes cupped position due to arrangement of the bony skeleton reinforced by ligaments, and three arches that hold the shape.

Incongruent joint

When joint surfaces have minimum contact, parts of capsule and supporting ligaments are lax, and joint is easier to distract (open/loose-packed position).

Soft end feel

When muscle bulk is compressed (soft tissue approximation). More apparent on the obese or someone with well defined muscles. Ex. elbow flexion stopped by meeting of forearm and arm. Ex. knee flexion stopped by meeting of leg and calf.

Spondylolisthesis

When one vertebra slips forward on adjacent vertebra, usually as the result of a fracture or defect in pars interarticularis part of the lamina. Usually occurs at L5, slipping forward on S1.

Shoulder girdle/scapular protraction

When scapula moves away from the posterior midline. Linear movement.

Shoulder girdle/scapular retraction

When scapula moves back toward the posterior midline. Linear movement.

Shoulder girdle/scapular elevation

When scapula moves in a superior direction. Linear movement.

Shoulder girdle/scapular depression

When scapula moves in an inferior direction. Linear movement.

Clinical application- elbow flexion strength testing

When testing biceps strength, forearm is placed in supination. When testing brachioradialis strength, the forearm is placed in neutral position. When testing brachialis strength, the forearm is placed in pronated position to put the other two at disadvantage to most isolate the brachialis.

When is the pelvis level in sagittal plane?

When the ASIS and pubic symphysis are in the same vertical plane.

Cocontraction

When the agonist and antagonist contract at the same time. This happens when there is a need for accuracy. Ex. writing.

Counternutation

When the base of the sacrum moves posteriorly and superiorly, causing the tip of the coccyx to move anteriorly. Occurs with trunk extension or hip flexion.

Thoracic outlet syndrome

When the brachial plexus or subclavian artery/vein get compressed in a space called thoracic outlet. Symptoms include vascular, neurological, and muscular systems.

Supracondylar fracture

When the distal end of the humerus fractures just above the condyles. One of the most common fractures in children that occurs with a fall to the outstretched hand.

Congestive heart failure

When the heart can't pump strong enough to push blood out to the body so it backs up in the system. Often results in edema, especially in feet, ankles, and lungs.

When is the pelvis level in frontal plane?

When the iliac crests are level. Can assess by placing thumbs on the ASIS's and determining if at same height.

Shoulder girdle/scapular upward rotation

When the inferior angle of scapula rotates up and away from the vertebral column. Angular movement.

Open kinetic chain

When the insertion (more moveable) moves towards the origin (more stable). The proximal end is fixed and distal end is mobile.

Closed kinetic chain

When the insertion now becomes table and the origin more mobile. The distal end is now fixed and proximal end is mobile.

Reverse muscle action

When the more stable attachment (origin) moves towards the more mobile attachment (insertion). Same motion happening at joint though just reverse of normal. Can happen when the movable end is stabilized by an external force or another muscle contraction.

Shoulder girdle/scapular tilt

When the shoulder joint goes into hyperextension. The superior end of the scapula tilts anteriorly and the inferior end tilts posteriorly. Angular movement.

Nutation

When the superior end base of the sacrum moves anteriorly and inferiorly, while the tip of coccyx moves posteriorly. Occurs with trunk flexion or hip extension.

Subluxing of the biceps tendon

When the tendon slides out of the groove, usually caused by overloading muscle in an abducted and externally rotated position.

Elbow dislocation

When the ulna slides posterior to the distal end of the humerus. Requires a lot of force in a slightly flexed position in order to occur.

Pneumothorax

When the vacuum of the pleural cavity gets destroyed by a hole in the lung. Also called collapsed lung.

Varicose veins

When the valves in veins don't work properly so blood can flow in the wrong direction. Blood can pool, causing an enlarged vein. Most common in superficial veins of leg from standing or lack of muscle activity.

Emphysema

When the walls of alveoli lose their elasticity due to chronic bronchial obstruction. Common from smoking.

Force couple

When two forces act in different directions, resulting in a turning effect. Muscles pulling in different directions to accomplish the same motion. Example: two or more children pushing on opposite sides of a merry-go-round.

Costosternal joint

Where the costal cartilages articulate with the sternum. Also called chondrosternal or sternocostal, all mean the same thing.

Costotransverse joint

Where the costal facet is located on the anterior tip of the transverse process of the vertebrae and articulates with the tubercle of the rib.

Costovertebral joint

Where the costal facet of the vertebral body articulates with the head of the rib. Some ribs articulate with 2 adjacent bodies.

Glenohumeral sublaxation

Where the head of the humerus partially dislocates inferiorly due to paralysis of the muscles that hold humeral head in place. Commonly seen in individuals who have hemiplegia, usually from a stroke. Happens because of weight of upper extremity, shallow glenoid fossa, or gravity.

Multiple Sclerosis

Where the myelin sheath around axons breaks down and interferes with transmission of info. Lesions occur in the white matter of the brain and spinal cord.

Cervical sprain

Whiplash, occurs when the head and neck suddenly and violently hyperextends and then flexes. Happens often during rear-end car accidents.

Myelin sheath

White fatty sheath that surrounds the inner part of the axon and helps speed conduction of the nerve. Found in the CNS and PNS. It does not cover the cell bodies or certain nerve fibers.

Trachea

Windpipe, a passage located anterior to the esophagus and C6-T4 vertebrae that divides into right and left main stem bronchi.

Example of shoulder girdle/scapular tilt motion

Windup of a softball pitch, bowling delivery, or racing dive in swimming.

Is the carrying angle greater in women or men?

Women.

What do all trapezius muscles do?

Work together (synergists) to retract the scapula.

Biaxial joint examples

Wrist, ankle, MTP, MCP, CMC of thumb.

Can normal end feel ever be abnormal?

Yes, if it is occuring at the wrong joint or if occurs at wrong point in the range.

Cardinal plane

a plane that goes through the midline of a part, divides the body into equal parts.

Inguinal ligament

runs from ASIS to pubic tubercle and is landmark that separates the anterior abdominal wall from the thigh. No function at the hip joint though but it present.