Cog Ch 3 Exa
Feature Detector
are individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli.
Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by
helmholtz.
Perception
perception as experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses. To Aka Our senses give us something and we add to it
Speech segmentation is defined as
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.
Fusiform Face Area
faces activate a spefic area in the brain called FFA the fusifrom gyrus on the underside of the temporal lobe if this part is damaged this results in prosopagnosia
The theory of unconscious inference includes the
likelihood principle.
sequential processing
Sequential processing refers to the mental process of integrating and understanding stimuli in a particular, serial order. Both the perception of stimuli in sequence and the subsequent production of information in a specific arrangement fall under successive processing.
perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills.
Answering questions Solving problems Communicating with other people
Simplicity
Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible
Good Figure
Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.
top-down processing
If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone
Consolidation
Memory consolidation is the process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones.
Sensation
Product of our sensory information
serial processing
Serial Processes are mental tasks that must be carried out in sequence, one after another, rather than simultaneously. Although we are able to perceive multiple stimuli at the same, and we often perform many activities at once, certain tasks require serial processing to fully attend to the stimulus. For example, when reading this sentence you cannot process all the words in one glance; instead, you read them in sequence, from left to right.
perceptual organization.
The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of
bottom-up processing
The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing
inverse projection problem
The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the
True or False it can be very difficult to distinguish one item from another when it there is overlap between the two.
True
Speech segmentation is an example of an effect of top down processing True or False and why
True Use knowledge of the language to know when the words start/ stop
Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?
We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
good continuation
You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of
When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.
speech segmentation
a recency effect.
tendency to remember the most recently presented information best. For example, if you are trying to memorize a list of items, the recency effect means you are more likely to recall the items from the list that you studied last.
View Point Invariance
the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives
"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of
top-down processing
Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
top-down processing.
Transduction
transduction is defined as what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system. For example, your ears receive energy (sound waves) and transduce (or convert) this energy into neural messages that make their way to your brain and are processed as sounds.
The likelihood principle states that
we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.
In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to
your prior knowledge