Cog Ch 3 Exa

Feature Detector

are individual neurons—or groups of neurons—in the brain which code for perceptually significant stimuli.

Some perceptions result from assumptions we make about the environment that we are not even aware of. This theory of unconscious inference was developed by

helmholtz.

Perception

perception as experiences resulting from stimulation of the senses. To Aka Our senses give us something and we add to it

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

Fusiform Face Area

faces activate a spefic area in the brain called FFA the fusifrom gyrus on the underside of the temporal lobe if this part is damaged this results in prosopagnosia

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle.

sequential processing

Sequential processing refers to the mental process of integrating and understanding stimuli in a particular, serial order. Both the perception of stimuli in sequence and the subsequent production of information in a specific arrangement fall under successive processing.

perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills.

Answering questions Solving problems Communicating with other people

Simplicity

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible

Good Figure

Every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible.

top-down processing

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone

Consolidation

Memory consolidation is the process where our brains convert short-term memories into long-term ones.

Sensation

Product of our sensory information

serial processing

Serial Processes are mental tasks that must be carried out in sequence, one after another, rather than simultaneously. Although we are able to perceive multiple stimuli at the same, and we often perform many activities at once, certain tasks require serial processing to fully attend to the stimulus. For example, when reading this sentence you cannot process all the words in one glance; instead, you read them in sequence, from left to right.

perceptual organization.

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of

bottom-up processing

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing

inverse projection problem

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

True or False it can be very difficult to distinguish one item from another when it there is overlap between the two.

True

Speech segmentation is an example of an effect of top down processing True or False and why

True Use knowledge of the language to know when the words start/ stop

Which statement best summarizes the focus of the Gestalt psychologists?

We want to understand how elements are added up to create sensations.

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by which of the following examples?

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on a radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

good continuation

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

When Carlos moved to the U.S., he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos was not capable of ____ in English.

speech segmentation

a recency effect.

tendency to remember the most recently presented information best. For example, if you are trying to memorize a list of items, the recency effect means you are more likely to recall the items from the list that you studied last.

View Point Invariance

the ability to recognize the same object even if it is seen from different perspectives

"Perceiving machines" are used by the U.S. Postal service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address, because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by

top-down processing.

Transduction

transduction is defined as what takes place when many sensors in the body convert physical signals from the environment into encoded neural signals sent to the central nervous system. For example, your ears receive energy (sound waves) and transduce (or convert) this energy into neural messages that make their way to your brain and are processed as sounds.

The likelihood principle states that

we perceive the object that is most likely to have caused the pattern of stimuli we have received.

In the "finding faces in a landscape" demonstration in your text, once you perceive a particular grouping of rocks as a face, it is often difficult not to perceive them this way. This is due to

your prior knowledge