Cog ch 5
Working memory
limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as learning
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another.
digit span
measurement of the capacity for short term memory
control process
mechanism governable by a person and that may differ from one task to another
Episodic buffer
mechanism of memory that can store information, thereby increasing capacity
Central Executive
part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the other components
Visuospatial sketch pad
part of working memory that holds and processes pictures and dimensions
Phonological loop
part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.
short-term
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
short-term memory
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?
sensory
Visual icon
sensory memory of an image
Episodic buffer
"backup" store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?
1492 911 1776
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?
A lion's roar at the zoo
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?
Sensory, short-term, long-term
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
a smaller response set
Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.
an activity state followed by a synaptic state
sensory memory
brief stage of processing information that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second
activity-silent working memory
changes in connectivity which last only a few seconds
Chunk
collection of elements strongly associated with one another
Chunking
combination of small units into larger ones
Phonological store
component that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds
persistence of vision
continued perception of light for a short time after the original stimulus has been extinguished
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) ___________ process in short-term memory.
control
Perseveration
difficulty in switching from one behavior to another
Delayed-Response task
function in which information is provided, a time-gap is imposed, and then memory is tested
change detection
identifying differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another
articulatory suppression
interference with memory by repetition of an irrelevant word during tasks requiring the phonological loop
articulatory rehearsal process
procedure involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying
partial report method
procedure whereby participants describe only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display
Decay
process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time
recall
process in which subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard
rehearsal
process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it
phonological similarity effect
reaction that occurs when letters or words that sound alike are confused
Memory
retaining, retrieving, and using information about various stimuli after the original information isn't present
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second.
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.
semantic
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
short-term memory.
Echoic memory
stage of processing auditory stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished
Iconic memory
stage of processing visual stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished
delayed partial report method
technique in which letters are flashed with a cue tone after a short delay
One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.
the central executive
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.
modal model of memory
theory that individuals process information through a series of stages
structural features
three types of memory that make up the modal model of memory
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
time
Mental rotation
turning of an image of an object in the mind
Visual imagery
type of mental representation in which a picture is experienced without a physical stimulus
short-term memory (STM)
mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time