Cog ch 5

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Working memory

limited-capacity system for temporary storage and manipulation of information for complex tasks such as learning

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they

may differ from one task to another.

digit span

measurement of the capacity for short term memory

control process

mechanism governable by a person and that may differ from one task to another

Episodic buffer

mechanism of memory that can store information, thereby increasing capacity

Central Executive

part of working memory that coordinates the activity of the other components

Visuospatial sketch pad

part of working memory that holds and processes pictures and dimensions

Phonological loop

part of working memory that holds and processes verbal and auditory information

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.

short-term

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of

short-term memory

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?

sensory

Visual icon

sensory memory of an image

Episodic buffer

"backup" store that communicates with both long-term memory and the components of working memory

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776?

1492 911 1776

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is

15-20 seconds or less

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?

A lion's roar at the zoo

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's ___________ can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.

Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?

Sensory, short-term, long-term

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?

Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?

The central executive and long-term memory

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves

a smaller response set

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________.

an activity state followed by a synaptic state

sensory memory

brief stage of processing information that holds information for seconds or fractions of a second

activity-silent working memory

changes in connectivity which last only a few seconds

Chunk

collection of elements strongly associated with one another

Chunking

combination of small units into larger ones

Phonological store

component that holds a limited amount of verbal and auditory information for a few seconds

persistence of vision

continued perception of light for a short time after the original stimulus has been extinguished

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n) ___________ process in short-term memory.

control

Perseveration

difficulty in switching from one behavior to another

Delayed-Response task

function in which information is provided, a time-gap is imposed, and then memory is tested

change detection

identifying differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another

articulatory suppression

interference with memory by repetition of an irrelevant word during tasks requiring the phonological loop

articulatory rehearsal process

procedure involved in working memory that keeps items in the phonological store from decaying

partial report method

procedure whereby participants describe only some of the stimuli in a briefly presented display

Decay

process by which information is lost from memory due to the passage of time

recall

process in which subjects are asked to report stimuli they have previously seen or heard

rehearsal

process of repeating a stimulus over and over, usually for the purpose of remembering it

phonological similarity effect

reaction that occurs when letters or words that sound alike are confused

Memory

retaining, retrieving, and using information about various stimuli after the original information isn't present

Information remains in sensory memory for

seconds or a fraction of a second.

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.

semantic

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your

short-term memory.

Echoic memory

stage of processing auditory stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished

Iconic memory

stage of processing visual stimuli lasting for a short time after a stimulus is extinguished

delayed partial report method

technique in which letters are flashed with a cue tone after a short delay

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory.

the central executive

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because

the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

modal model of memory

theory that individuals process information through a series of stages

structural features

three types of memory that make up the modal model of memory

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?

time

Mental rotation

turning of an image of an object in the mind

Visual imagery

type of mental representation in which a picture is experienced without a physical stimulus

short-term memory (STM)

mechanism that can hold a limited amount of information for a brief period of time


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