Cognitive Neuroscience Test 1

Damage to Brocas area (BA 44 and 45)

"patient tan" could only say the word tan, there were problems with word production but no damage to comprehension.

Action potential steps (6)

1. Gated Na+ channels open 2. Gated K+ channels open 3. Gated Na+ channels close (absolute refractory period) 4. K+ sill leaves cell, repolarizing (returning to resting potential) 5. Resting potential reached, gates reset (relative refractory period) 6. Extra K+ diffuses away

Criteria of a Neurotransmitter

1. Synthesize by and stored in presynaptic neuron 2. Released by presynaptic neuron when action potentials invade 3. Postsynaptic neuron must contain receptors for them 4. Artificially applying them to the postsynaptic neuron must elicit same reaction as a normal mode of transmission

Drugs that facilitate neurotransmission is called ____, while drugs that inhibit neurotransmission is called ____.

Agonists / Antagonists

Neuron Doctrine

All neurons are individual pieces of the brain but that are all connected and work together. (Ramon y Cajal)

Staining Technique

Allowed scientists to see neurons (Golgi)

Exitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs)

An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.

Temporal lobe

Auditory cortex

What school of thought in psychology dominated the first half of the 20th century (1900-1950s)?

Behaviorism

Ventral direction

Bottom portion of the brain, refers to the stomach

Parts of a neuron

Cell body (soma), Dendrites (receiving), Axon (delivery)

Relative Refractory period

Cells have reached original resting state, cell repolarizes, a new action potential can be generated but needs more energy than usual.

Communication between the 2 hemispheres of the brain occur mainly through the ____.

Corpus Callosum

BA 9 and 10

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (executive and working memory functioning)

Oligodendrocytes

Forms myelin sheath around the axons of the central nervous system

The Central Sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the ____ lobe from the ____ lobe.

Frontal / Parietal

Which structure in the brain is said to be responsible for the 4 F's (fight, flight, freeze, feeding)?

Hypothalamus

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

Imaging device which requires patients to be injected with radioactive isotopes

Frontal lobe

Motor movement

Absolute Refractory period

Na+ channels are closed, cell cannot general another action potential.

The 2 main classes of cells in the nervous system is.....

Neurons and Glial cells

BA 11 and 12

Orbitofrontal cortex (decision making)

Damage to Wernickes area (BA 22)

Patient could produce fluent language but it was "word salad" which made the level of comprehension questionable

Self-propagating response

Process where the signal dies and depolarizes a membrane to create a action potential

The neuron doctrine is usually credited to ____ who used a staining technique pioneered by ____.

Ramon y Cajal / Golgi

Which cells produce Myelin in the peripheral nervous system?

Schwann cells

Glial cells

Schwann, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes

Parietal lobe

Somatosensory cortex

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

Temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane-- occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to leave the cell or for chloride ions to enter the cell

Which structure in the diencephalon, made up of several nuclei, is referred to as the relay station of the human brain?

Thalamus

Occipital lobe

Visual cortex

The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period of time after firing action potentials, and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period is......

Voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated

All-or-none response

a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing

Basal ganglia

a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements

Superior

above

Posterior

behind

Inferior

below

Breakdown in the synaptic cleft

breaks neurotransmitters down so they can be used elsewhere

Pons

contains neural pathways that conduct signals from the lobes down to the cerebellum and medulla

Astrocytes

creates the Blood-Brain barrier between tissues of the central nervous system and the blood stream

Sagital section

cutting the brain in half by the length

Limbic system

emotional processing, learning, memory

Hypothalamus

feeding, fighting, fleeing, fornication, hormone control and regulation

Coronal section

frontal section, cutting the brain in half by the width

BA 37

fusiform gyrus (facial recognition and processing, maybe color)

Reuptake of a neurotramsmitter

gets taken back up by a receptor that released it and repackages

Cerebellum

heavily involved in motor control and cognitive functions damage to this can cause someone to walk like they are drunk

Anterior

in front of

BA 44 and 45

inferior frontal gyrus (brocas area or language production) left lateralized in right handed people

Medulla

involved heavily in ANS functioning, center for bodily control

Midbrain

low level vision and hearing, motor control

Electroencephalogram (EEG)

measures electrical activity generated by neurons in the brain

Function Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)

measures the increased blood flow related to increased neural activity in the brain

Magnetoencephalography (MEG)

measures the magnetic fields created by electrical activity

White matter

mostly on the inside portions of the brain containing axons and glial cells (carries signals)

Gray matter

mostly on the outside portions of the brain containing cell bodies (send signals)

Caudal direction

moving towards the back of the brain (occipital lobe)

Rostral direction

moving towards the front of the brain (frontal lobe)

BA 4

precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

BA 6

premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex (helps with primary motor cortex)

BA 41 and 42

primary and secondary auditory cortex (processing hearing info)

BA 3, 1, and 2

primary somatosensory cortex (ability to touch and feel) side of brain control opposite side of body

BA 17, 18, and 19

primary visual cortex, controls vision

Thalamus

sensory information except smell

Axial section

slicing the brain in half, looking straight down at the brain

BA 22

superior temporal gyrus and wernickes area (on the left of brain for right handed people) ability to comprehend language

Brodmann Areas

the cytoarchitectural or cellular structure of neurons, dendrites, axons, etc.

Diffusion of a neurotransmitter

they are carried away to another area to be used

Dorsal direction

top portion of the brain, refers to the back