Cognitive Neuroscience Test 1
Damage to Brocas area (BA 44 and 45)
"patient tan" could only say the word tan, there were problems with word production but no damage to comprehension.
Action potential steps (6)
1. Gated Na+ channels open 2. Gated K+ channels open 3. Gated Na+ channels close (absolute refractory period) 4. K+ sill leaves cell, repolarizing (returning to resting potential) 5. Resting potential reached, gates reset (relative refractory period) 6. Extra K+ diffuses away
Criteria of a Neurotransmitter
1. Synthesize by and stored in presynaptic neuron 2. Released by presynaptic neuron when action potentials invade 3. Postsynaptic neuron must contain receptors for them 4. Artificially applying them to the postsynaptic neuron must elicit same reaction as a normal mode of transmission
Drugs that facilitate neurotransmission is called ____, while drugs that inhibit neurotransmission is called ____.
Agonists / Antagonists
Neuron Doctrine
All neurons are individual pieces of the brain but that are all connected and work together. (Ramon y Cajal)
Staining Technique
Allowed scientists to see neurons (Golgi)
Exitatory Postsynaptic Potentials (EPSPs)
An electrical change (depolarization) in the membrane of a postsynaptic neuron caused by the binding of an excitatory neurotransmitter from a presynaptic cell to a postsynaptic receptor; makes it more likely for a postsynaptic neuron to generate an action potential.
Temporal lobe
Auditory cortex
What school of thought in psychology dominated the first half of the 20th century (1900-1950s)?
Behaviorism
Ventral direction
Bottom portion of the brain, refers to the stomach
Parts of a neuron
Cell body (soma), Dendrites (receiving), Axon (delivery)
Relative Refractory period
Cells have reached original resting state, cell repolarizes, a new action potential can be generated but needs more energy than usual.
Communication between the 2 hemispheres of the brain occur mainly through the ____.
Corpus Callosum
BA 9 and 10
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (executive and working memory functioning)
Oligodendrocytes
Forms myelin sheath around the axons of the central nervous system
The Central Sulcus is an anatomical landmark that separates the ____ lobe from the ____ lobe.
Frontal / Parietal
Which structure in the brain is said to be responsible for the 4 F's (fight, flight, freeze, feeding)?
Hypothalamus
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Imaging device which requires patients to be injected with radioactive isotopes
Frontal lobe
Motor movement
Absolute Refractory period
Na+ channels are closed, cell cannot general another action potential.
The 2 main classes of cells in the nervous system is.....
Neurons and Glial cells
BA 11 and 12
Orbitofrontal cortex (decision making)
Damage to Wernickes area (BA 22)
Patient could produce fluent language but it was "word salad" which made the level of comprehension questionable
Self-propagating response
Process where the signal dies and depolarizes a membrane to create a action potential
The neuron doctrine is usually credited to ____ who used a staining technique pioneered by ____.
Ramon y Cajal / Golgi
Which cells produce Myelin in the peripheral nervous system?
Schwann cells
Glial cells
Schwann, Oligodendrocytes, Astrocytes
Parietal lobe
Somatosensory cortex
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Temporary hyperpolarization of a membrane-- occurs when synaptic input selectively opens the gates for potassium ions to leave the cell or for chloride ions to enter the cell
Which structure in the diencephalon, made up of several nuclei, is referred to as the relay station of the human brain?
Thalamus
Occipital lobe
Visual cortex
The primary reason why neurons are refractory for a short period of time after firing action potentials, and the reason underlying the absolute refractory period is......
Voltage-gated sodium channels are inactivated
All-or-none response
a neuron's reaction of either firing or not firing
Basal ganglia
a set of subcortical structures that directs intentional movements
Superior
above
Posterior
behind
Inferior
below
Breakdown in the synaptic cleft
breaks neurotransmitters down so they can be used elsewhere
Pons
contains neural pathways that conduct signals from the lobes down to the cerebellum and medulla
Astrocytes
creates the Blood-Brain barrier between tissues of the central nervous system and the blood stream
Sagital section
cutting the brain in half by the length
Limbic system
emotional processing, learning, memory
Hypothalamus
feeding, fighting, fleeing, fornication, hormone control and regulation
Coronal section
frontal section, cutting the brain in half by the width
BA 37
fusiform gyrus (facial recognition and processing, maybe color)
Reuptake of a neurotramsmitter
gets taken back up by a receptor that released it and repackages
Cerebellum
heavily involved in motor control and cognitive functions damage to this can cause someone to walk like they are drunk
Anterior
in front of
BA 44 and 45
inferior frontal gyrus (brocas area or language production) left lateralized in right handed people
Medulla
involved heavily in ANS functioning, center for bodily control
Midbrain
low level vision and hearing, motor control
Electroencephalogram (EEG)
measures electrical activity generated by neurons in the brain
Function Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI)
measures the increased blood flow related to increased neural activity in the brain
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
measures the magnetic fields created by electrical activity
White matter
mostly on the inside portions of the brain containing axons and glial cells (carries signals)
Gray matter
mostly on the outside portions of the brain containing cell bodies (send signals)
Caudal direction
moving towards the back of the brain (occipital lobe)
Rostral direction
moving towards the front of the brain (frontal lobe)
BA 4
precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)
BA 6
premotor cortex and supplementary motor cortex (helps with primary motor cortex)
BA 41 and 42
primary and secondary auditory cortex (processing hearing info)
BA 3, 1, and 2
primary somatosensory cortex (ability to touch and feel) side of brain control opposite side of body
BA 17, 18, and 19
primary visual cortex, controls vision
Thalamus
sensory information except smell
Axial section
slicing the brain in half, looking straight down at the brain
BA 22
superior temporal gyrus and wernickes area (on the left of brain for right handed people) ability to comprehend language
Brodmann Areas
the cytoarchitectural or cellular structure of neurons, dendrites, axons, etc.
Diffusion of a neurotransmitter
they are carried away to another area to be used
Dorsal direction
top portion of the brain, refers to the back