Cognitive Psych Exam 2
Which of the following stimulus characteristics most challenges the processing capacity of short-term memory?
complexity
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her why did you run. You knew it was a risky move. Robin replied, but I heard you yell go go. The coach replied I was saying no no. Robbins ill-fated run was the result of a — error.
time
Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776
1492 911 1776
What is the typical duration of short-term memory?
15-20 seconds
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is
15-20 seconds or less
Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory?
A lion's roar at the zoo
A task with the instructions "Read the following words...
Articulatory supression
Explicit memory is to —; implicit memory is to —
Aware; unaware
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds?
BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY
I remember being really excited last year when my basketball team won the national championship. This statement is an example of what memory?
Episodic
A man suffering from Korsakoff syndrome would be able to perform which of the following activities without difficulty?
Identifying a photograph of his childhood home
Research suggests that the capacity of short term memory is
Machines would shut down for material resupply
The episodic buffered directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Ming is taking a memory test. She is more likely to recall the name of a popular singer if she had
attended the singer's concert last year with her boyfriend.
Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to
decay; interference
Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.
semantic
A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory.
short-term
Digit span is one measure of capacity of
short-term memory.
The primacy effect is attributed to
skill memories
Which term this reflects the core concepts of echoic memory?
time
Compared the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
A smaller response set
Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as...
Articulatory supression
Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory?
Episodic memory
The primary effect of chunking is to
Increase the efficiency of short term memory
Which of the following is not a conclusion from the case of HM, who had an operation to help alleviate his epileptic seizures?
LTMs are unaffected by damage to the hippocampus.
If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept?
Machines would shut down for material resupply.
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory
Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes?
Sensory
Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores?
Sensory, short-term, long-term
Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE?
Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.
Rehearsal is important of transferring information from
Short-term memory to long-term memory
The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory?
The central executive and long-term memory
Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory?
Time
According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model?
Workers and manager
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during
delay
The constructive episodic stimulation Hypothesis describes how are memories are connected to our
future
A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they
may differ from one task to another.
It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if
one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of
persistence of vision.
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory
prefrontal cortex
Information remains in sensory memory for
seconds or a fraction of a second
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.
Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is
somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.
One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory
the central executive
Brief sensory memory for sound is known as
echoic memory
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your
short-term memory
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light . This occurs because
the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second.
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because
the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.
Working memory differs from short-term memory in that
working memory is engaged in processing information.
The pre-dominant type of coding in long-term memory is
semantic
Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of
short-term memory.
A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following?
"I can see it in my mind's eye."
The propaganda affect demonstrates that we evaluate similar statements as being true
Simply because we have been exposed to them before
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following?
central executive
The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during Correct!
delay.
Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that
information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.
Cherry has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback but she is incorrect. Cherry is displaying
Perseveration
When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at a given time. This experience is an effective memory that occurs because of
Persistence of vision
Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory.
Prefrontal cortex
Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car?
Rehearsal in short-term memory
One function of — is to pull information out of long-term memory
The central executive
Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory.
control
Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying
perseveration
Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error.
phonological
The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called
working memory
Hippocampus
— is crucial for formation of LTM
Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refund and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text?
Replacing the short term memory component of the modal model with working memory
Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who
Short-term memory
On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ?
Activity
The primary effect (From the serial position curve experiment) Is associated with what memory?
Long term
