Cognitive Psychology. Ch 1 '

Dorsal attention network, 122

'A network that controls attention based on top-down processing. (4

Analytic Introspection p. 8

'A procedure used by early psychologists in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

Attenuation model of attention, 97

'Anne Treisman's model of selective attention that proposes that selection occurs in two stages. In the first stage, an attenuator analyzes the incoming message and lets through the attended message—and also the unattended message, but at a lower (attenuated) strength. (4)

Distraction, 95

'The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously. (4)

Divided attention, 95 .

'The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously. (4)

Neuropsychology p.18

'The study of the behavioral effects of brain damage in humans.

Structuralism p. 8

(Wundt) An approach to psychology that explained perception as the adding up of small elementary units called sensations.

High Load vs. Low Load

*High load is when you need a lot of attention——Difficult task *Low load is on easier tasks——Doesn't take as much attention

information processing

,The scene of a human sitting at a computer terminal, responding to stimuli flashed on the computer screen, would most likely be described as depicting a(n) _________ experiment.

Problems w/ Early Selection

- Notice own name (+ other salient info) - Follow message (Treisman)

Savings p. 8

.-Measure used by Ebbinghaus to determine the magnitude of memory left from initial learning. Higher savings indicate greater memory -

Overt attention, 103

.Shifting of attention by moving the eyes. Contrasts with Covert attention. (4)

Mackay (1975)

1) Attended Ear. ***Shadowed ambiguous sentences -They threw stones at the bank." 2)Unattended Ear ***,Clarification -"water" or "money"

Characteristics of Attention

1) Limited capacity2) Is NOT the same as awareness.*****(Preconscious processing.)***3) Attention takes time! selective, capable of being divided, limited

Types of Attention

1) selective, 2) divided, 3) sustained, 4) executive

Controlled Attention Processes

1)' Requires more attention, 2) On difficult tasks. 3) Occurs in serial. 4) Not ballistic.

selective attention

1.) Auditory Attention **Dichotic Listening **Shadowing 2) Visual Attention **Stroop Task

What year is usually cited as the "birthday" of cognitive science (pick the closest year)?

1956

Executive attention network

A cognitive system that is responsible for the kind of attention one uses when a task focuses on conflicting information,

Balint's syndrome, 121

A condition caused by brain damage in which a person has difficulty focusing attention on individual objects. (4)

Inhibitory control, 123

A mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli. Related to executive function, cognitive control and willpower. (4)

Willpower, 123

A mechanism involved in dealing with conflicting stimuli. Related to executive function, inhibitory control, and cognitive control. (4)

Late selection model of attention, 98

A model of selective attention that proposes that selection of stimuli for final processing does not occur until after the information in the message has been analyzed for meaning. (4)

Ventral attention network, 122

A network that controls attention based on stimulus salience. (4)

Executive functions, 123

A number of processes that involve controlling attention and dealing with conflicting responses. (4)

Scene schemas, 104

A person's knowledge about what is likely to be contained in a particular scene. This knowledge can help guide attention to different areas of the scene. For example, knowledge of what is usually in an office may cause a person to look toward the desk to see the computer. (3, 4)

Classical Conditioning p. 10

A procedure in which pairing a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that elicits a response causes the neutral stimulus to elicit that response

Precueing, 105

A procedure in which participants are given a cue that will usually help them carry out a subsequent task. This procedure has been used in visual attention experiments in which participants are presented with a cue that tells them where to direct their attention. (4)

lanker compatibility task

A procedure in which participants are instructed to respond to a target stimulus that is flanked, or surrounded, by distractor stimuli that they are supposed to ignore.The degree to which the distractor interferes with responding to the target is taken as an indication of whether the distractor stimuli are being processed.

Experience sampling, 113

A procedure that was developed to answer the question, "what percentage of the time during the day are people engaged in a specific behavior?" One way this has been achieved is by having people report what they are doing when they receive signals at random times during the day. (4)

Attentional capture, 95

A rapid shifting of attention, usually caused by a stimulus such as a loud noise, bright light, or sudden movement. (4)

Cognitive Revolution p. 13

A shift in psychology, beginning in the 1950s, from the behaviorist approach to an approach in which the main thrust was to explain behavior in terms of the mind. One of the outcomes of the cognitive revolution was the introduction of the information-processing approach to studying the mind.

Paradigm Shift p. 13

A shift in thinking from one paradigm to another.

Paradigm p. 13

A system of ideas, which guide thinking in a particular field.

The mind is

A system that creates representations of the world, so we can act on it to achieve goals Representations include perception, attention, memory, and more

Stroop Task

A task invented in which a subject sees a list of words (color terms) printed in an ink color that differs from the word named. The subject is asked to name the ink colors of the words in the list and demonstrates great difficult in doing so, relative to a condition in which non-color words form the stimuli

Low-load task, 99

A task that uses few resources, leaving some capacity to handle other tasks. (4)

High-load task, 99

A task that uses most or all of a person's resources and so leaves little capacity to handle other tasks. (4)

Attenuator Model

A theory of attention in which unattended stimuli are processed but at a reduced level relative to attended stimuli.

Focused attention stage, 119

A type of meditation in which the basic procedure is to focus on one thing, like the in and out of your breath, and when your mind wanders, to bring your attention back to your breath. (12)

Theories of Attention

A.Early Selection"Bottleneck" Theory (Broadbent)- Single ChannelB. Early Selection - Attenuator- Multiple Channels (Treisman)C. Late Selection- All Info is Processed

Theories of Attention

A.Early Selection"Bottleneck" Theory (Broadbent)- Single ChannelB. Early Selection - Attenuator- Multiple Channels (Treisman)C. Late Selection- All Info is ProcessedBUT IT DEPENDS ON COGNITIVE LOAD

preattentive

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage.

Late Selection

All in is Processed

Feature integration theory, 119

Anne Treisman An approach to object perception, developed by Anne Treisman, that proposes a sequence of stages in which features are first analyzed and then combined to result in perception of an object. (4)

Illusory conjunctions, 120

Anne Treisman, A situation, demonstrated in experiments by Anne Treisman, in which features from different objects are inappropriately combined. (4)

Preattentive stage, 119

Anne Treisman. The first stage of Treisman's feature integration theory, in which an object is analyzed into its features. (4)

Flanker Compatibility

Are all things that are 'unattended' equally processed?

Operant conditioning, 114

B. F. Skinner Type of conditioning championed by B. F. Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection. (1, 4)

Stimulus salience, 103

Bottom-up factors that determine attention to elements of a scene. Examples are color, contrast, and orientation. The meaningfulness of the images, which is a top-down factor, does not contribute to stimulus salience.***See also Saliency map. (4)Map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene. (4)

Early selection model, 96

Broadbent Model of attention that explains selective attention by early filtering out of the unattended message. In Broadbent's early selection model, the filtering step occurs before the message is analyzed to determine its meaning. (4)

Early Selection Theory

Broadbent, 1958 aka "Filter" model 1) environment: bottom-up 2) attention 3) .Processed in Memory

Bottleneck Theory

Broadbent- Single Channel

Late Selection Theory

Corteen & Wood 1) Environment 2) ATTENTION 3) Processed in Memory

More Evidence Against Selective Filter.

Corteen & Wood (1972)- Indirect Memory task (priming) 1) Learn words (some paired with shock) 2) Present words in unattended ear. 3) GSR increased when "shock" words were presented.

Change detection, 117

Detecting differences between pictures or displays that are presented one after another. (4, 5)

Change blindness, 117

Difficulty in detecting changes in similar, but slightly different, scenes that are presented one after another.The changes are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention. (4)

ambiguous sentences; unaware

Donald MacKay In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of ____ when they were ____ of that word.

Saccadic eye movement, 103

Eye movements from one fixation point to another. See also Fixation (in perception and attention). (4)

Components of Attention

Focus**Inhibition——-Blocking irrelevant information——-Older Adults & Cognitive Aging

Attention, 95

Focusing on specific features, objects, or locations or on certain thoughts or activities. (4)

Effective connectivity, 122

How easily activity can travel along a particular pathway between two structures. (4)

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

Imagine that U.S. lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

Filter, 96

In Broadbent's model of attention, the filter identifies the message that is being attended to based on its physical characteristics—things like the speaker's tone of voice, pitch, speed of talking, and accent—and lets only this attended message pass through to the detector in the next stage. (4)

once processing had become automatic

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

once processing had become automatic.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

Attenuator, 97

In Treisman's model of selective attention, the attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of physical characteristics, language, and meaning. Attended messages pass through the attenuator at full strength, and unattended messages pass through with reduced strength. (4

shadowing

In a dichotic listening experiment, ______ refers to the procedure that is used to force participants to pay attention to a specific message in one ear among competing messages in the other ear

Fixation, 103

In perception and attention, a pausing of the eyes on places of interest while observing a scene. (4)

Sensory store, 2) filter, 3) detector, 4) short-term memory

In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?

Sensory store, 2) selective filter 3) Higher level Processing 4) Working Memory

In the filter model of attention, the stages of information processing occur in which order?

Stroop effect, 101.

J. R. Stroop, An effect originally studied by J. R. Stroop, using a task in which a person is instructed to respond to one aspect of a stimulus, such as the color of ink that a word is printed in, and ignore another aspect, such as the color that the word names. The Stroop effect refers to the fact that people find this task difficult when, for example, the word RED is printed in blue ink. (4)

The use of the term "artificial intelligence" was coined by

John McCarthy

Saliency Map (103)

Map of a scene that indicates the stimulus salience of areas and objects in the scene. (4)

Filter model of attention, 95

Model of attention that proposes a filter that lets attended stimuli through and blocks some or all of the unattended stimuli. (4)

Visual scanning, 95

Movement of the eyes from one location or object to another. (4)

Inattentional blindness, 116

Not noticing something even though it is in clear view, usually caused by failure to pay attention to the object or the place where the object is located.***See also Change blindness. (4),Difficulty in detecting changes in similar, but slightly different, scenes that are presented one after another. The changes are often easy to see once attention is directed to them but are usually undetected in the absence of appropriate attention. (4)

Visual search, 116

Occurs when a person is looking for one stimulus or object among a number of other stimuli or objects. (4)

Inattentional deafness, 116

Occurs when inattention causesa person to miss an auditory stimulus. For example, experiments have shown that it is more difficult to detect a tone when engaged in a difficult visual search task. (4)

Synchronizations, 122

Occurs when neural responses become synchronized in time, so positive and negative responses occur at the same time and with similar amplitudes. It has been proposed that synchronization is a mechanism responsible for enhanced effective connectivity and enhanced communication between two areas that accompany shifts of attention. (4)

Same-object advantage, 107

Occurs when the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object, so that attention to one place on an object results in a facilitation of processing at other places on the object. (4)

Attentional warping, 109

Occurs when the map of categories on the brain changes to make more space for categories that are being searched for as a person attends to a scene. (4)

Scientific Revolution p. 13

Occurs when there is a shift in thinking from one scientific paradigm to another

Savings Curve p. 8

Plot of savings versus time after original learning.

Binding, 119

Process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create perception of a coherent object. (4)

Automatic processing, 110

Processing that occurs automatically, without the person's intending to do it, and that also uses few cognitive resources. Automatic processing is associated with easy or well-practiced tasks. (4)

Load theory of attention, 99

Proposal that the ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the load of the task the person is carrying out. High-load tasks result in less distraction. (4)

Simple Reaction Time p. 6

Reacting to the presence or absence of a single stimulus (as opposed to having to choose between a number of stimuli before making a response). See also Choice reaction time.

Problems w/ Attenuator

Recognition Test:

an inborn biological program

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

Perceptual load, 99

Related to the difficulty of a task. Low-load tasks use only a small amount of a person's processing capacity. High-load tasks use more of the processing capacity. (4)

Which of the following are the two primary categories of models in cognitive psychology?​

Structural models and process models

Late selection

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is best predicted by which of the following models of attention?

Mind p. 5

System that creates mental representations of the world and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning.

Brain Imaging p. 18

Technique such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that results in images of the brain that represent brain activity. In cognitive psychology, activity is measured in response to specific cognitive tasks

Electrophysiology p. 18

Techniques used to measure electrical responses of the nervous system

Artificial intelligence p. 15

The ability of a computer to perform tasks usually associated with human intelligence.

Selective attention, 95

The ability to focus on one message and ignore all others. (4)

The cocktail party effect is

The ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

Processing capacity, 99

The amount of information input that a person can handle. This sets a limit on the person's ability to process information. (4)

Information- Processing Approach p. 14

The approach to psychology, developed beginning in the 1950s, in which the mind is described as processing information through a sequence of stages.

Behaviorism p. 10

The approach to psychology, founded by John B. Watson, which states that observable behavior provides the only valid data for psychology. A consequence of this idea is that consciousness and unobservable mental processes are not considered worthy of study by psychologists.

Cognitive Psychology p. 6

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making. In short, cognitive psychology is concerned with the scientific study of the mind and mental processes

inferred from the participant's behavior

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

Cognition p. 6

The mental processes involved in perception, attention, memory, language, problem solving, reasoning, and decision making

Binding problem, 119

The problem of explaining how an object's individual features become bound together. (4)

Analytic Introspection (Wundt)

The procedure in which trained participants describe their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli presented under controlled conditions is known as

Dichotic listening, 95

The procedure of presenting one message to the left ear and a different message to the right ear. (4)

Shadowing, 95

The procedure of repeating a message out loud as it is heard. Shadowing is commonly used in conjunction with studies of selective attention that use the dichotic listening procedure. (4)

Attention

The process of selecting information for further processing

Oscar Wilde (1854-1900)

The secret of a good memory is attention, and attention to a subject depends upon our interest in it. We rarely forget that which has made a deep impression on our minds.'

Reaction Time (RT) p. 6

The time it takes to react to a stimulus. This is usually determined by measuring the time between presentation of a stimulus and the response to the stimulus. Examples of responses are pushing a button, saying a word, moving the eyes, and the appearance of a particular brain wave

Overt

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's _____ attention.

Mind wandering, 114

Thoughts that come from within a person, often unintentionally. In early research this was called daydreaming. (4)

Choice Reaction Time p. 10

Time to respond to one of two or more stimuli. For example, in the Donders experiment, subjects had to make one response to one stimulus and a different response to another stimulus.

Dictionary unit, 97

Treisman's attenuation model of attention. This processing unit contains stored words and thresholds for activating the words. The dictionary unit helps explain why we can sometimes hear a familiar word, such as our name, in an unattended message.***,See also Attenuation model of attention. (4)Anne Treisman's model of selective attention that proposes that selection occurs in two stages. In the first stage, an attenuator analyzes the incoming message and lets through the attended message—and also the unattended message, but at a lower (attenuated) strength. (4)

Early Selection-Attenuator Theory(aka "Selective Filter")

Treisman, 1960 1) Environment 2) ATTENTION 3) ATTENTION 4) Processed in Memory ***dictionaryUnit***

Early Selection - Attenuator

TreismanMultiple Channels

Operant Conditioning p. p. 11

Type of conditioning championed by B. F. Skinner, which focuses on how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval, or withdrawal of negative reinforcers, such as a shock or social rejection

IP supports the principle of behaviorism that behavior is a stimulus-response relationship

Which of the following does NOT characterize the information processing (IP) approach to the study of cognition?

close attention

Which of the following options would not be an important factor in automatic processing?

Binding

________ is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object.

The Attentional Blink

a brief period after perceiving a stimulus, during which it is difficult to attend to another stimulus

Cognitive Map p. 12

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment

late selection theory

a theory of attention proposed by Deutsch and Deutsch in which selection occurs at the response stage, after all incoming stimuli have been processed for meaning.

early selection theory

a theory of attention stating that serial bottlenecks occur early in information processing

Using behavior to infer mental processes is the basic principle of

cognitive psychology

Executive action network, 123

complex network that is involved in controlling executive functions. (4)

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

Dichotic listening occurs when

different messages are presented to the left and right ears

Scene schema is

knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

According to the behaviorists, only the study of ________ should be the emphasis of the science of psychology.

observable behavior

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind

The example at the beginning of the book, in which Raphael talks to his friend on a cell phone on his way to class, was used to illustrate how

several different cognitive processes can take place at one time

Donders' reaction time experiment was performed using stimuli in which of the following sensory modalities?

vision