COM 301 Quiz questions

Which of the following metaphors did Plato use to communicate his idea that one part of the soul should control the other two in order for the soul to enjoy peace and happiness?

A charioteer and his horses

Cicero's topical system consisted of two broad categories, attributions of the person and attributions of the

Act

Which of the following terms was the word Italian Humanists used for the source of emotions or passions in the human mind?

Affectus

In Burke's Dramatistic Pentad, the means by which someone performs an act would be the

Agency

Aristotle showed hesitancy to classify rhetoric and dialectic as exactly like other technai. What distinctive type of technai does he classify them as?

Arts of investigation and expression

translated classical rhetoric into the language of the Church

Augustine

"Rhetorical discourse, I shall argue, obtain[s] its character-as-rhetorical from the situation which generates it." Who wrote this?

Bitzer

one of the most influential proponents of rhetoric as situational and author of The Rhetorical Situation, emphasized identifying the exigence, or problem" that a rhetorical act is in response to.

Bitzer

Which of the following rhetoricians is seen as the bridge between Greek and late Roman culture, is credited as preserving the Greek and Roman topical system, and whose translation of Aristotle was the only one in Europe for five hundred years?

Boethius

Which of the following rhetoricians if famous for the dramatistic pentad, which analyzes the act, scene, agent, agency, and purpose?

Burke

In Plato's Gorgias, _____________________ redefines morality as following desire (hedone) rather that virtue (arete)

Callicles

Which of the following was the Sophist who believed in natural justice and said that "he who is better and more intelligent should rule and have the advantage over baser men"? To Plato, this Sophist represents the danger rhetoric poses to society by allowing people to think they are just while living unjustly.

Callicles

Chapter 6 outlines the 5 parts of a medieval letter. Which part secures the goodwill of the recipient?

Captatio benevoluntatiae

Which of the following rhetoricians was Europe's first professional female writer? She was largely self-educated, attracted a wide audience, wrote in French rather than Latin, and her most popular work was The Treasure of the City of Ladies which included an "outspoken defense of women."

Christine de Pisan

was outspoken in defense of women, particularly taking on the "woman hating" stories that were popular in the late Middle Ages.

Christine de Pisan

Which of the following was the name for the movement inspired by the Humanists that caused a resurgence of scholarly interest in languages and texts of classical antiquity?

Classicism

Which of the following was the name Quintilian gave to the part of a judicial speech that was designed to offer evidence to support the claims of the speech?

Confirmatio

Emperor ______ legalized Christianity for Romans in 313 CE

Constantine

Which of the following works did Cicero write when he was nineteen, was a collection of notes and musings on the art of oratory, and outlines his five canons of rhetoric?

De Inventione

Which type of rhetorical oratory does Aristotle say is concerned with actions, is future oriented, deals with questions of the best uses of resources, and is presented in the legislature to form laws?

Deliberative

oratory is concerned with actions, is future oriented, and deals with questions of the best use of resources.

Deliberative

did not see language simply as a system of signifying words, but rather as "a system of relations and oppositions" that must be continually defined.

Derrida

A method of teaching that involved training students to argue either side of a case:

Dialektike/dialectic

Letter writing or ______________ became a highly developed rhetorical art of composing official letters and other documents

Dictamen

One of the reasons Aristotle gives for rhetoric's usefulness is, "We must be able to employ persuasion on opposite sides of a question...in order that we may see clearly what the facts are." What Sophistic principle does this connect with?

Dissoi logoi

A mere belief or opinion

Doxa

Aristotle wrote that "Rhetoric is the faculty (________________: also capacity, power) of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion."

Dunamis

The theme that characterized Cicero's rhetorical career: the union of wisdom and

Eloquence

In the dialectical method, students started from statements termed __________________, or premises that were widely believed or taken to be highly probable

Endoxa

A rhetorical argument based on a premise shared by speaker and audience:

Enthymeme

Which type of oratory does Aristotle say deals with issues of praise and blame, sought to demonstrate what is honorable, and characterized public ceremonies such as funerals.

Epideictic

oratory deals with praise (epainos) and blame(psogos).

Epideictic

Aristotle describes ___________________ as "human character and goodness."

Ethos

Leith uses Simpson's character Troy McClure as an example of a _____________ appeal.

Ethos

Leith writes that the opening words of Mark Antony's "lend me your ears" speech in Julius Caesar is "covertly, an _________________ appeal par excellence: a position of the speaker in relation to the crowd."

Ethos

Which of the following is not a component of the artistic proof of ethos?

Eudaimonia

In Bitzer, "an imperfection marked by urgency;...a defect, an obstacle, something waiting to be done, a thing which is other than it should be."

Exigence

When thinking about the six parts of arrangement, the purpose of the ________________ is to put the audience into a receptive and attentive frame of mind.

Exordium

A ____________________is false reasoning that occurs when someone attempts to persuade without adequate evidence or with arguments that are irrelevant or inappropriate.

Fallacy

Aristotle (like Plato) felt that rhetoric was not really a true art.

False

By its very design, invitational rhetoric excludes members of marginalized groups that happen to be male.

False

Cicero believed that rhetoric, like all great arts, was most excellent when it was farthest removed from the mental capacity of the untrained, meaning he thought orators should avoid tailoring their rhetoric to the masses.

False

During the Renaissance period, rhetoric in England was banned for its connection with magic, as the Royal Society believed it was a way for rhetoricians to mislead and control the common people.

False

Many feminist rhetorical theorists have tried to distinguish the goals of a feminine rhetoric from other disenfranchised groups, arguing that feminine rhetorical goals should take precedent.

False

Plato considered rhetoric one of the true Greek techne or arts, and was one of the first philosophers to support the Sophists.

False

Plato defined rhetoric saying, "Rhetoric is the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion." Aristotle's Rhetoric is largely a counterargument against this definition.

False

Structuralism examines the "oppositions" embedded in a discourse to point out how concepts are invested with meaning by contrast.

False

The Romans were entranced by Greek culture and adopted many of their concepts and systems, especially the Athenian belief in democracy and that all free men should be politically equal.

False

The Second Sophistic marked rhetoric's prominence as a means of shaping policy and legislation in the Roman Empire.

False

The Sophists taught the Athenians that the ability to speak persuasively was a natural talent or a gift from the gods.

False

As the birthplace of democracy and as pioneers of the concept of equality, Athenians thought it was fair that the Sophists be paid for teaching how to speak persuasively.

Flase

At the end of the nineteenth century, interest in rhetorical theory was higher than it had been since its inception in ancient Greece.

Flase

Because most of the rhetorical secretaries in the Middle Ages were female, most letters in this era had a distinct feminine style in which male scribes had to conform to

Flase

Preaching in the Middle Ages focused on theological investigation, due to the fact that the majority of Europe was immersed in Christian culture and had an extensive knowledge of the Bible

Flase

Which type of oratory does Aristotle say deals with questions of justice, evaluates actions of the past, employs accusations or defense, and is usually delivered by lawyers in a court room?

Forensic

oratory reconstructs the past, rather than arguing about the future good of the city-state.

Forensic

One of ____________'s consuming interests is clearly evident in much of his writings over more than thirty years: the "central problem of power," its uses, and its relationship to discourse.

Foucault

"My indictment of our field of rhetoric spring from my belief that any intent to persuade is an act of violence."

Gearhart

Which Sophist believed that a rhetor was a psychagogas or a leader of souls through a kind of rhetorical magic or incantation?

Gorgias

is the discipline or science of textual interpretation.

Hermeneutics

Calling rhetoric "a mode of altering reality...by the creation of discourse which changes reality through the mediation of thought and action," Bitzer argued that a rhetorical situation is defined by three elements. Which of the following is NOT one of the three.

Ideology

In addition to identifying three technical or artistic proofs that make up the art of rhetoric, Aristotle also identifies several ________________________, things such as documents or 'testimony obtained under torture.'

Inartistic proofs

According to Sam Leith, "________________________ is doing your homework: thinking up in advance exactly what arguments can be made both for and against a given proposition, selecting the best on you own side and finding counter-arguments to those on the other."

Invention

The right of every free male citizen to have equal opportunity to speak freely in public settings and assemblies:

Isegoria

Which of the following attributes of rhetoric poses a problem for Augustine when trying to describe and talk about God?

It being a finite symbol system

were responsible for much of the resurgence of interest in the classical languages and rhetoric during the Renaissance.

Italian Humanists

Which of the following is the art that Socrates identifies as restoring health to a soul?

Justice

Our text notes three rhetorical arts in the early Middle Ages, preaching, __________ and poetry

Letter writing

In the 20th century, "_________________________, or the intellectual effort to apply scientific standards to the resolution of all issues, had apparently rendered rhetoric obsolete."

Logical positivism

Present at the beginning of the twentieth century,______________________________ was an intellectual effort to bring scientific standards to bear on the resolution of all issues.

Logical positivism

can simply mean a word, or it can refer in a plural sense to the words of a document or speech. It also carries the sense of a thought expressed in words, a discourse, an argument, or a case.

Logos

On the Sublime is a famous Roman rhetorical treatise written by __________________________that emphasizes the principles of good writing.

Longinus

Which of the following theorists was instrumental in the development of Postmodernism, wrote The Postmodern Condition, and thought people should question the concepts of reality, truth, and morality?

Lyotard

Which of the following rhetoricians was a late Renaissance woman who encouraged woman to seek social status through writing rather than beauty and is famous for developing a rhetorical theory centered on conversation?

Madame de Scudery

laid out a rhetoric of conversation (and also letter writing) for the salon culture in Renaissance France.

Madame de Scudery

Which of the following rhetoricians authored The Marriage of Philology and Mercury, a thoroughly pagan textbook which explored the seven liberal arts?

Martianus Capella

In figures of speech, ________________________ is comparing an object, person or idea to another apparently different object, person or idea.

Metaphor

In figures of speech, ______________________ is referring to an object by mentioning an associated item or person.

Metonymy

The Sophists were controversial for building a view of justice centered around which of the following?

Nomos: social custom or convention; rule by agreement among citizens

Which of the following is the name of the movement Isocrates advocated for that sought for the Greek city-states to join together as one country?

Pan-Hellenism

In figures of speech, __________________________ is raising an issue or question by cursory or glancing reference to it, or by a conspicuous omission.

Paralepsis

Anger, shame, fear, pity are all emotions related to

Pathos

Chapter 6 outlines the 5 parts of a medieval letter. Which part reveals the specific request or demand

Petitio

was an expert in Roman history and culture and assembled the largest private collection of Roman manuscripts in his day.

Petrarch

Which of the following Humanists shaped the Neoplatonist movement, wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man, and similar to Gorgias saw rhetoric as magic and a way to control and alter reality.

Pico dlla Mirandola

Aristotle was a student at ___________________'s Academy.

Plato

In Plato's Gorgias, _________________ is a young and stubborn defender of rhetoric as "the noblest of arts."

Polus

Which of the following was the Sophist whose name meant "colt" and in Plato's Gorgias represented the generation of young men that were infatuated with the Sophists, seeing rhetoric as a path to fame and wealth?

Polus

thought questions both reason and progress, and rejects what Jean-Francois Lyotard termed "meta-narratives," those grand explanatory schemes such as Christianity or capitalism that claim to account for the entirety of human history and the human condition.

Postmodern

Which of the following is alleged to have been the first to charge for lectures, is considered by some to be the first of the Greek Sophists, and is famous for the maxim, "man is the measure of all things; of things that are not, that they are not; of things that are, that they are."?

Protagoras

Which of the following terms was used by both Gorgias and Plato to describe a view of rhetoric as an art of "influencing the soul"?

Psychagogia

is perhaps best known in the history of rhetoric for defining rhetoric as the art of the good citizen speaking well.

Quintilian

Which of the following was the part of a letter that was crucial for gaining a hearing, establishing the correct relationship, and receiving a disproportionate amount of attention?

Salutatio

's lyrical poetry centers on passion and love for various personages and both genders.

Sappho

was a closed and authoritarian approach to education centered on disputation over a fixed body of premises largely derived from the teachings of Aristotle

Scholasticism

The Latin word _____________________ literally means "council of elders."

Senatus

Isolated statements from ancient sources are also known as

Sententiae

Which of the following was the name for the isolated statements from ancient authors, such as Aristotle, that were used for teaching in medieval education but lost their original meaning without proper context?

Sententiae

Plato was a student of

Socrates

Burke's Dramatistic Pentad involves 5 elements. Which of the following is NOT one of them.

Staging

A __________________________ is a deductive argument moving from a general premise, through a particular application of that premise, to a specific and necessary conclusion.

Syllogism

In figures of speech, ________________________ is the use of the whole to represent a part, or part for whole.

Synecdoche

Arguments against rhetoric are as old as the study of rhetoric itself. In his comic play _________________________, Aristophanes lampooned rhetoric as the art of weak reasoning, "which by false arguments triumphs over the strong."

The Clouds

Rhetoric can be defined as:

The systematic study and intentional practice of symbolic expression, The study of how we organize and employ language effectively, and The energy inherent in emotion and thought expressed through systems of signs

Which of the following options expresses the three functions Cicero assigns to oratory?

To teach, to delight, and to persuade

which literally means "place," came eventually to mean a location for an argument, and then a line of argument or type of argument that could be used in making a case.

Topos

Although there was considerable opposition to women actually speaking in public during the Renaissance, some women gained reputations for their public oratory.

True

Aristotle believed that both rhetoric and dialectic began with endoxa, or widely accepted ideas.

True

Aristotle felt like rhetoric helped answer specific issues while dialectic was better at answering more general questions.

True

Aristotle found deliberative oratory to be the best model for all rhetoric.

True

Because Postmodernism was a reaction against Structuralism it is sometimes called Post-structuralism.

True

Cicero believed there was "great and frequent utility" in humor, but that an orator must be careful not to look foolish, or to make light of topics the audience considers serious.

True

Digital rhetorics represent a combination of a rhetoric of display with traditional textual presentations of rhetoric.

True

Early Christianity gradually grew from Judaism during the first two centuries and established itself as a predominantly gentile religion in the Roman Empire

True

For Foucault, discourse was inseparable from knowledge, and determined the way in which power operated within a society

True

For Lloyd Bitzer, the rhetorical audience is only comprised of those who are capable of being influenced by discourse and capable of being mediators of change.

True

Greeks during Aristotle's time did not make a sharp distinction between reason and emotion, causing Aristotle to see emotions not as irrational impediments to decision making, but instead as rational responses to certain circumstances.

True

Greeks during Aristotle's time did not make a sharp distinction between thinking and speaking, meaning that words almost always implied oral expression.

True

Habermas believed that no aspect of human endeavor - whether philosophy, science, art, or politics - is rationally pure.

True

Letters during the Middle Ages were expected to be read aloud to an audience, and therefore were constructed with a focus on rhythm and sound in order to appeal to the ear

True

Many of the Sophists had traveled broadly, believed in a cultural relativism, and were skeptical about a divine source of knowledge or value.

True

One of the defining characteristics of contemporary rhetoric is that scholars have emphasized rhetoric as situational and focus on the underlying structures of rhetoric in cultural contexts.

True

One of the legacies of the Italian Humanists is that their interest in secular history introduced a study of history into schools that used historical writings that did not depend on arguments of divine intervention.

True

Quintilian believed that an accomplished orator was necessarily a good citizen using their rhetorical powers for the benefit of Rome, and that someone of poor moral character could not fake eloquence.

True

Rhetoric was incredibly prominent in Renaissance education, with over 2,500 books on rhetoric published during this time period students commonly learned systemized rhetorical theories and terms.

True

Sophists claimed they could teach how to control audiences through speech, aspects of leadership, and careful management of one's resources.

True

The barbarian invasion and the rise of Christian Church led to a dismantling and fragmentation of the classical rhetorical tradition during the early Middle Ages

True

When Augustine taught as a professor of rhetoric in Milan, the rhetoric he taught was based on Cicero and the Second Sophistic, emphasizing delivery and style over substance

True

Which of the following was the term used by Humanists to describe the ideal type of educated person, who represented a true orator grounded in wisdom and skilled in eloquence?

Uomo universale

"_________ to Romans was "gained through practical experience, expert knowledge, and a sense of responsibility in both private and public life."

Wisdom

Habermas was deeply changed by his experience of

World War II

Which of the following is NOT one of the terms Cicero uses to highlight the planned nature of rhetoric?

accio

In his preface, Sam Leith defines argumentum ad populum as

an appeal to the wisdom of the crowd

The word rhetor can be defined as:

anyone engaged in preparing or presenting rhetorical discourse

Which of the following was the name Michel Foucault gave to the process of discovering possibilities of rational thought for a particular time period by investigating its discourse and set of social rules?

archaeology of knowledge

Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's theory of ___________________________ is perhaps the best developed analysis of this topic in contemporary rhetorical theory.

audience

For Habermas, _________________________________ is the interactive process of critical argumentation which is key to overcoming problems of ideological domination.

communicative action

Roman politicians were expected to address gatherings of citizens--___________________--in the Forum, and the response of such groups was important to shaping policy.

confío

To express a state of identification, Kenneth Burke uses the term ____________________________, which he borrowed from theology, to communicate human's desire for a commonality of substance.

consubstantiality

A systematic means of analyzing discourse for its hidden assumption and implications

critical theory

Used in exposing ideologies, _________________________________ is the systematic analysis of discourse in order to reveal its hidden assumptions and implications.

critical theory

A recent development in rhetorical theory is the rhetoric of ________________________, which is a movement that analyzes the visual aspects of rhetoric.

display

Perelman and Obrechts-Tytca's starting points of argumentation connect with which of following concepts of Aristotle?

endoxa

Michel Foucault uses the term______________ to represent the totality of discursive practices for a society within a defined period of time.

episteme

To the Ancient Greeks, true knowledge was defined as

episteme

As an Athenian, Plato was a strong advocate for democracy, and believed that rhetoric took power away from the demos or people.

false

Concerns about the ethical implications of rhetorical persuasion have only recently developed and are largely due to its use in the political arena.

false

In Gorgias, Socrates convinces Gorgias and Callicles, but not Polus to give up practicing rhetoric and to seek true justice through philosophy.

false

The term rhetorical refers to only language and symbol systems; areas such as architecture and sports are not considered rhetorical.

false

Which of the following terms does Ernest Bormann define as the basic plots which are repeated in group or organizational stories?

fantasy types

"Rome was a patriarchy, and power in the Roman Republic usually belonged to men fortunate enough to belong to a __________________ or clan."

gens

Aspasia, a rare example of a female rhetorician, was a ______________________, or educated courtesan

hataera

Sonja Foss and Cindy Griffin outline a form of________________________ rhetoric, in which the goal of rhetoric is not persuasion, but instead is focused on audiences entering the world of the rhetor and making their own evaluative decisions.

invitational

Under the doctrine of ___________________, the truth depended on a careful consideration of all factors surrounding an event, including time, opportunity, and circumstances

kairos

Which of the following is the term Jean-Francois Lyotard uses to describe grand explanatory schemes that claim to account for the entirety of human history and the human condition?

meta-narratives

rule by agreement among citizens

nomos

Always concerned with power, Michel Foucault coined the term _________________to describe the phenomenon of an increase in constant surveillance by those in power within society. This term is derived from a type of prison design.

panopticism

Plato's views in Gorgias and Phaedrus point to the long rivalry between rhetoric and

philosophy

Walter Fisher's concept of practical wisdom as a means for communities to determine values and understand justice relates to which of the following classic rhetorical concepts?

phronesis

the law or rule of nature under which the strong dominate the weak

physis

In Phaedrus, ______________________ uses the the famous "myth of the charioteer" to illustrate the relationships among the three parts of the human soul.

plato

was an aristocrat and tended to believe that leadership should be limited to a small elite group of "philosopher kings"

plato

Ancient Greeks referred the the city-state as the

polis

Which of the following in ancient Greece would be categorized as a poieses or one of the productive arts?

pottery

"Some educated people in the early Middle Ages viewed the classical tradition with suspicion; the Greek and Roman classics were, after all,

products of a pagan past

Which of the following is the function of language Richard Leo Enos finds in Homeric writings that deals with language's ability to "'turn' or direct human thought."?

protreptic

is an intellectual movement that argues that gender is not fixed, but instead is a socially constructed. This movement emphasizes the symbolic construction of the self and investigates how this occurs within our social existence.

queer theory

"Romans placed less value in the opinion of the individual citizen than in the collective response of the citizenry, the

res publica

In everyday use, _________________________ is often synonymous with empty talk or deception.

rhetoric

Herrick Chapter 1 describes 6 distinguishing features of rhetorical discourse. Which feature describes rhetoric's use when we are "faced with practical questions about matters that confront everyone, and about which there are no definite and unavoidable answers."

rhetoric addresses contingent issues

After many instances of racial discrimination are covered in the news, a theater company decides to put on a performance in which a plea for racial harmony is advanced. Which attribute of rhetoric is highlighted from this example?

rhetoric as responsive

Herrick Chapter 1 also discusses 6 social functions of the art of rhetoric. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. and his use of rhetoric in the Civil Rights Movement is used to illustrate which of the following social functions of rhetoric in Chapter 1?

rhetoric builds community

Herrick Chapter 1 describes 6 distinguishing features of rhetorical discourse. Which of these is most associated with identification.

rhetoric is adapted to an audience

Herrick Chapter 1 discusses 6 social functions of the art of rhetoric. When we hear a journalist ask a politician tough questions about the politician's plan to provide stimulus checks during the COVID-19 pandemic, exploring arguments for and against the plan, we can see which social function of rhetoric in action?

rhetoric tests ideas

An authority, an expert, a teacher:

sophistes

Which of the following was the focus of a system developed by Cicero to discover arguments by identifying where points of conflict or disagreement would take place in a case or debate?

stasis

was an early twentieth century movement in in discourse studies which affirmed the presence of underlying structures or "grammars" in myths and other narrative forms.

structuralism

Burke's definition of rhetoric. Garnering cooperation by the strategic use of symbols.

symbolic inducement

A true art or discipline (according to the Ancient Greeks)

techne

Burke used the term _____________________________to describe the fact that every language or choice of words becomes a filter through which we see the world.

terministic screens

Which of the following terms does Perelman and Obrechts-Tyteca use to describe the type of audience that can act like a larger audience and test ideas by advancing counterarguments, raising objections, and asking for clarifications?

the audience of one

Which of the following models does Sally Miller Gearhart say characterizes the male oriented rhetorical tradition, and which she finds fundamentally violent?

the conversion model

Which of the following is not one of the conditions of communicative competence Habermas outlines in order to produce rational communication in the public sphere?

the listener critiques the speaker's claim

Perleman and Obrechts-Tyteca divide the starting points of argumentation into two categories; the first category is "the real," which of the following is the second category of starting points that deals with commonly held values and value hierarchies?

the preferable

law derived from the authority of kings

thesmos

The common thread that holds the rhetorical theorizing of Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca and Habermas together is

thinking about the conditions under which arguments are equitable and rational

In Gorgias, many scholars see Plato's writing as using rhetorical arguments to point out the dangers of practicing rhetoric.

true

Issues of power and its distribution have always been central to rhetorical theory

true

One social function of rhetoric is that it brings new facts to light through the clash of arguments.

true

Opinion about rhetoric has always been divided.

true

Rhetoric only addresses issues that need deliberation or issues in which a case can be made for one side and against another.

true

Sam Leith writes that rhetoric is a field of knowledge, but is primarily a practical skill.

true

The earliest use of the Greek term rhetorike, from which we get the word rhetoric, is found in Gorgias, leading some to believe that Plato coined the term.

true

Using Sarah Palin as an example, Leith writes that being anti-rhetoric is just another rhetorical strategy.

true

Which of the following is not one of the five sources of great writing outlined in On the Sublime?

understanding of audience

The _______________________________________ is Perelman and Olbrechts-Tyteca's imagined audience of highly rational individuals that is used to test the reasonableness of arguments and transcend local and personal biases.

universal audience

Using the hypothetical example of Tony (who has venereal disease and halitosis, poor thing), Leith is able to illustrate what about rhetoric?

utterances become more or less rhetorical based on the context in which they are spoken

Petrarch and other Renaissance Humanists advocated the ______________________ or life of political and civic involvement.

vita activa

Which of the following is NOT considered one of the 6 social functions of rhetoric?

wealth is distributed