Comm 2110 Final Vocab Terms

main points

the major points developed in the body of a speech

sponsoring organization

An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identifies author, is responsible for the content of a document on the internet

cliche

a trite or overused expression

What are the six demographic traits of audiences discussed in this chapter? Why is each important to audience analysis?

(1) age; (2) gender; (3) religion; (4) sexual orientation; (5) group membership; (6) racial, ethnic, or cultural background

What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech? What implications does this mental give-and-take hold for effective persuasive speaking?

- As they listen, audience members assess the speaker's credibility, delivery, supporting materials, and language. They may argue, inside their own minds, with the speaker. - When preparing the speech, speakers try to put themselves in the place of the audience and imagine how they will respond.

What is causal reasoning? Why is the relationship between causes and effects not always clear?

- Causal reasoning tries to establish the relationship between causes and effects. - The fact that one event happens after another does not mean that the first is the cause of the second.

What is credibility? What two factors exert the most influence on an audience's perception of a speaker's credibility?

- Credibility is the audience's attitude toward or perception of the speaker - A speaker's credibility is affected by two primary factors - competence and character.

What is evidence? Why do persuasive speakers need to use evidence?

- Evidence consists of examples, statistics, and testimony used to prove or disprove something. - Careful listeners are skeptical of unsupported claims and generalizations. Strong evidence is particularly important when the speaker is not recognized as an expert on the topic and when the target audience opposes the speaker's point of view.

What are the 10 logical fallacies discussed in this chapter?

- Hasty generalization, false cause, invalid analogy, bandwagon, red herring, ad hominem, either-or, slippery slope, appeal to tradition, appeal to novelty.

What are the differences among initial credibility, derived credibility, and terminal credibility?

- Initial credibility is the audience;s perception of a speaker before the speech begins. - Derived credibility is produced by everything a speaker says and does during the speech. - Terminal credibility is the audience's perception of the speaker at the end of the speech.

What is reasoning from principle? How is it different from reasoning from specific instances?

- Reasoning from principle involves moving from a general principle to a specific conclusion. - It is exact opposite of reasoning from specific instances.

What is reasoning from specific instances? Why is it important to supplement reasoning from specific instances with testimony or statistics?

- Reasoning from specific instances involves progressing from a number of particular facts to a general conclusion. - Because you can never give enough specific instances in a speech to make your conclusion irrefutable, you should supplement them with testimony or statistics.

What are three ways you can enhance your credibility during your speeches?

- Speakers can enhance their credibility by explaining their competence, establishing common ground with the audience, and delivering speeches fluently, expressively, and with conviction.

What are questions of value? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of value.

- Specific Purpose statement - To persuade my audience that bicycle riding is the ideal form of land transportation

What are questions of policy? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

- Specific Purpose statement: - To persuade my audience to participate in alternate spring break

What are questions of fact? How does a persuasive speech on a question of fact differ from an informative speech? Give an example of a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of fact?

- The aim of an informative speech is to give information as impartially as possible, not to argue a particular point of view- Specific Purpose Statement: - To persuade my audience that an earthquake of 9.0 or above an the Richter scale will hit California in the next ten years.

What are the 5 steps of Monroe's motivated sequence?

- The five steps of Monroe's motivated sequence are: - Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action.- It is useful because it is psychologically based.

What four methods of organization are used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

- The four methods of organization used most often in persuasive speeches on questions of policy are: problem -solution order, problem-cause-solution order, comparative advantages order, and Monroe's motivated sequence.

Explain the difference between passive agreement and immediate action as goals for persuasive speeches on questions of policy.

- The goal of passive agreement is to convince the audience without encouraging the audience to take action - The goal of immediate action is convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

What is the target audience for a persuasive speech?

- The target audience is the part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach his or her message

What are three basic issues you must deal with when discussing a question of policy? What will determine the amount of attention you give to each of these issues in any particular speech?

- The three basic issues you must address on questions of policy are need, plan, and practicality - The amount of attention you give to each of these issues will depend on the topic and audience

What is the role of emotional appeal in persuasive speaking? Identify three methods you can use to generate emotional appeal in your speeches.

- Three ways to generate emotional appeal are to use emotionally charged language, vivid examples, and speak with sincerity and conviction.

What is analogical reasoning? Why is analogical reasoning frequently used in persuasive speeches on questions of policy?

- When arguing for a new policy, you should find out whether it has been tried elsewhere. You may be able to claim that your policy will work because it has worked in like circumstances.

How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?

1. Organizing your thoughts logically 2. Tailoring your message to your audience 3. Telling a story for maximum impact 4. Adapting to listener feedback

What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech? Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?

- an informative speech is designed to convey knowledge and understanding, whereas persuasive speeches often deal with cont reversal topics that involved basic attitudes, values, and beliefs - Some listeners are so committed to their own ideas that they cannot be persuaded to the speaker's point of view

What is the fundamental purpose of a commemorative speech? Why does a successful commemorative speech depend so much on the creative and subtle use of language?

-Not to inform but to inspire your audience-A commemorative speech is like an impressionist painting, because its designed to capture a mood and a moment.

What is the main theme of a speech of presentation? Depending on the audience and occasion, what two other themes might you include in such a speech?

-Tell the audience why the recipient is receiving the award 1. If the audience is not familiar with the award, you should explain it briefly 2. If the award was won in a public competition and the audience knows who the losers are, you might take a moment to praise the losers

What are four aspects of bodily action you should concentrate on in your speeches?

1. Personal appearance 2. Movement 3. Gestures 4. Eye contact

active listening

Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view

What is a preview statement? Why should you nearly always include a preview statement in the introduction of your speech?

1. A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body. 2. It helps the audience listen effectively and provides a smooth lead-in to the body of the speech.

What steps should you take when preparing for a question-and-answer session? What should you concentrate on when responding to questions during the session?

1. A) Formulate answers to possible questions B) Practice the delivery of your answers 2.A) Approach questions with a positive attitude B) Listen carefully C) Direct answers to the entire audience D) Be honest and straightforward E) Stay on track

What are three criteria for evaluating the soundness of research materials that you find on the Internet?

1. Authorship 2. Sponsorship 3. Recency

What are the three stages of a research interview? What should you do in each stage to help ensure a successful interview?

1. Before the interview: A) Define the purpose of the interview B) Decide whom to interview C) Arrange the interview D) Decide whether to record the interview E) Prepare your questions 2. During the interview: A) Dress appropriate and be on time B) Repeat the purpose of the interview C) Set up the recorder if you are using one D) Keep the interview on track E) Listen carefully F) Don't overstay your welcome 3. After the interview: A) Review your notes as soon as possible B) Transcribe your notes

What are the three major traits of a good acceptance speech?

1. Brevity 2. Humility 3. Graciousness

What are the three kinds of examples discussed in this chapter? How might you use each kind to support your ideas?

1. Brief example: to illustrate a point or pile up to create a desired impression. 2. Extend example: to pull listeners into the speech by telling a short story vividly and dramatically. 3. Hypothetical example: describing an imaginary situation and making it realistic, relatable, able to involve the audience.

What are the three purposes of a speech of introduction? What guidelines should you follow in preparing such a speech?

1. Build enthusiasm for the upcoming speaker 2. Build enthusiasm for the speakers topic 3. Establish a welcoming climate that will boost the speakers credibility———————————- 1. Be brief 2. Make sure your remarks are completely accurate 3. Adapt your remarks to the occasion 4. Adapt your remarks to the main speaker 5. Adapt your remarks to the audience 6. Try to create a sense of anticipation and drama

What technology factors should you consider when giving a real-time online speech?

1. Choosing the software 2. Learning the software

What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech? Which are appropriate for informative speeches? Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?

1. Chronological order (informative) 2. Spatial order (informative) 3. Causal order (informative or persuasive) 4. Problem-solution order (persuasive) 5. Topical order (used most often)

What guidelines are given in the chapter for effective online speaking?

1. Control the visual environment 2. Adapt your nonverbal communication 3. Adjust your pacing 4. Don't forget your audience 5.Practice

What are two ways you can signal the end of your speech?

1. Crescendo ending- a conclusion in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity 2. Dissolve ending- a conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

What are the elements of good speech delivery?

1. Directness 2. Spontaneity 3. Animation 4. Vocal and facial expressiveness 5. Lively sense of communication

What guidelines are given in the chapter for presenting visual aids?

1. Display visual aids where listeners can see them. 2. Avoid passing visual aids among the audience. 3. Display visual aids only while discussing them. 4. Explain visual aids clearly and concisely 5. Talk to your audience not to powerpoint. 6. Practice with your visual aids. 7. Check the room and equipment.

What factors should you consider when planning to use powerpoint in a speech?

1. Figure out when it will be used for your greatest advantage. 2. Don't use as a crutch 3. Bad pictures/videos can hurt 4. Don't forget about the audience

What two major steps are discussed in this chapter for developing your introductory speech?

1. Focusing your topic 2. Developing your topic

What are the four objectives of a speech introduction?

1. Get the attention and interest of the audience 2. Reveal the topic of your speech 3. Establish your credibility and goodwill 4. Preview the body of the speech

What are the five steps you should follow when practicing your speech delivery?

1. Go through your preparation outline aloud to check how what you have written translates into spoken discourse. 2. Prepare your speaking outline. 3. Practice the speech aloud several times using only the speaking outline. 4. Begin to polish and refine your delivery. 5. Give your speech a dress rehearsal under conditions as close as possible to those you will face in class.

When organizing your introductory speech, you should divide it into what three sections?

1. Introduction 2. Body 3. Conclusion

What three brainstorming methods can you follow if you are having trouble choosing a topic for your speech?

1. Inventory- Hobbies, Interest 2. Clustering 3. Internet

What are six tips for your introduction?

1. Keep it brief 2. Look for possible introductory materials while you research 3. Be creative 4. Don't worry about the exact wording until you finished preparing the body of the speech 5. Work out the introduction in detail 6. When presenting, don't start talking too soon

What are three tips for preparing your main points?

1. Keep main points separate 2. Try to use the same patter or wording for main points 3. Balance the amount of time devoted to main points

What are five resources for finding what you need in the library?

1. Librarians 2. The catalogue 3. Reference works 4. Newspaper and periodical databases 5. Academic databases

What are four tips for your conclusion?

1. Look for possible concluding materials as you research and develop your speech 2. Conclude with a bang, not a whimper 3. Don't be long-winded 4. Don't leave anything in your conclusion to chance

In what ways is public speaking likely to make a difference in your life?

1. Most essential skill in the workplace 2. Civic engagement 3. Verbal communication skills

What is nonverbal communication? Why is it important to effective public speaking?

1. Nonverbal communication is based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words. 2. Effective delivery conveys the speaker's ideas clearly, engagingly, and without distracting then audience.

What kind of visual aids might you use in a speech?

1. Objects and Models 2. Photographs and Drawings 3. Graphs 4. Charts 5. Video 6. You the Speaker 7. Powerpoint

What guidelines are given in the chapter for preparing visual aids?

1. Prepare visual aids well in advance 2. Keep visual aids simple 3. Make sure large enough 4. Use limited text 5. Use fonts effectively 6. Use color effectively 7. Use images strategically

How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?

1. Public speaking Is more highly structured 2. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery 3. Public speaking requires more formal language

What are four tips for using testimony in your speeches?

1. Quote or paraphrase accurately 2. Use testimony from qualified sources 3. Use testimony from unbiased sources 4. Identify the people you quote or paraphrase

What are the four methods of speech delivery?

1. Reading verbatim from a manuscript 2. Reciting a memorized text 3. Speaking impromptu 4. Speaking extemporaneously

What steps should you take when rehearsing your first speech?

1. Rehearse out loud 2. Ask family or friends to listen and to give constructive feedback 3. Time your speech 4. Keep practicing even if you mess up

What are eight methods you can use in the introduction to get the attention and interest of your audience?

1. Relate the topic to the audience 2. State the importance of your topic 3. Startle the audience 4. Arouse the curiosity of the audience 5. Question the audience 6. Begin with a quotation 7. Tell a story 8. Use visual aids

What steps can you take to control the visual environment in an online speech?

1. Setting 2. Lighting 3. Framing 4. Eye Contact 5. Personal Appearance

What are the major functions of a speech conclusion?

1. Signal the end of the speech 2. Reinforce the central idea 3. Strong final statement

What five elements of speech delivery are discussed in this chapter with regard to presenting your first speech?

1. Starting your speech 2. Gestures 3. Eye contact 4. Voice 5. Dealing with nerves

What are four ways to reinforce the central idea when concluding your speech?

1. Summarize your speech 2. End with a quotation 3. Make a dramatic statement 4. Refer to the introduction

What four things should you do to take research notes efficiently?

1. Take plenty of notes 2. Record notes in a consistent format 3. Make a separate entry for each note 4. Distinguish among direct quotes, paraphrases, and your own ideas

What four pieces of information do you usually need to provide when making oral source citations in a speech?

1. The book, magazine, newspaper, or web document you are citing 2. The author or sponsoring organization of the document 3. The author's qualifications with regard to the topic 4. The date on which the document as published, poster, or updated.

What are four kinds of speech connective? What role does each play in the speech?

1. Transitions: used to indicate when a speaker has just completed one thought and is moving on to another. 2. Internal previews: let the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next, more detailed then transitions. 3. Internal summary: used to remind listeners of what they just heard. 4. Signpost: brief statements that indicate exactly where you are in the speech or that focus attention on key ideas.

What eight steps should you take if you are faced with presenting an online speech?

1. Understand the special nature of the online environment 2. Know your technology 3. Control the visual environment 4. Adapt your nonverbal communication 5. Adjust your pacing for the online environment 6. Manage Q&A for the online environment 7. Rehearse for the online environment 8. Have a backup plan

What are five tips for using examples in your speeches?

1. Use examples to clarify your ideas 2. Use examples to reinforce your ideas 3. Use examples to personalize your ideas 4. Make your examples vivid and richly textured 5. Practice delivery to enhance your extended examples

What are six tips for using statistics in your speeches?

1. Use statistics to quantify your ideas 2. Use statistics sparingly 3. Identify the sources of your statistics 4. Explain your statistics 5. Round off complicated statistics 6. Use visual aids to clarify statistical trends

What are the eight aspects of voice usage you should concentrate on in your speeches?

1. Volume 2. Pitch 3. Rate 4. Pauses 5. Vocal variety 6. Pronunciation 7. Articulation8. Dialect

What are five questions to ask about your specific purpose?

1.) Does my purpose meet the assignment? 2.)Can I accomplish my purpose in the time allotted? 3.)Is the purpose relevant to my audience? 4.)Is the purpose too trivial for my audience? 5.)Is the purpose too technical for my audience?

What are five tips for formulating your specific purpose?

1.) Write the Purpose statement as a full infinite phrase, not as a fragment 2.) Express your purpose as a statement and not as a statement. 3.) Avoid figurative language in your purpose statement, 4.) Limit your purpose statement to on distinct idea. 5.) Make sure your specific purpose is not too vague or general.

What are four guideline for an effective central idea?

1.) full sentence 2.) should not be in the form of a question 3.) avoid figurative language 4.) don't be vague or overly general

concept

A belief, theory, ideas, notion, principle, or the like

speaking outline

A brief outline used to jog a speaker's memory during the presentation of a speech

Extemporaneous speech

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

dissolve ending

A conclusion that generates emotional appeal by fading step by step to a dramatic final statement

crescendo ending

A condition in which the speech builds to a zenith of power and intensity

academic database

A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals

preparation outline

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, introduction, main points, subpoenas, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography of a speech

hasty generalization

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

false cause

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

slippery slope

A fallacy that assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

red herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

attitude

A frame of mind in favor of or opposed to a person, policy, belief, institution, etc

adrenaline

A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to. physical or mental stress

preliminary bibliography

A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic

Bibliography

A list of all the sources used in preparing a speech

catalogue

A listening of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library

Chronological order

A method of a speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

brainstorming

A method of generating ideas by press association of words and thoughts

problem-solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

topical order

A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

central ideas

A one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major idea of a speech

vocalized pauses

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as "uh," "er," and "um."

Speech to gain passive agreement

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

Speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

What is a preparation outline? What are the eight guidelines discussed in this chapter for writing a preparation outline?

A preparation outline is a detailed outline used to plan a speech. The eight guidelines are that the preparation outline should include the speaker's specific purpose statement, include the central idea, clearly label the introduction, body, and conclusion, have a consistent pattern of symbolization and indentation, state the main points and sub points in complete sentences, label transitions, internal summaries, and internal previews, include a bibliography, and may also include a title for the speech.

Question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

rhetorical question

A question that the audience answers mentally rather than aloud

newspaper and periodical database

A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspaper

specific purpose

A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes. to accomplish in his or her speech

What is a speaking outline? What are the four guidelines for your speaking outline?

A speaking outline is a brief outline used to deliver a speech. Follow the same visual framework used in the preparation outline, make the outline plainly legible, make the outline as brief as possible, include cues for delivering the speech.

brief example

A specific care referred to in passing to illustrate a point

example

A specific cause used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like

informative speech

A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding

ice breaker speech

A speech early in the term designed to get students. speaking in front of the class. as soon as possible

internal preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next

internal summary

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s)

preview statement

A statement in the introduction of a speech that identifies the main points to be discussed in the body

contrast

A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, idea, etc

comparison

A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc

description

A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness

extended example

A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point

abstract

A summary of a magazine or journal article, written by someone other than the original author

process

A systematic series of actions that lead to a specific result or product

Dialect

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

signpost

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech of that focuses attention. on key ideas

connective

A word a phrase that connects the idea of a speech and indicates the relationships among them

transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another

transition

A word or phrase that indicates when a speech has finished one thought and is moving on to another

reference work

A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers

invalid analogy

An analogy in which the two causes being. compared are not essentially alike

hypothetical example

An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation

Simile

An explicit comparison, introduced with the word "like' or "as", between things that are essentially different yet have something in common

research interview

An interview conducted to gather information for a speech

Why is it important to outline your speeches?

An outline helps a speaker see the full scope and content of the speech at a glance, judge whether each part of the speech is fully developed, and helps create a coherent structure for the speech.

key-word outline

An outline that briefly notes a speaker's main points and supporting evidence. in rough outline form

stage fright

Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience

event

Anything that happens or is regarded as happening

interference

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listener

object

Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form

How can you get information about an audience?

Ask or use a questionnaire with fixed-alternative, scale, and open-end questions

Demographic audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as age; religion; racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender and sexual orientation; group membership; and the like.

situational audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience toward the topic, the speaker, and the occasion

What methods can you use to adapt your speech to your audience before thespeech? During the speech?

Before speech (1) assessing how your audienceis likely to respond to what you say and (2) adjusting what you say to make it as clear, During speech - (1) Modify your introduction (2) Adjust your delivery to the changed audiencesize (3) condense your speech if you are rout of time.

positive nervousness

Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation

stereotyping

Creating an oversimplified image of a particular group of people, usually by assuming that all members of the group are alike

What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning? How might you use each to convey your message most effectively?

Denotative meaning is precise, literal, and objective. Connotative is more variable, figurative, and subjective. Use denotative words to create less emotional responses like when dealing with a highly controversial topic. Use connotative when trying to stir up emotions.

What are three methods you can use to avoid abstractions in your informative speech?

Descriptions, compare and contrast.

eye contact

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

delivery cues

Directions in a speaking outline to help a speaker remember how she or he wants to deliver key parts of the speech

clutter

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea

What is ethics? Why is a strong sense of ethical responsibility vital for public speakers?

Ethics is the branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. We should be ethical because most people are going to believe what you say especially if it is nice sounding.

What does it mean to say that informative speakers should personalize their ideas?

Examples of real life stories, human face to the topic.

critical thinking

Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion

What is the difference between global plagiarism and patchwork plagiarism

Global plagiarism is stealing your speech entirely from another source and passing it off as your own; patchwork is when a speaker takes from 2-3 sources.

What is the difference between hearing and listening.

Hearing is the physical process of sound being detected by your ear drum and transmitted to your brain. Listening is the actual comprehension of what the speaker is saying.

Why is it important to include the audience in the specific purpose statement?

Helps keep the audience at the center of your attention as you prepare your speech.

What are two to ways to bring you speeches to life with vivid, animated language?

Imagery and Rhythm

Why is it important for online speakers to have a back up plan?

In case of technology failure.

Why is determining the specific purpose such an important early step in speech preparation?

Indicates precisely what your speech seeks to achieve.

What are two general purposes of most classroom speeches? How do they differ?

Inform and to persuade. Inform- Goal is to communicate information clearly. Persuade- Goal is to win listeners over to your point of view.

What is situational audience analysis? What factors do you need to consider in situational audience analysis?

It identifies traits of the audience unique to the speaking situation at hand. Factors (1) size of the audience, (2) the physical setting, and the (3) disposition of the audience toward the subject, the speaker, and the occasion.

What is incremental plagiarism? How can you steer clear of it when dealing with quotations and paraphrase?

It is failure to give credit for parts of the speech such as quotations. Take careful notecards to distinguish between quotations, paraphrased material and your own comments.

Why is it important to develop strong listening skills.

It is important to have strong listening skills because it is shown that good listeners tend to be more successful. Also, the better one listens the better they speak, also helping them become successful.

Why is it important to draw on your own knowledge and experience in gathering materials for your speeches?

It makes your speech more meaningful and engaging to your audience

Why is it important to establish your credibility at the beginning of your speech?

It tells the audience why you are qualified to speak on the topic at hand.

Why is it so easy to lie with statistics? What three questions should you ask to judge the reliability of statistics?

It' s easy to lie with statistics because they might not necessarily be in the right context. For example, the cheetah being the fastest sprinter, but the antelope being the fastest with longer distances. 1. Are the statistics representative? 2. Are statistical measure used correctly? 3. Are the statistics from a reliable source?

audience-centeredness

Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of the speech preparation and presentation

How does language help create our sense of reality?

Language gives meaning to events.

appreciative listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

How is listening connected with critical thinking.

Listening is critical thinking because it requires you to use your mind and ears to understand what is being said.

critical listening

Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it

empathic listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker

comprehensive listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker

visualization

Mental. imaging in which speakers vividly picture themselves giving a successful presentation

gestures

Motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

What two things should you watch out for in making sure your speech is not overly technical?

Not understood concepts and using technical words.

statistics

Numerical data

What are the four types of informative speeches discussed in the chapter? Give an example of a good specific purpose statement for each type.

Objects, processes, events, and concepts. Objects- to inform the audience about three major kinds of service dogs. Processes- to inform my audience how flash floods develop. Events- to inform audience about three aspects of the Mardi Gras celebration in New Orleans. Concepts- to inform audience of the basic principles of Confucianism.

listening

Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear

What is a preliminary bibliography? Why is it helpful to you in researching a speech?

Preliminary bibliography- a list complied early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topicIt's helpful because it keeps track of everything.

strategic organization

Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience

testimony

Question or phrases used to support a point

open-ended questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want

fixed-alternative questions

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives

scale questions

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers

quoting out of context

Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it

What are the two major kinds of online speeches? Explain the differences between them.

Recorded: is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to internet. Real-time: created specifically for an audience the will view it online as it is being delivered.

Alliteration

Repetition of initial consonant sounds or close or adjoining words

What are the seven elements of the speech communication process?

Speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, situation

What are four tips for using evidence effectively in a persuasive speech?

Speakers should use specific evidence, current evidence, evidence from credible sources, and make clear the point of the evidence.

What method of delivery does this chapter recommend for your introductory sections?

Speaking extemporaneously

What are the best ways to avoid these two kinds of plagiarism?

Start working on your speech as soon as possible and to have multiple sources and paraphrase.

evidence

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something

What are seven ways to be a better listener.

Taking listening seriously, resist distractions, don't be diverted by appearance or delivery, suspend judgement, listen for main points, listen for evidence, listen for technique, develop note taking skills

peer testimony

Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic

expert testimony

Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields

What is testimony? Explain the difference between expert testimony and peer testimony.

Testimony is quotations or paraphrases used to support a point. Expert testimony is from people who are recognized experts in their fields while peer testimony is from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic.

direct quotation

Testimony that is presented word for word

credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic

credibility

The audience's perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two major factors influencing a speaker's credibility are competence and character

goodwill

The audience's perception of whether the speaker has the best interests of the audience in mind

mean

The average value of a group of numbers

ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Ethics

The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs

general purpose

The broad goal of a speech

How does public speaking in the online environment differ from public speaking to in-person audience?

The connection and interaction with your audience.

terminal credibility

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech

initial credibility

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak

derived credibility

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech

spare "brain time"

The difference between the rate at which most people talk (120 to 180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain can process language (400 to 500 words a minute).

conclusion

The final section of a speech

Need

The first basic. issue in analyzing a question of policy; is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the United States Constitution

What are the four main causes of poor listening.

The four main causes of poor listening is not concentrating "spare brain time", listening too hard and missing the main details and points, jumping to conclusions, and focusing on delivery and personal appearance.

What does it mean to say you should use language appropriately in you speech?

The language one uses needs to be appropriate for the occasion, the audience, the topic, and the speaker

denotative meaning

The literal or dictionary meaning of a word of phrase

Why is it important to start your research early?

The longer you wait, the more problems you'll encounter, it will always take longer than you expect, and the more time you have to prepare the better.

body

The main section of a speech

main points

The major points developed in the body of a speech

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

supporting materials

The materials used to support a speakers ideas. The threes major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony

channel

The means by which a message is communicated

Mental dialogue with the audience

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech

feedback

The messages, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker

median

The middle number in a group of numbers arranged from highest to lowest

Logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

mode

The number that occurs most frequently in a group of numbers

introduction

The opening section of a speech

visual framework

The pattern of symbolization and indentation on a speech outline that shows the relationships among the speaker's ideas

speaker

The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener

listener

The person who receives the speaker's message

Target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Persuasion

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions

Plan

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

What is the difference between the specific purpose and the central idea of a speech?

The specific purpose is written from the speaker's point of view—it's what he or she sets out to accomplish. The central idea is written from the listeners' point of view—it's the message they should go away with.

rate

The speed at which a person speaks

topic

The subject of a speech

frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

egocentrism

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being

What does it mean to say that people are egocentric?

The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, beliefs, and well-being.

Practicality

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy: Will the speaker's plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

situation

The time and place in which speech communication occurs

Why is it important for a public speaker to use inclusive language? What four usages of inclusive language have become so widely accepted that no speaker can afford to ignore them?

The united States is very diverse and using language that is respectful and inclusive of all groups. Also to avoid stereotypes. This also helps to not offend any listeners. Avoid the generic "he"; Avoid the use of "man" when referring to both women and men; Avoid stereotyping jobs and social roles by gender; Use names that groups use to identify themselves

Imagery

The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas

hearing

The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain

What should you do as an informative speaker to relate your topic directly to the audience?

Tie it in with their interests and concerns. Using you and your increases audience understanding of the speakers ideas.

Why must a public speaker be audience-centered?

To gain a desired response from listeners

personalize

To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience

How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speech?

Transform it into a positive nervousness, you're in control of it, stage excitement. Controlled nervousness that helps energize a speaker for her or his presentation.

What are three things you should do to use language clearly in you speeches?

Use familiar words; Choose concrete words; Eliminate clutter

What are four criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?

Use language accurately; use language clearly; use language vividly; use language appropriately

Why is it important for informative speakers to be creative in thinking about ways to communicate their ideas?

Use language imaginatively and resourcefully.

What are the major advantages of using visual aids in your speeches?

Visual aids bring the speech more interest, making the message easy to retain. Visual aids can enhance almost every aspect of a speech. Look better prepared, more credible, more professional.

residual message

What a speaker wants the audience to remember. after they have forgotten everything else in a speech

message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else

Why must informative speakers be careful not to overestimate what the audience knows about the topic? What can you do to make sure your ideas don't pass over the heads of your listeners?

You can't assume they will know what your topic is. Be sure to explain everything thoroughly. Make sure it is clear to someone who is hearing about the topic for the first time.

What implications does the egocentrism of audience hold for you as a public speaker?

You must put your ideas into the terms of your audience's experiences. Theis means you must analyze your audience's attitudes of the speech.

Why do you need supporting materials in your speeches?

You need supporting materials in your speech support your point of view and answer the questions, "What do you mean?" "Why should I believe you?" And "So what?"

Why is it normal to be nervous at the start of a speech?

Your body is responding as it would to any stressful situation by producing extra adrenaline

thesaurus

a book of synonyms

extemporaneous speech

a carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes

Font

a complete set of type of the same design

monotone

a constant pitch or tone of voice

ad hominem

a fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute

either-or

a fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

appeal to novelty

a fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

appeal to tradition

a fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

pie graph

a graph that highlights segments of a circle to show simple distribution patterns

line graph

a graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space

bar graph

a graph that uses vertical or horizontal bars to show comparisons among two or more items

comparative advantages order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions

problem-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

problem-cause-solution order

a method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem, the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

spatial order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

chronological order

a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern

casual order

a method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

pause

a momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

call number

a number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves

impromptu speech

a speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation

acceptance speech

a speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

real-time online speech

a speech that has been created specifically for an audience that will view it online as it is being delivered

speech of introduction

a speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience

recorded online speech

a speech that is delivered, recorded, then uploaded to the internet

manuscript speech

a speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience

commemorative speech

a speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea

speech of presentation

a speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition

creating common ground

a technique in which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, or experiences of the audience

chart

a visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form

graph

a visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns

What are the three guidelines for ethical listening discussed in this chapter?

a. Be courteous and attentive b. Avoid prejudicing the speaker c. Maintain the free and open expression of ideas

What are five guidelines for ethical speechmaking discussed in this chapter?

a. Make sure your goals are ethically sound b. Be fully prepared for each speech c. Be honest in what you say d. Avoid name-calling and other forms of abusive languagee. Put ethical principles into practice

fallacy

an error in reasoning

Metaphor

an implicit comparison, not introduced with the word "like" or "as", between two things that are essentially different yet have something in common

vocal variety

changes in a speaker's rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness

inflections

changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker's voice

nonverbal communication

communication based on a person's use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words

eye contact

direct visual contact with the eyes of another person

incremental plagiarism

failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people

What are the three kinds of questions used in questionnaires? Why is it a goodidea to use all three in audience analysis?

fixed-alternative, scale, and open-end questionsBy using all three types of questions you can get specific information and probe more deeply into their attitudes toward the speech topic.

Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?

it's important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently so that the audience pays attention, understands the speech, and trusts the speaker.

inclusive language

language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors

What is the most important thing to remember when organizing supporting materials in the body of your speech?

make sure the supporting materials are directly relevant to the main points.

Gestures

motions of a speaker's hands or arms during a speech

conversational quality

presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed

Plagiarism

presenting another person's language or ideas as one's own

analogical reasoning

reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

reasoning from specific instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Repetition

reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences

Volume

the loudness or softness of the speaker's voice

ethical decisions

sound ethical decisions involve weighing a potential course of action against a set of ethical standards or guidelines

global plagiarism

stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it off as one's own

patchwork plagiarism

stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as one's own

pronunciation

the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language

online environment

the elements of internet communication that influence an online speech, including the remote audience, factors of technology, and unique forms of interference

pitch

the highness or lowness of the speaker's voice

Antithesis

the juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Pathos

the name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

Burden of proof

the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary

visual environment

the on-screen elements seen by the audience during an online speech

Rhythm

the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

Articulation

the physical production of particular speech sounds

Reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence

Parallelism

the similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences

Kinesics

the study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication

name-calling

the use of language to defame, demean, or degrade individuals or groups

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's idea in one's own words

paraphrase

to restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words

How many main points will your speeches usually contain? Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?

two or three main points. If you have to many, the audience will have trouble sorting them out.

abstract words

words that refer to ideas or concepts

concrete words

words that refer to tangible objects