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An example of physiological noise is puppies barking cigarettes a headache blenders and espresso machines

a headache

Misunderstandings between friends often arise out of our interpretations of others' behaviors, not the behaviors themselves. Correct! True False

true

Most people feel defensive when others use neutral, rather than empathetic, communication with them. Correct! True False

true

In _______________________ communication we recognize others as people but do not fully engage others and unique individuals. I-it I-you I-thou I-me

I-you

interactive models

Interactive models portrayed communication as a process in which listeners give feedback, which is a response to a message. In addition, interactive models recognize that communicators create and interpret messages within personal fields of experience Although the interactive model is an improvement over the linear model, it still portrays communication as a sequential process in which one person is a sender and another is a receiver. In reality, everyone who is involved in communication both sends and receives messages

The ________________________ model of communication was illustrated when the class was playing catch with tennis balls.

Interactive or Transactional

Processual Communication

Interpersonal communication is an ongoing, continuous process. This means, first, that communication evolves over time, becoming more personal as people interact.

Feeling rules define the emotional meaning of situations. True Correct! False

false

In a conflict situation, it is most important to focus on the content level of meaning rather than the relationship level of meaning. True Correct! False

false

It is best to address conflict right away, even if one person is tired or you're in a public setting. True Correct! False

false

It is important to use as much metacommunication as possible during conflict. True Correct! False

false

Men don't disclose personal feelings or vulnerabilities to their friends. True Correct! False

false

According to your book, all of the following are included in the nature of friendship EXCEPT: willingness to invest. emotional closeness. acceptance. Correct! peer pressure. trust.

peer pressure.

When Elenie shared her observation of the sloppy nail polish job she experienced, she confessed that she initially feared the gender of the manicurist assigned to her that day would result in inferior work. This thought she had on gender applies all but which of the following areas of perception? script prototype personal construct stereotype person centeredness

person centeredness

Evaluating a person as kind or unkind, intelligent or unintelligent, etc., involves using

personal constructs

Evaluating a person as kind or unkind, intelligent or unintelligent, etc., involves using prototypes. scripts. personal constructs. stereotypes. attributions.

personal constructs.

Cosmetic surgery and eating disorders are associated with ________, one type of nonverbal behavior. paralanguage Correct! physical appearance haptics artifacts environmental factors

physical appearance

Six-year-old Timmy did not get a toy from the store that he really wanted. He refuses to be near his mom when they walk to the car and he sits as far from her as possible in the car. He is using his ________ to indicate his anger. artifacts chronemics Correct! proxemics paralanguage silence

proxemics

Samantha used a lot of jargon in a presentation and 50% of the audience could not understand her. Samantha created ________________ noise with her jargon. psychological psychological physiological semantic

semantic

All of the following are external pressures on friendships EXCEPT: competing demands. Correct! sexual attraction. major transitions in life. geographic location. lifestyle changes.

sexual attraction.

In some military academies, such as West Point, using ________ is a recognized method of stripping a cadet of personhood if he or she is perceived as having broken the academy code. artifacts chronemics proxemics paralanguage Correct! silence

silence

When we respond to a person as if one label fully represents who that person is, we are loading. monitoring. abstracting. determining. Correct! totalizing.

totalizing.

social media and personal identity

•Provide direct definitions and reflected appraisals .•Allow people to share mean comments that they wouldn't share face-to-face and to engage in cyberbullying .•Key sources for social comparison.

2 levels of meaning

content and relational

To take responsibility for your own feelings, rely on ________ language. Correct! I You We They Me

loaded language

refers to words that strongly slant perceptions and thus meanings. Terms such as geezer and old fogey incline us to regard older people with contempt or pity. Alternatives such as senior citizen and older person reflect more respectful attitudes.

perception

the active process of creating meaning by selecting,organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and other phenomena

The communication model that recognizes that communication exists in a social system is ______________________________.

transactional

Guidelines for healthy self-disclosure:

•Disclose When Appropriate •Gain Self-Knowledge

self-disclosure

the act of revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others One way to get information about how others do and might see us is through self- disclosure. For instance, you might disclose an embarrassing experience or a fear to a close friend

indexing

a technique developed by early communication scholars to remind us that our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumstances -Mental indexing reminds us that we and others are able to change in remarkable ways.

One of the two dimensions of trust is a willingness to invest. natural spontaneity. Correct! emotional reliability. intimacy. positive regard

emotional reliability.

The sense of touch is proxemics. paralanguage. artifacts. kinesics. Correct! haptics.

haptics.

Chronomics

how we perceive and use time. In Western culture, there is a norm that important people with high status can keep others waiting

artifacts

personal objects we use to announce our identities and heritage and to personalize our environments. Many people use avatars to symbolize online identities.

I-It Communication

we do not acknowledge the humanity of other people; we may not even affirm their existence example: salespeople, servers, clerical staff we think of them only as instruments to take our orders and deliver what we want

Assuming an attentive posture, holding eye contact, and nodding to show you understand what another person is saying are nonverbal behaviors that convey which dimension of relational-level meanings? Correct! Responsiveness Liking Status Power Control

Responsiveness

interpersonal communication

"a distinct type of interaction between people" selective, systemic process that allows people to reflect and build personal knowledge of one another and create shared meanings.

What is the self?

-A multidimensional process of internalizing and acting from social perspectives. -How we see ourselves depends on the culture in which we live. -The self arises in communication with others Perspective of particular others Perspective of the generalized other

Language defines phenomena

-It shapes perceptions. -It can totalize. -It shapes and reflects relationships.

Don and Makiko Smith have been married for five years. They are a highly interdependent couple, are very emotionally expressive with each other, and have conventional views of marriage and family life. The Smiths would be best categorized as which of Fitzpatrick's marital types? Mixed Correct! Traditionals Independents Separates Interdependents

Traditionals

Before we can communicate about emotions, we must first identify what we feel. Correct! True False

True

transactional models

MORE ACCURATE it emphasizes the dynamism of interpersonal communication and the multiple roles people assume during the process. - Includes the feature of time to call our attention to the fact that messages, noise, and fields of experience vary over time

People who have friends in their workplace are more likely to stick with a job. Correct! True False

True

Which rules specify when, how, where, and with whom to talk about certain things? Intuitive Constitutive Comparative Correct! Regulative Constructive

Regulative

________states that people apply economic principles to evaluate their relationships. Correct! Social exchange theory Social penetration theory Selective perception theory Equity theory Relationship repair theory

Social exchange theory

According to Braithwaite et al., which type of voluntary kin fulfills desires and needs not met by biological and legal family? Convenience family Substitute family Extended family Correct! Supplemental family Interdependent family

Supplemental family

What does it mean for language to be ambiguous? Words are not concrete or tangible. Correct! The meanings of words are not clear-cut. People generally agree on what words mean. Words are not intrinsically connected to what they represent. The meanings of words remain stable over time.

The meanings of words are not clear-cut.

In the ________ stage of family development, children learn to be less dependent on their families, which is essential to becoming healthy adults. establishing a family enlarging a family Correct! encouraging independence launching children adapting to children

encouraging independence

The counterpoint to superiority is description. provisionalism. empathy. problem orientation. Correct! equality.

equality

During the ________ stage, a couple settles into marriage or a cohabiting relationship and works out expectations, interaction patterns, and daily routines for their shared life. Correct! establishing a family enlarging a family encouraging independence launching children adapting to children

establishing a family

speech community

exists when people share norms about how to use talk and what purposes it serves -Defined by shared understandings of how to communicate rather than by countries or geographic locations.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

expanding on Schutz idea, Maslow proposed that we communicate to meet a range of human needs. (level 1) PhysicalNeeds for survival (air,food,sex) (level 2) Safety and protection (shelter) (level 3) Belonging needs (inclusion, fun) (level 4) Self Esteem (respect) (level 5) Self Actualization( fully developing and using our unique "talents, capacities, potentialities")

stability

explains actions as a result of stable factors that won't change over time ("She's a Type A personality") or unstable factors that may or will be different at another time ("She acted that way because she has a headache right now"). -concerns time

The communication models that include the field of experience of the senders and receivers are ______________________________________. linear and interactional interactional and transactional linear and transactional transactional and relational

interactional and transactional

physical noise

interference in our environments, such as noises made by others, overly dim or bright lights, spam and pop-up ads, extreme temperatures, and crowded conditions

According to Albert Ellis, debilitating feelings are often caused by emotional investments. Correct! irrational thinking. incoherent assumptions. concretely identifying emotions. counterfeit emotional language.

irrational thinking.

Jim and Mark were good friends. They had a conflict and Mark said to Jim, "Everyone can see your personality always has a very dark side." Even though they resolved the conflict and were back to hanging out, Jim can't get those words out of his head and he keeps wondering who thinks he's dark and why. This demonstrates that communication is _________________________.

irreversable

People socialized in masculine speech communities tend to achieve closeness in interpersonal relationships primarily through dialogue. Correct! sharing activities. self-disclosure. confiding secrets. nonverbal communication.

sharing activities.

Disagreement and conflict are strongly disapproved of in many Asian cultures. Correct! True False

true

Interpersonal communication is important for thriving in a world with diverse people. (True/False)

true

Physiology

If you are tired or stressed, you're likely to perceive things more negatively than you normally would. For instance, a playful insult from a coworker might anger you if you were feeling down but wouldn't bother you if you were feel- ing good.

expectations

Imagine that a friend tells you she wants you to meet a "really cool guy. He's funny and considerate and so easy to talk to. I know you'll like him." It's likely that you'll expect to like the new person and will perceive the good qualities your friend has called to your attention.

Which technique involves reminding ourselves that our evaluations of people apply only to specific times and circumstances? Loading Monitoring Abstracting Correct! Indexing Totalizing

Indexing

The ________________________ model of communication was illustrated when the class was playing catch with tennis balls. Linear model Interactive Transactional Interactive or Transactional

Interactive

I/you language

"You make me nervous on the job." (you) "When you watch me work, I feel nervous." (I) "You hurt me." "I feel hurt when you ignore what I say." "You make me feel small.""I feel small when you tell me that I'm selfish." "You're so domineering." "When you shout, I feel dominated." "You humiliated me." "I felt humiliated when you mentioned my problems in front of our friends."

Contextual Qualifications

Our nonverbal communication also reflects the settings we inhabit. Most people are more at ease on their own turf than on some- one else's, so we tend to be friendlier and more outgoing in our homes than in business meetings and public places. We also dress according to context. Students who see me in professional clothing on campus often are surprised to find me in jeans or a running suit when they come to my home or see me in town.

Mr. and Mrs. Miller are a highly autonomous couple. Mr. and Mrs. Miller give each other plenty of room and they share less emotionally than the other marital types. The Millers would be best categorized as which of Fitzpatrick's marital types? Mixed Traditionals Independents Correct! Separates Interdependents

Separates

If you show your love for a family member by doing chores without being asked, which love language do you rely on? Affirming words Quality time Gifts Correct! Service Touch

Service

What involves controlling the outward expression of emotion? Correct! Surface acting Emotional intelligence Cognitive shaping Deep acting Feeling rehearsal

Surface acting

generalized other

The views generally held by others in society. Important categories influencing identity include: -culture -Race -Gender -Sexual orientation -Socioeconomic class

affection

This concerns the degree of positive or negative feeling that is communicated. We communicate that we like or dislike others by what we actually say as well as by tone of voice, facial expressions, how close we sit to them, and so forth. ex. glaring or scowling, which indicate we are attentive to the other person but we are not affectionate.

relationship meaning

This refers to what communication expresses about relationships between communicators. The relationship meaning of "Clean your room now" is that the parent has the right to order the child; the parent and child have an unequal power relationship. If the parent says, "Would you mind cleaning your room?" the relationship meaning reflects a more equal relationship.

principles of interpersonal communication

•We cannot not communicate. •Interpersonal communication is irreversible. •Interpersonal communication involves ethical choices. •People construct meanings in interpersonal communication.(symbols) •Metacommunication affects meaning. (communication about communication.) •Interpersonal communication develops and sustains relationships •Interpersonal communication is not a panacea. (isn't a cure all) •Interpersonal communication effectiveness can be learned.

How Are Perspectives of the Generalized Other Revealed to Us?

•We learn them as we interact with others who have internalized cultural values and pass them on to us. •We learn them through media and institutions that reflect cultural values. •The institutions that organize our society communicate the views of the Generalized Other by the values they uphold/reinforce.

Models of Interpersonal Communication

1. Linear Models 2. Interactive Models 3. Transactional Models

interpersonal communication success

Competent interpersonal communicators interact in ways that are effective, appropriate, and ethical.

An example of physiological noise is

a headache

Hate speech is language that highlights people's flaws and downplays their good qualities. strongly slants perceptions and meanings. radically dehumanizes members of a particular group. is laden with values rather than being objective. defines someone in terms of the characteristics of a group.

radically dehumanizes members of a particular group.

In the selective attention film we saw with the cups and the Hershey's kiss, many class members failed to see the ducks and the fifth hand that entered the frame for all but which of the following reasons? qualities of the phenomena self-indication motivation for watching attention to change rational judgment

rational judgment

Roles

Both the training we receive to fulfill a role and the actual demands of the role affect what we notice and how we interpret and evaluate the role.

constructivism

We organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata. -Prototype -Personal construct -Stereotype -Script

An example of psychological noise is poor health. being preoccupied with a problem. cigarette smoke in a crowded room. fatigue. poor sound.

being preoccupied with a problem.

Kinsesics

body position and body motions, including those of the face. --Clearly, we signal a great deal about how we feel and see ourselves by how we hold our bodies.

direct definition

communication that explicitly tells us who we are by labeling us and our behaviors "you're smart" "you're strong"

In which stage do partners typically engage in contracting? Early Middle Correct! Later Exit Dual

later

In many Eastern cultures, silence indicates disrespect. contempt. disapproval. Correct! thoughtfulness. fastidious.

thoughtfulness.

When communicating about emotions, its best to be as general as possible to cover all our bases. True Correct! False

false

All of the following are reasons why we may refrain from expressing emotions EXCEPT: social expectations. self-protection. protecting others. social and professional roles. Correct! fatigue.

fatigue.

"Memorial Day parades are patriotic, yet sad events," is an example of a(n) ________ rule. feeling emotion Correct! framing cognitive social

framing

Individuals who have physiological needs, safety, belonging, and esteem needs met seek self-actualization because humans thrive on ______________________.

growth

Individuals who have physiological needs, safety, belonging, and esteem needs met seek self-actualization because humans thrive on ______________________. power affection growth inclusion

growth

language organizes perceptions

-Language allows abstract thought .-Language can stereotype.

Language Allows Self-Reflection

-Self-reflection allows us to monitor communication. -Self-reflection allows us to manage our image.

Scripts

A script is a guide to action. Scripts consist of sequences of activities that are expected of us and others in particular situations. They are based on our experiences and observations of interaction in various contexts. ex. ("Hey, what's up?""Not much"). You also have scripts for managing conflict, talking with professors, dealing with clerks, and interacting with coworkers on the job

Liking

A second dimension of relationship meaning is liking. Nonverbal behaviors often are keen indicators of how positively or negatively we feel toward others. Smiles and friendly touching convey positive feelings, whereas frowns and belligerent postures express antagonism.

Morgan does not want to take chemistry, because he knows he will fail the class even before taking the course. In addition, he believes that if he fails the course, he will be expelled from the university, and he will never succeed in life. Morgan is suffering from which fallacy? Perfection Overgeneralization Helplessness Taking responsibility for others Correct! Fear of catastrophic failure

Fear of catastrophic failure

physical appearence

For this reason, in face-to-face interactions, most of us notice how others look, and we often base our initial evaluations of others on their appearance. The emphasis Western culture places on physical attractiveness and youthful appearance con- tributes to eating disorders, abuse of steroids and other drugs, and the popularity of cosmetic surgery

personal qualifications

Generalizations about nonverbal behavior tell us only what is generally the case. They may not apply to particular individuals. Although eye contact generally indicates responsiveness in Western culture, some people close their eyes to concentrate when listening.

Which primary expectation of friendship seems to be universal? Emotional expressiveness Warmth Respect Courtesy Correct! Trust

Trust

communication rules

hared understandings of what communication means and what kinds of communication are appropriate in particular situations. For example, we understand that people take turns speaking, that flaming can get us kicked out of some chat rooms, and that we should speak softly in libraries.

Responsiveness

how aware of others and involved with them we are. ex. eye contact, nodding, and feedback that indicates involvement

"One day, I won't have to worry about being single. One day, I'll be married." These statements illustrate how symbols allow for arbitrary thought. loaded language. hypothetical thought. symbolic organization. symbolic evaluation.

hypothetical thought.

"One day, I won't have to worry about being single. One day, I'll be married." These statements illustrate how symbols allow for arbitrary thought. loaded language. Correct! hypothetical thought. symbolic organization. symbolic evaluation.

hypothetical thought.

irreversible

linguistic determinism

language determines what we can perceive and think. According to this theory, we cannot perceive or think about things for which we don't have names.

Specificity

explains behavior in terms of whether the behavior has global implications that apply in most or all situations ("He's a big spender") or specific implications that apply only in certain situations or under certain conditions ("He spends a lot of money on clothes."). -the breadth of the explanation (all situations, events, and places, or particular or limited situations and places).

According to equity theory, people become dissatisfied with relationships if the scales of equality tip in one direction or another for any amount of time. True Correct! False

false

Communication climate is unimportant in online contexts. True Correct! False

false

Expressing feelings is always advisable. True Correct Answer False

false

Paralanguage is communicated through all of these EXCEPT: tone. rate. pauses. Correct! hand gestures. Vocal pitch.

hand gestures.

The most interpersonally constructive but passive response to relational conflict is the ________ response. exit voice Correct! loyalty neglect ambush

loyalty

Some couples have a rule that prohibits the adults from arguing in front of their children. This is a(n) ________ rule.

regulative rule

A cornerstone of effective interpersonal communication is

respecting what others say about what they feel and think.

A cornerstone of effective interpersonal communication is ensuring that we give responsibility to the speaker for how we feel. respecting what others say about what they feel and think. making certain to abide by the rules of all speech communities. assuming an understanding of how others feel and think. clearly telling others when their feelings are unacceptable or inappropriate.

respecting what others say about what they feel and think.

three general dimensions of relationship-level meanings

responsiveness affection power

Janet says, "I didn't get a job offer because the interviewer was biased and it was a nasty day; it had nothing to do with my qualifications." This is an example of construct differentiation. implicit personality theory. self-serving bias. internal attributions. scripting.

self-serving bias.

Samantha used a lot of jargon in a presentation and 50% of the audience could not understand her. Samantha created ________________ noise with her jargon.

semantic

social comparison

the process of assessing our- selves in relation to others to form judgments of our own talents, abilities, qualities, and so forth.

interpretation

the subjective process of explaining our perceptions in ways that make sense to us. To interpret the meaning of another's actions, we construct explanations, or attributions, for them.

fundamental attribution error

the tendency for observers, when analyzing another's behavior, to underestimate the impact of the situation and to overestimate the impact of personal disposition

self-serving bias

the tendency for people to take personal credit for success but blame failure on external factors

We are most likely to engage in emotion work when we Correct! think what we are feeling is inappropriate. want to feel more deeply than we do. don't feel anything. are unsure of how we feel. have strong emotional reactions to events.

think what we are feeling is inappropriate.

A small self-disclosure is one way to indicate that you'd like to become friends with an acquaintance. Correct! True False

true

Commitment is a decision to remain in a relationship rather than a feeling. Correct! True False

true

Communication researchers report that evaluative communication evokes defensiveness. Correct! True False

true

The most active and interpersonally constructive response to relational conflict is the ________ response. exit Correct! voice loyalty neglect ambush

voice

selective communication

we don't communicate intimately with the majority of people we encounter. In some cases, we neither want nor need to communicate with others even at the I-You level. For instance, if we get a phone call from a pollster, we may only respond to the questions and not engage the caller in any personal way. We invest the effort and take the risks of opening ourselves fully with only a few people. As Buber realized, most of our communication occurs on I-It or I-You levels. This is fine because I-Thou relationships take more time, energy, and courage than we are willing to offer to everyone.

ambiguous symbols

what they mean isn't clear-cut. -there is no guarantee that people will agree on what words mean. ex. The term afford- able clothes means different things to people who earn the minimum wage and to people who are affluent.

Self-indication

when we call particular phenomena to our attention.

abstract symbols

which means that they are not concrete or tangible. Words stand for ideas, people, events, objects, feelings, and so forth, but they are not the things they represent. -through overgeneralization

One indication that a friendship is in the nascent stage is that participants have less quality and quantity of communication. attempt to seek common ground during conflict. involve others in activities and conversations. rely more on general stereotypes and scripts. Correct! work out private rules for interacting.

work out private rules for interacting.

benefits of self disclosure

•Cathartic •Affirm Self-Definition •Ethical •Increase Positive Regard in Relationships

social media and perception

•Choices of media shape our perceptions •Content of our digital media is influenced by our cultural memberships •Our senses of time and space are altered by social media

Differences between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

•Nonverbal communication tends to be perceived as more believable. •Nonverbal communication is multichanneled. •Nonverbal communication is continuous.

Haptics

sense of touch

Types of Nonverbal Communication

•Kinesics-Body position and body motions •Haptics-Use of touch •Physical appearance •Artifacts-Personal objects that signal our identities •Environmental factors-Elements of a setting that affect how we feel •Proxemics and personal space-How we use space •Chronemics-How we use time •Paralanguage-Sounds and vocal qualities •Silence

Symbols in Verbal communication

•Language and culture reflect each other. •The meanings of language are subjective. •Language use is rule-guided. -Communication rules Regulative rules Constitutive rules •Punctuation shapes meaning.

Guidelines for Improving Self-Concept

•Make a firm commitment to personal growth. •Gain and use knowledge to support personal growth. -Learn how your self-concept is formed. -Learn about yourself. •Set goals that are realistic and fair. •Self-disclose when appropriate. •Seek contexts that support personal change. •Make a firm commitment. •Seek contexts that support personal change. -Avoid self-sabotage. -Accept constructive criticism.

Guidelines for Improving Nonverbal Communication

•Monitor your nonverbal communication •Interpret others' nonverbal communication tentatively -Personal qualifications -Contextual qualifications

Social Media and Nonverbal Communication

•More restricted in the digital context•Size of electronic footprint demonstrates engagement•Can compete with, or interfere with, face-to-face communication

Similarities between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

•Nonverbal communication is symbolic. •Nonverbal communication is rule-guided. •Nonverbal communication may be intentional or unintentional. •Nonverbal communication reflects culture.

Principles of Verbal Communication

•Nonverbal communication may supplement or replace verbal communication. •Nonverbal communication may regulate interaction. •Nonverbal communication often establishes relationship-level meanings. -Responsiveness -Liking -Power •Nonverbal communication reflects and expresses cultural values.

I-You

Accounts for the majority of our interactions. People acknowledge one another as more than objects, but they don't fully engage each other as unique individuals *For example, suppose you go shopping, and a salesclerk asks, "May I help you?" It's unlikely you will have a deep conversation with the clerk, but you might treat him or her as more than an object -teachers and students, work colleagues

nonverbal communication

All aspects of communication other than words (65%-95% of the total meaning of communication): -Gestures -Body language -How we utter words -Appearance -Facial expressions

Raul came to the United States from Mexico three months ago and he is still having trouble understanding Americans' tendency to rush all the time. He is also surprised when his teachers are irritated if he joins class a while after class has started. Raul's confusion about American pace of life is based on which aspect of nonverbal behavior? Correct! Chronemics Proxemics Kinesics Artifacts Silence

Chronemics

age

Compared with a person of 20, a 60-year-old has a more complex fund of experiences to draw on in perceiving situations and people.

Which one of the following statements is true about conflict in relationships? Disagreement must be expressed directly for conflict to exist. Correct! Conflict is inevitable in most interpersonal relationships. Any difference in values, opinions, attitudes, and/or beliefs will lead to conflict. It is impossible to maintain a healthy relationship if conflicts begin to arise. Healthy relationships have little or no conflict.

Conflict is inevitable in most interpersonal relationships.

Which type of rule specifies how to interpret different kinds of communication? Intuitive Constitutive Comparative Regulative Constructive

Constitutive

Interpersonal communication is important for thriving in a world with diverse people. True False

True

During an argument about money, Desi says, "Well, if you hadn't wrecked the car, it wouldn't need repairs and money wouldn't be a problem." Consuela replies, "Yeah, and if you had been home when you said you'd be, I wouldn't have driven that day." Desi and Consuela are engaging in what conflict pattern? Correct! Cross-complaining Excessive metacommunication Self-summarizing Making counterproposals Kitchen-sinking

Cross-complaining

The concept of emotional intelligence was first introduced to the public through a best selling book by John Gray. Julia Wood. Correct! Daniel Goleman. Carol Saarni. Paul Ekman.

Daniel Goleman.

physiological noise

Distraction caused by hunger, fatigue, headaches, medications, and other factors that affect how we feel and think.

Achieving closeness through doing is best illustrated by which of the following activities? Telling each other personal details of their lives Talking through problems together Correct! Going to ball games together Talking about the relationship and what it means Supporting each other verbally

Going to ball games together

Hidden information of Johari window

Hidden information is what we know about ourselves but choose not to reveal to most others. You might not tell many people about your vulnerabilities or about traumas in your past because you consider this private information

Which of the following is a personal construct?

How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent

Which of the following is a personal construct? Your expectation of how a friend will behave Your idea about how you should interact with a friend The person who exemplifies a friend to you How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent The dictionary definition of the word friend

How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent

cognitive abilities

How elaborately we think about situations and people, and our personal knowledge of others, affect how we perceive them. -Cognitive complexity -Person-centeredness

"When you said my idea was stupid, I felt hurt" is an example of ________ language. Correct! I You We They Me

Gerda is really upset and she feels like throwing a temper tantrum, even though she's 20 years old. Disregarding the social inappropriateness of her behavior, Gerda beats a door and then kicks it while in a public area. In this instance, Gerda's behavior was motivated by which aspect of herself? Me I Symbolic self True self Affective self

In _______________________ communication we recognize others as people but do not fully engage others and unique individuals.

I-you

Which statement below is true of families? People who cohabit before marriage are more likely to get divorced. The vast majority of adults in the United States today are married. There are only a few different types of possible families. Over half of American families consist of one parent. Correct! More people are choosing to remain unmarried than ever before.

More people are choosing to remain unmarried than ever before.

Responsiveness

One dimension of relationship-level meaning that is often conveyed by nonverbal communication is responsiveness. Key to responsiveness is immediacy, which is hat increases perceptions of closeness between communicators. In face-to-face interaction, immediacy behaviors include smiling, making eye contact, head nodding, and attentive posture.

self-fulfilling prophecies

One particularly powerful way in which direct definitions and reflected appraisals can affect our self-concept is through self-fulfilling prophecies, which occur when we internalize others' expectations or judgments about us and then behave in ways that are consistent with those expectations and judgments

Linear models

One-way, process in which one person acts on another person. This was a verbal model that consisted of five questions describing a sequence of acts that make up communication: Who? Says what? In what channel? To whom? With what effect? (Had shortcomings) portrayed communication as flowing in only one direction—from a sender to a passive receiver. This implies that listeners never send messages and that they absorb only passively what speakers say. But this isn't how communication really occurs. Listeners nod, frown, smile, look bored or interested, and so forth, and they actively work to make sense of others' messages. -revised the model with noise; Noise might be spam in online communication, regional accents, or background conversations in the workplace.

open area of Johari Window

Open, or public, information is known both to us and to others. Your name, height, major, and tastes in music prob- ably are open information that you share easily with others.

Substantial research shows that women and minorities take up less space than white men in Western society. This is related to which aspect of nonverbal communication? Artifacts Chronemics Correct! Proxemics Paralanguage Silence

Proxemics

interpersonal needs theory

Psychologist William Schutz (1966) asserts that we create and sustain relationships to meet three basic needs. 1. affection, the desire to give and receive love and liking. 2. inclusion, the desire to be social and to be included in groups. 3. control, Most which is a desire to influence the people and events in our lives.

Which one of the following is NOT an example of paralanguage? Raising volume when speaking Pausing between words to emphasize certain words Correct! Refusing to speak Lowering pitch Lowering volume when speaking

Refusing to speak

The qualities of the phenomena

Tend to be things that stand out to us

blind area of Johari window

The blind area contains information that others know about us but we don't know about ourselves. For example, others may see that we are insecure even though we think we've hidden that well. Others may also recognize needs or feelings that we haven't acknowledged to ourselves.

attachment styles

The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants

meaning creating

The heart of interpersonal communication is shared meanings between people. We don't merely exchange words when we communicate. Instead, we create meanings as we figure out what each other's words and behaviors stand for, represent, or imply. Meanings grow out of histories of interaction between unique persons.

Which of the following is a prototype? Your expectation of how a friend will behave Your idea about how you should interact with a friend The person who exemplifies a friend to you How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent The dictionary definition of friend

The person who exemplifies a friend to you

I-Thou

The rarest kind of relationship involves as cherished and unique. I-Thou communication regarded this as the highest form of human dialogue, because each person affirms the other. we see them as unique human beings whom we know and accept in their totality. In I-Thou communication, we open ourselves fully, trusting others to accept us as we are, with our virtues and vices, hopes and fears, and strengths and weaknesses.

Power

The third dimension of relationship-level meaning is power. We use nonverbal behaviors to assert dominance and to negotiate for status and influence. Given what we have learned about gender socialization, it is not surprising that men generally assume greater amounts of space than women and use greater volume and more forceful gestures to assert themselves

unknown area of Johari Window

The unknown area is made up of information about our- selves that neither we nor others know. This consists of your untapped resources, your untried talents, and your reactions to experiences you've never had. You don't know how you will manage a crisis until you've been in one, and you can't tell what kind of parent you would be unless you've had a child.

The ________________________ model of communication was illustrated when the class was playing monkey in the middle.

Transactional

The ________________________ model of communication was illustrated when the class was playing monkey in the middle. Linear Interactive Transactional Relational

Transactional

Which statement provides good advice for listening supportively to someone who is sharing emotions? Try to solve the other person's problems for him or her. Make general statements such as "Time heals all wounds." Correct! Use paraphrasing to show that you understand how the other person feels. Only agree to discuss the issue if you approve of his or her feelings. Help the person make his or her feelings go away.

Use paraphrasing to show that you understand how the other person feels.

Which statement about social media and expressing emotions is correct? Social media prevent us from experiencing and expressing feelings. We are usually more inhibited by social norms when communicating with others in online contexts. Correct! We are more likely to communicate socially inappropriate feelings when we are anonymous online. The reasons we may choose not to disclose emotions online are totally different than reasons not to express emotions in face-to-face interactions. People tend to prefer to express emotions face-to-face rather than online because it is easier.

We are more likely to communicate socially inappropriate feelings when we are anonymous online.

Selection

We select to attend to certain stimuli based on a number of factors: -The qualities of the phenomena -Self-indication -Our motives and needs -Culture

symbolic nature of language

Words are symbols: -Symbols are arbitrary. -Symbols are ambiguous. -Symbols are abstract. ex. your name is a symbol that represents you. The word house is a symbol that stands for a particular kind of building. Love is a symbol that represents certain intense feelings.

________ language tends to be accusatory and abstract. I You We They Me

You

________ language tends to be accusatory and abstract. I Correct! You We They Me

You

Which of the following is a script? Your expectation of how a friend will behave Your idea about how you should interact with a friend The person who exemplifies a friend to you How a friend measures up on the dimension of intelligent-unintelligent The dictionary definition of friend

Your idea about how you should interact with a friend

personal constructs

a "mental yardstick" we use to measure a person or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgment ex. intelligent-not intelligent, kind-not kind, responsible-not responsible, assertive-not assertive, and attractive-not attractive. We rely on personal constructs to size up people and other phenomena. How intelligent, kind, responsible, and attractive is this person?

implicit personality theory

a collection of unspoken and sometimes unconscious assumptions about how various qualities fit together in human personalities. ex. you might think that people who are outgoing are also friendly, confident, and fun. The assumption that outgoing people are friendly, confident, and fun reflects your implicit personality theory of the qualities that accompany outgoingness.

static evaluation

an assessment that suggests that something is unchanging or fixed. These are particularly troublesome when applied to people: "Ann is selfish," "Don is irresponsible,""Bob is generous,""Vy is dependent." Whenever we use the word is, we suggest that something is inherent and fixed. In reality, we aren't static but continuously changing.

Attribution

an explanation of why something happened or why someone acts a certain way -locus -stability -specificity -responsibility

The French word rue and the American word road mean the same thing in their respective cultures. These different symbols used for the same thing remind us that language is

arbritary

Symbolic Abilities

definition evaluation organization hypothetical thought self-reflection

Sherrie and Alex are roommates. After 3 weeks of happy co-existence, a disagreement emerges over chores. .Sherrie yells, "I always do your dishes. It's not fair!" Alex responds. "I'm noticing you are raising your voice and seem very upset." By responding to the yelling that way, Alex is engaging in ____________________. metaanalysis metacommunication metaobservation metameaning

metacommunication

Assuming that we understand what another person thinks, feels or perceives is known as mind reading. cognitive complexity. standpoint theory. fundamental attribution error. implicit error.

mind reading

The ________ response to interpersonal conflict is both destructive and passive. exit voice loyalty Correct! neglect ambush

neglect

Robert and Izzy met through OKCupid. They went out for coffee and were both so nervous they found it hard to find things to say. On the second date, they went bowling and since they were both pretty bad at this sport, they had a lot of laughs. This led to a third date where they went dancing, and again, had a lot of laughs since they were both amateurs in that sport as well. Now they had a good rhythm going and no matter what they did together, they always had some fun and laughed quite a bit. The feature of interpersonal communication that best explains Robert and Izzy's experience is communication is

processual

My boss, Susan, is the best supervisor because she listens to her employees' concerns and ideas. Susan is an example of a(n) prototype. script. personal construct. stereotype. attribution.

prototype.

Ngoc and Nikole have been friends for many years and share a high level of trust. Their friendship is best described as ________. nascent friendship role-limited interaction moving toward friendship Correct! stabilized friendship friendly relations

stabilized friendship

Darryl thinks, "Marie was happy today because she's a cheerful person." Darryl's thought is a(n) stable and specific attribution. stable and global attribution. unstable and specific attribution. unstable and global attribution. global and specific attribution.

stable and specific attribution.

Mike was responsible for taking care of his two younger siblings while Mike was growing up. As an adult, he is more nurturing and more attentive to others' needs than most of his male peers. Mike's greater care-giving inclination is best explained by his

standpoint

standpoint.

Charles says, "I would never join a fraternity. All fraternities do is party." Charles' statement is an example of a(n) prototype. script. personal construct. stereotype. attribution.

stereotype.

All of the following are forms of confirming communication EXCEPT: description. provisionalism. empathy. Correct! strategy. equality.

strategy

Person Centerness

the ability to perceive another as a unique individual -not empathy -ability to perceive others as unique depends, first, on how well we make cognitive distinctions. People who are cognitively complex rely on more numerous and more abstract schemata to interpret others. Second, person-centered communicators use knowledge of particular others to guide their communication.

social location

the group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society -standpoint -roles

gendered speech communities

•We are socialized into gendered speech communities •Gendered speech communities may lead to different ways of communication •Misunderstanding may arise between gendered speech communities -men view communication as instrumental whereas woman wants empathy and discussion of feelings. woman listen expressively and men listen responsively

Which type of rule specifies how to interpret different kinds of communication?

constituitive

Presenting and negotiating identity

-Face—impression we want others to have of us. -Impression Management—how we persuade others to see us as we want to be seen. ex. dress well, eye contact

Language evaluates

-Language reflects and shapes perceptions .-Language can be loaded. -Language can degrade others.

common attributional errors

-Self-serving bias: This is a bias toward ourselves and our interests. -Fundamental attribution error: This involves the dimension of locus.

Guidelines for Interpersonal Communication Competence

-The ability to communicate effectively, appropriately, and ethically -Develop a range of skills -Adapt communication appropriately -Engage in dual perspective -Monitor your communication -Commit to ethical communication

Language allows hypothetical thought

-We can think beyond immediate, concrete situations. -We live in three dimensions of time .-We can foster personal growth.

fearful attachment style

-caregiver in the first bond is unavailable or communicates in negative, rejecting, or even abusive ways to the child. -Children who are treated this way often infer that they are unworthy of love and that others are not loving or trustworthy. Thus, they learn to see themselves as unlovable and others as rejecting. -fearfully attached individuals also tend to feel less hope, disclose less, and experience less satisfaction with relationships than people with other attachment styles

secure attachment style

-caregiver responds in a consistently attentive and loving way to the child. -In response, the child develops a positive sense of self-worth ("I am lovable") and a positive view of others ("People are loving and can be trusted"). -People with secure attachment styles tend to be outgoing, affectionate, and able to handle the challenges and disappointments of close relationships without losing self-esteem. -couples in which both partners had secure attachment styles had the most mutually constructive communication.

anxious/ambivalent attachment style

-most complex -The anxious/ambivalent style, however, is fostered by inconsistent treatment from the caregiver. Sometimes the caregiver is loving and attentive; at other times, the caregiver is indifferent or rejecting. The caregiver's communication is not only inconsistent but also unpredictable. -people of this attachment style believe themselves to be the source of any problem—that they are unlovable or deserve abuse. As a result, they may avoid or minimize attachments

impact of reflected appraisals

1.Appraiser is perceived as a highly credible source 2.Appraiser takes a very personal interest in the person being appraised 3.Appraiser is very discrepant with the person's self-concept at the moment 4.Number of confirmations of a given appraisal is high 5.Appraisals coming from a variety of sources are consistent 6.Appraisals are supportive of the person's own beliefs about himself or herself.

It is estimated that nonverbal communication accounts for what percentage of the total meaning in interpersonal communication? 93%-100% Correct! 65%-93% 52%-65% 27%-52% 13%-27%

65%-93%

According to Maslow ____________________ needs must be fulfilled before you can strive for belonging needs.

A & B

According to Maslow ____________________ needs must be fulfilled before you can strive for belonging needs. Physical Safety and protection Esteem A & B

A & B

What is one difference between most online and face-to-face friendships? Online friendships include fewer self-disclosures. Online friendships are more intimate. Correct! Online friendships are less personal. Online friendships are more adapted to individuals. Online friendships tend to be richer.

Online friendships are less personal.

identity scripts

Particular others also influence our identity by providing identity scripts, which are rules for living and identity. Like the scripts for plays, identity scripts define our roles, how we are to play them, and the basic elements in the plots of our lives. examples: :"We are responsible people," "Our family always helps those in need,""A good education is the key to success," "Look out for number one," or "Live by God's word"? =others rules and guidelines to live your life

particular others

Particular others are specific people who are significant to us, such as family and friends -Direct definition -Reflected appraisal Self-fulfilling prophecies -Identity scripts -Attachment styles

Which type of family has low conversation orientation and high conformity orientation? Consensual Pluralistic Correct! Protective Disconfirming Laissez-faire

Protective

Personal Knowledge

To connect as unique individuals, we have to get to know others personally and understand their thoughts and feelings.

prototype

a mental image or best example of a category -defines the clearest or most representative example of some category ex. ideal friend, ideal best teacher

standpoint

a point of view that grows out of political awareness of the social location of a group—the material, social, and symbolic conditions common for members of a social group

stereotype

a predictive generalization applied to a person or situation. Based on the category in which we place someone or something and how that person or thing measures up against the personal constructs we apply, we predict what he, she, or it will do. ex. stereotypes of fraternity and sorority members, military personnel, athletes, and people from other cultures.

Johari Window

a visual representation of components of the self that are known or unknown to the self and to others

Monitor Labels: The Ladder of Abstraction

action- avoid interacting with Sally or offer supportive comments judgement- "sally is unlikeable" or "sally is needy" label- sally is selfish or sally is insecure perception- sally asks a lot of questions total reality - sally asks a lot of question to clarify because she is having trouble understanding and is worried about making a good grade in the course

The nature and dynamics of friendships change throughout life. All of the following statements are supported by research about these dynamics EXCEPT: toddlers may grieve when a friend moves away. Correct! adolescent females tend to define their friends as groups of people. friendships in middle adult years tend to be difficult to sustain. elderly people tend to value long term friends with whom they can relive memories. young children tend to think of friendships primarily in terms of their own needs

adolescent females tend to define their friends as groups of people.

motives and needs

affect what we see and don't see. ex. if you have ended a romantic relationship, you're more likely to notice attractive people at a party than if you are committed to someone.

Constructive conflict communication includes preoccupation with oneself. hostile mindreading. as much metacommunication as possible. Correct! agenda building. frequent interruptions.

agenda building.

Researchers who have studied emotions agree that which of the following plays a part in our emotional lives? Physiology Perceptions Social experience Language Correct! All of these are correct.

all are correct

Corey thinks that people who are outgoing are also friendly, confident, and fun. Corey's assumption that outgoing people are also friendly, confident, and fun is an example of ________ at work. a standpoint a self-serving bias a stereotype an implicit personality theory mind reading

an implicit personality theory

Symbols are arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract. ambiguous, abstract, and attributive. abstract, attributive, and analytical. attributive, analytical, and arbitrary. analytical, arbitrary, and ambiguous.

arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract.

Symbols are Correct! arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract. ambiguous, abstract, and attributive. abstract, attributive, and analytical. attributive, analytical, and arbitrary. analytical, arbitrary, and ambiguous.

arbitrary, ambiguous, and abstract.

The French word rue and the American word road mean the same thing in their respective cultures. These different symbols used for the same thing remind us that language is abstract. ambiguous. Correct! arbitrary. inherent. objective.

arbitrary.

Unlike most relationships, friendships do not differ among cultures. are legitimized by special ceremonies. are governed by formal standards. have an institutionalized structure. Correct! are voluntary.

are voluntary.

In Bruno's car, he has many bumper stickers and several souvenirs from all the road trips that he has made in that car. What are Bruno's personal items examples of? proxemics paralanguage Correct! artifacts kinesics haptics

artifacts

The personal objects we use to announce our identities and heritage and to personalize our environments are known as Correct! artifacts. chronemics proxemics. paralanguage. silence.

artifacts.

locus

attributes a person's actions to internal factors ("He has no patience with people who are late") or external factors ("The traffic jam frustrated him").

Tabitha wants some time alone because she feels a need to get in touch with herself as an individual. However, her partner wants them to spend as much time together as possible. The tension in this example illustrates the ________ relational dialectic. novelty/predictability commitment/love trust/dependence openness/closedness Correct! autonomy/connection

autonomy/connection

An example of psychological noise is

being preoccupied with a problem

Verbal communication and nonverbal communication are similar in all of the following respects EXCEPT: both are symbolic. both are rule-guided. both may be unintentional or intentional. both are shaped by culture. Correct! both are perceived as equally believable.

both are perceived as equally believable.

dismissive attachment style

caregivers who are disinterested in, rejecting of, or unavailable to children. Yet people who develop this style do not accept the caregiver's view of them as unlovable. Instead, they typically dismiss others as unworthy. Children develop a positive view of themselves and a low regard for others and relationships. Those with a dismissive attachment style may view relationships as unnecessary or undesirable.

Marge says to Homer, "I don't want to hear it; you cannot change my mind." These statements illustrate description. provisionalism. spontaneity. problem orientation. Correct! certainty.

certainty.

Having to wait to see a physician or attorney, even if you have an appointment, conveys the message that the physician's time is more valuable than yours. This is an example of the importance of ________ in nonverbal communication. artifacts chronemics proxemics paralanguage silence

chronemics

"I really know a lot more about this than you do, so you should listen to me." This comment is an example of communication that describes the situation. Correct! claims superiority of the speaker. expresses a tentative conclusion. demonstrates empathy. focuses on problem solving.

claims superiority of the speaker.

One example discussed in class is how today's teachers treat disruptive students in class. In the past, these students were labeled as bad and punished. Today, teachers will refer the student for testing to understand the cause of the student's behavior and find interventions to redirect the student to focus and succeed in class. This shift in attitude and teacher response reflects the _______________________ of today's teachers.

cognitive complexity

Chris says he loves Betsy, but he's not sure they have a future together. Chris's feelings toward Betsy indicate he loves her but isn't Correct! committed. independent. trusting. self-disclosing. autonomous.

committed.

scilence

communicate powerful messages. "I'm not speaking to you" actually speaks volumes. We use silence to communicate different meanings. For instance, it can symbolize contentment when intimates are so comfortable they don't need to talk. Silence can also communicate awkwardness, as you know if you've ever had trouble keeping conversation going on a first date. In some cultures, including many Eastern ones, silence indicates respect and thoughtfulness.

Paralanguage

communication that is vocal but does not use words. It includes sounds, such as murmurs and gasps, and vocal qualities, such as volume, pitch, and inflection. Paralanguage also includes accents, pronunciation, and the complexity of sentences.

A dual-perspective is a ______________________________________.

considering both your perspective and that of the other person

A dual-perspective is a ______________________________________. challenge offered before a fight. considering both your perspective and that of the other person. combining text and email. talking on Skype where you can both see and hear the other person.

considering both your perspective and that of the other person.

Devin is surprised when his friend burps and belches after their dinner together. Devin says, "Burping and belching are so rude." Devin's perception of his friend's behavior is based on a(n) ________ rule.

consitutive

constitutive

"Stop bothering me!" and "I feel we should work as a team" are examples of emotional investments. irrational beliefs. social values. concretely identifying emotions. Correct! counterfeit emotional language.

counterfeit emotional language.

Desi and Consuela are arguing about how to spend the tax refund they received. He says they should get the car fixed; she says they should first go on a vacation; he then suggests they fix the car and use any money left to vacation; she suggests they sell the car and be rid of the problem. Desi and Consuela are engaging in which pattern of unproductive conflict? Excessive metacommunication Kitchen-sinking Correct! Counterproposals Cross-complaining Self-summarizing

counterproposals

In the film clip of the young couple in India, most people in our class had a negative opinion about the man's response to the woman's question about going trekking with her friends. Our class response is a result of the ________________ influence on our perceptions and evaluation. self-serving bias fundamental attribution error cultural social media person-centeredness

cultural

content meaning

deals with literal, or denotative, meaning. If a parent says to a 5-year-old child,"Clean your room now," the content meaning is that the room is to be cleaned immediately.

Learning to feel what our families and culture say we should feel is surface acting. emotional intelligence. cognitive shaping. deep acting. feeling rehearsal.

deep acting.

punctuation

defines beginnings and endings of interaction episodes - To because punctuate communication, we define when interaction begins and who starts it. When we don't agree on punctuation, misunderstandings may arise. If you've ever heard children arguing about who started a fight you understand the importance of punctuation. -demand withdraw pattern

The five symbolic abilities described in your textbook are I, Me, We, She, and He. clarification, understanding, restructuring, continuity, and closure. definition, punctuation, interpretation, subjectivity, and self-concept. Correct! definition, evaluation, organization, hypothetical thought, self-reflection. circular, rectangular, oval, triangular, and octagonal.

definition, evaluation, organization, hypothetical thought, self-reflection.

The counterpoint to evaluation is Correct! description. provisionalism. spontaneity. problem orientation. equality.

description

For individuals socialized in feminine speech communities, closeness in interpersonal relationships is primarily achieved through Correct! dialogue. sharing activities. providing practical assistance. working toward common goals. nonverbal communication.

dialogue.

The counterpoint to neutrality is description spontaneity Correct! empathy provisionalism problem orientation

empathy

The strongest level of confirmation is Correct! endorsement. acknowledgment. recognition. evaluation. description.

endorsement.

During the ________ stage, the addition of children decreases the amount of couple time and changes the focus of a couple's communication. establishing a family Correct! enlarging a family encouraging independence launching children adapting to children

enlarging a family

Concerning the typical life cycle of families with children, the second stage is usually establishing a family. Correct! enlarging a family. developing a family. encouraging independence. adapting to children.

enlarging a family.

Studies on ________ show that people spend more time eating, eat less, and rate food more highly in a fine dining situation. artifacts chronemics proxemics paralanguage Correct! environmental factors

environmental factors

The interactive model is more comprehensive than the linear model because it includes ____________________________.

feedback

The interactive model is more comprehensive than the linear model because it includes ____________________________. encoder and decoder feedback message information source

feedback

All of the following are guidelines for improving perception and communication EXCEPT: recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective. avoid mind-reading. check perceptions with others. focus on inferences rather than facts. guard against self-serving bias.

focus on inferences rather than facts.

All of these statements give good advice for communicating in families EXCEPT: express grievances in ways that don't demean others. maintain equity with family members. Correct! focus on the small issues and let the big ones go. show respect and consideration to family members. make daily choices that enhance intimacy.

focus on the small issues and let the big ones go.

In our textbook, Julia Wood synthesizes many areas of research on perception. She names all of the following as areas of the process of human perception EXCEPT: selection. organization interpretation. imagination. attribution.

imagination

According to Shutz, humans require affection, ___________________ and control.

inclusion

According to Shutz, humans require affection, ___________________ and control. safety inclusion esteem self-actualization

inclusion

Which technique involves reminding ourselves that our evaluations of people apply only to specific times and circumstances?

indexing

culture

influence what we select to perceive. ex. Assertiveness and competitiveness are encouraged and considered good in the United States, so we don't perceive it as unusual when people compete and try to surpass one another. By contrast, because some traditional Asian cultures empha- size group loyalty, cooperation, and face saving, competitiveness stands out as unusual and is judged negatively

The communication models that include the field of experience of the senders and receivers are ______________________________________.

interactional and transactional

influences on perception

•Physiology •Age •Expectations •Culture -Social location -Roles

systematic communication

it takes place within various systems, or contexts, that influence what happens and the meanings we attribute to interaction. Because interpersonal communication is systemic, situation, time, people, culture, personal histories, and so forth interact to affect meanings.In other words, elements of communication systems are interdependent; each element is tied to all the other elements. -Includes 4 types of noise; physiological, physical, psychological and semantic

The theory of linguistic determinism states that language determines who we associate with. Correct! language determines what we can perceive and think. we are predestined to speak a certain language. the rules of language are clearly defined across situations. linguists are the only ones who can develop language.

language determines what we can perceive and think.

hate speech

language that radically dehumanizes members of particular groups.

Concerning the typical life cycle of families with children, the fifth stage is usually establishing a family. enlarging a family. developing a family. Correct! launching children. adapting to children.

launching children.

The clearest indication that a friendship is in the waning stage is Correct! less quality and quantity of communication. attempts to seek common ground during conflict. involving others in activities and conversations. relying more on general stereotypes and scripts. working out rules for interacting.

less quality and quantity of communication.

Janet believes that nobody can win when conflict erupts. From her perspective, everyone is hurt by conflicts. Janet's orientation to conflict is best described as hit-miss. win-win. win-lose tie-tie. Correct! lose-lose.

lose-lose.

When playing monkey in the middle, the ball represented the __________________ in the communication model it illustrated.

message

When playing monkey in the middle, the ball represented the __________________ in the communication model it illustrated. message sender channel noise

message

metacommunication

When playing monkey in the middle, the monkeys represented _________________ in the communication model it illustrated.

noise

When playing monkey in the middle, the monkeys represented _________________ in the communication model it illustrated. message sender channel noise

noise

totalising

occurs when we respond to a person as if one label (one we have chosen or accepted from others) totally represents who he or she is.

reflected appraisal

our perceptions of others' views of us. How we think others appraise us affects how we see ourselves. This concept is similar to the looking-glass self

When Mark and Cindy fight, Mark knows when Cindy is really upset, because every time Mark will ask if something is wrong, Cindy will scream "Everything is fine!" Mark knows that because she is screaming, her ________ indicates that she is angry. artifacts chronemics proxemics kinesics Correct! paralanguage

paralanguage

Kandoor has a hard time pronouncing some English words, because his first language is so different from English. Kandoor is having some problems with artifacts. chronemics. proxemics. Correct! paralanguage. silence.

paralanguage.

As a rule, women assume most of the ________, which involves remembering, planning, and scheduling family life. second shift marital stability family stability Correct! psychological responsibility physical responsibility

psychological responsibility

The husband nags at his wife because she withdraws from him. The wife withdraws, because she feels that her husband is pushing her to be closer than she wants to be. The difference between how the husband and wife see their communication behaviors is due to differences in abstraction. Correct! punctuation. regulative rules. constitutive rules. ambiguity.

punctuation.

psychological noise

qualities in us that affect how we communicate and how we interpret others. The thoughts and feelings that distract people from listening to what is said

The most basic form of confirmation in interpersonal communication is agreeing with another person. Correct! recognizing another person exists. acknowledging what another person feels. accepting what another person feels and thinks as valid. acknowledging what another person thinks.

recognizing another person exists.

Proxemics

refers to space and how we use it. Every culture has norms that prescribe how people should use space, how close people should be to one an- other, and how much space different people are entitled to have.

After the first few married years, most couples experience a dip in marital satisfaction if they do not have children. when a spouse gets lazy in the relationship. when their occupation takes most of the time. when they stop communicating. Correct! regardless of whether or not they have children.

regardless of whether or not they have children.

Morgan is a teacher and wants to make sure that her students respect one another. She has a rule that if a student wants to talk, then the student must raise his/her hand before speaking. This rule helps to establish relational-level meanings. establish content-level meanings. Correct! regulate interaction. define her cultural standpoint. demonstrate warmth.

regulate interaction.

Some couples have a rule that prohibits the adults from arguing in front of their children. This is a(n) ________ rule. intuitive constitutive comparative regulative constructive

regulative

A cornerstone of effective interpersonal communication is? ensuring that we give responsibility to the speaker for how we feel. respecting what others say about what they feel and think. making certain to abide by the rules of all speech communities. assuming an understanding of how others feel and think. clearly telling others when their feelings are unacceptable or inappropriate.

respecting what others say about what they feel and think.

Friendships generally begin with frequent self-disclosure. Correct! role-limited interaction. working out rules for interaction. stabilized friendship. friendly relations.

role-limited interaction.

After performing a comprehensive job search, job seekers put together a resume, write a cover letter, and then go on job interviews. This situation best exemplifies prototypes. scripts. personal constructs. stereotypes. attributions.

scripts.

Constituitive Rules

specify how to interpret and perform different kinds of communication. -We learn what counts as respect (listening, eye contact), friendliness (smiles or smiley emoticons in online communication), affection (kisses, hugs), and professionalism (punctuality, assertive communication).

regulative rules

specify when, where, and with whom to talk about certain things. ex. some families have a rule that people cannot argue at the dinner table. Families also teach us rules about when we can engage in conflict—for example, were you allowed to disagree with parents or elders, in general? Regulative rules vary across cultures and social groups, so what is acceptable in one context may be regarded as inappropriate elsewhere.

Edwina feels a knot in her stomach when she receives a low grade on her exam. She noticed the knot and thought it was evidence of anxiety. This situation illustrates an obsession with "should". helplessness. Correct! the cognitive labeling view of emotions. the perceptual view of emotions. the emotional view of emotions.

the cognitive labeling view of emotions.

The tendency to overestimate the internal causes and underestimate the external causes of others' undesirable behaviors is part of a prototype. the fundamental attribution error. a personal construct. a stereotype. the self-serving bias.

the fundamental attribution error.

cognitive complexity

the number of personal constructs used (remem- ber, these are bipolar dimensions of judgment), how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions. the ability to understand a given situation in multiple ways

power

the power balance between communicators. Friends and romantic partners sometimes engage in covert power struggles on the relationship level. If arguments over what to do or eat are recurrent, however, chances are the couple is negotiating power

Culture

the totality of beliefs, values, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people. The influence of culture is so pervasive that it's hard to realize how powerfully it shapes our perceptions. ex. American culture emphasizes technology and its offspring, speed. Most Americans expect things to happen fast, almost instantly. We text mes- sages and send letters by email attachment, we jet across the country, and we microwave meals. In countries such as Nepal and Mexico, life often proceeds at a more leisurely pace, and people spend more time talking, relaxing, and engaging in low-key activity.

When we respond to a person as if one label fully represents who that person is, we are

totalizing

The communication model that recognizes that communication exists in a social system is ______________________________. linear interactive transactional relational

transactional

A good first step in responding constructively to criticism is to seek more information. Correct! True False

true

Communication climate is the overall feeling or emotional mood between people: warm or cold, safe or anxious, comfortable or awkward, accepting or rejecting, open or guarded—that is shaped by verbal and nonverbal interaction between people. Correct! True False

true

Couple satisfaction seems especially affected by equity in housework and child care. Correct! True False

true

Cross-complaining occurs when one person's complaint is met by a countercomplaint. Correct! True False

true

Despite the decline in marriage, over 90% of Americans marry at some point. Correct Answer True False

true

In a game called "blemish," one person pretends to complimentary but actually puts the other person down. Correct! True False

true

In interpersonal relationships, it is as important to affirm and accept yourself as to affirm and accept others. Correct! True False

true

Listening to other's emotions constitutes an important aspect of emotional intelligence. Correct! True False

true

Marriage in the United States is occurring later in life now than it used to. Correct! True False

true

Of the many influences that shape relationships, four that are particularly critical for building and sustaining satisfying personal relationships are investment, commitment, trust, and comfort with relational dialectics. Correct! True False

true

One advantage to conflict in digital environments is that it is possible to step back to cool off and later resolve the conflict. Correct! True False

true

Passive aggression involves a person acting aggressively while denying that he or she is feeling or acting aggressive. Correct! True False

true

Research has shown that forgiveness is a major influence on how or whether relationships progress. Correct! True False

true

The emotional response a human has to an event depends on the meaning he or she gives to that event. Correct! True False

true

The likelihood of sustaining a long-distance friendship depends in part on socioeconomic class. Correct! True False

true

The perceptual and cognitive view of emotions differ in how they sequence perception of events, interpretation, and experience of emotions. Correct! True False

true

When people are established friends, a touchstone of that stage is the assumption of continuity. Correct! True False

true

________ in interpersonal relationships involves believing in another person's reliability and emotionally relying on that person. Climate Investment Love Commitment Correct! Trust

trust

All of these statements provide good advice for improving nonverbal communication EXCEPT: try to interpret a person's nonverbal communication independent of culture or setting. monitor your own nonverbal communication. interpret other people's nonverbal communication tentatively. keep in mind that generalizations about nonverbal behavior may not apply to individuals. All of these statements provide good advice for improving nonverbal communication.

try to interpret a person's nonverbal communication independent of culture or setting.

Jan had the best first date of her entire life last Friday. She was so looking forward to the next date, but for some reason, it didn't go as well. The sparks didn't fly. The chemistry disappeared. After the date, Jess didn't to Jan's texts. What started as so promising appeared to have died. This demonstrates that communication is ___________________________________.

unrepeatable

In general, masculine-gender speech communities follow this communication rule:

use talk to accomplish practical goals.

In general, masculine-gender speech communities follow this communication rule: use talk cooperatively. be expressive. include others in conversations. use talk to accomplish practical goals. show caring through speaking.

use talk to accomplish practical goals.

In general, masculine-gender speech communities follow this communication rule: use talk cooperatively. be expressive. include others in conversations. Correct! use talk to accomplish practical goals. show caring through speaking.

use talk to accomplish practical goals.

"Friends of the heart" are friends Correct! who stay friends in spite of time and distance. to whom we feel sexually attracted. with whom we do activities together. from the past whom we remember fondly. who we love more than other friends.

who stay friends in spite of time and distance.

Lenny says, "I don't like to lose arguments. The way I figure it, when you have a disagreement there can be only one winner." Lenny's orientation to conflict is best described as hit-miss. win-win. Correct! win-lose tie-tie. lose-lose.

win-lose

Zach believes that in conflict situations the goal is to find a solution that all those involved can accept. Zach's orientation to conflict is best described as hit-miss. Correct! win-win. win-lose. tie-tie. lose-lose.

win-win

arbritary symbols

words are not intrinsically connected to what they represent. - The arbitrary nature of language becomes obvious—sometimes humorously so—when we discover that our words don't mean the same thing in another culture. -meanings of words can change over time. -make up special words or to attach unconventional meanings to words. ex. gay meant "lighthearted" and "merry"; today it is generally understood to refer to people who prefer same-sex partners.

semantic noise

words themselves are not mutually understood. Authors sometimes create semantic noise by using jargon or unnecessarily technical language.

Clifford Notarius (1996) identified the following three key elements that influence satisfaction in long-term relationships: feelings, behaviors, and words. behaviors, words, and thoughts. Correct! words, thoughts, and emotions. thoughts, emotions, and actions. emotions, actions, and reactions.

words, thoughts, and emotions.

guid;ines for improving verbal communication

•Engage in dual perspective -self-centerness •Own your feelings and thoughts -Rely on / language rather than you language •Respect what others say about their feelings and thoughts. •Strive for accuracy and clarity. -Be aware of levels of abstraction -Qualify language•Static evaluations•Mental indexing

Interpersonal Communication & Social Media

•Human needs are satisfied by social media in much the same way as they are in face-to-face interaction. •Social networking sites are a major source for satisfying our needs for belonging and self-esteem. •Online communication has evolved and will continue evolving over time.

risks of self disclosure

•Others may not accept or like what we reveal •Others may use disclosed information against us •What we disclose may hurt others

Guidelines for Improving Perception and Communication

•Recognize that all perceptions are partial and subjective .•Avoid mind reading. •Check perceptions with others. •Distinguish between facts and inferences. •Guard against the self-serving bias. •Guard against the fundamental attribution error. •Monitor labels.

Social Media and Verbal Communication

•Social media give rise to new words. •Rules governing verbal communication also regulate social media: -Regulative rules -Constitutive rules

Participating Effectively in a Diverse Society

•The likelihood of meeting our needs depends on our ability to participate effectively in a very diverse social world. •We need to understand and learn from others who differ from us.

Other Perspectives of Self

•The self is multidimensional. •The self is a process. •The self arises in communication via socially constructed views.

COMM FINAL

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